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ThesisItem Open Access Pathology Of Poisoning in Sheep(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1989) Ganai, Ghulam Navi; G. N. JhaThus on the basis of the present investigation the following conclusions may be dram: The Lantana camera of Ranchi region is toxic to sheep. The clinical symptoms of Lentana camare poisoning in sheep consisted of oedema of the subcutaneous tissue of ears, head, muzzle and face. Icterus and hypersensitivity to sunlight was observed, Morphological and biochemical changes characteristic of lantana poisoning have been described. Lantana camara intoxication had adverse effect on both endochondral and appositional bone growth. The assessment of cell mediated immunity of chronically intoxicated sheep revealed marked reduction as indicated by the results. vi. Evaluation of humoral immune response of intoxicated sheep with the help of production of haemagglutinin antibody clearly pointed out suppression of humoral immune response. vii. It is further suggested that Lantana camera should not be used as hedge in and around the location of sheep industry/farm.ThesisItem Open Access Studies On Immunopathology OF Oghratoxigosis In Broiler Chicks(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1989) Singh, Gauri Shankar Prasad; H.V. S. ChauhanThe sections of cerebellum showed congestion and haemorrhagen around the blood vessels of white matter of cerebellar folia. The birds fed 0.5 ppm OA revealed mild degree of histopathological changes in the liver, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, kidney, cerebrun and heart. In the liver slight fatty changes and hydropic degeneration were observed. In the bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen there was moderate lymphocytic depletion. As measured by various tests the lower level of both CHI and humoral immunity in the present study were further supported by severe histopathological changes in the bursa of Fabricius and thymus of birds fed 2 ppm OA and to a lesser extent in the birds given 0.5 ppm of OA. Based on the results of the present study the following conclusion may be drawn. Both 2 ppm and 0.5 ppm level of OA depressed the immune system significantly. Depression of CMI was more than the humoral immunity The sensitive indication of CMI was revealed better by the total lymphocyte count, T-lymphocyte count in the blood as well as graft-versus-host reaction, than the DNFB contact sensitivity test.ThesisItem Open Access Studies On the Immunopathology Of Aflatoxicosis In Broiler Chicks(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1989) Ratan Chnadra Ghosh; H.V.S. ChauhanBased on the results of the present investigation the following conclusions may be drawn. 1.It was found that the immune system was significantly depressed at both 1 ppa and 0.3 ppm level of aflatoxin B₁. 11. CMI was depressed more than the humoral immunity in both the dose schedules, but the effect was more with higher dose level. 111. The total lymphocyte count, T lymphocyte count in the blood as well as graft-versus-host reaction appeared to be more sensitive indicators of CMI than the 2-4, Dinitrofluorobenzene test. iv. The evidence of depressed immunity was further substantiated by the evidence of secondary infections, in the birds which died due to 1 ppm aflatoxin B₁ v.The 1 ppm level produced clinical signs, mortality and significant depression in body weight gain. The 0.3 ppm level of aflatoxin B₁ did not produce clinical signs or mortality but there was some decline in weight gain. vi. The economic losses in terms of feed conversion ratio appeared to be important particularly with 1 ppm level of aflatoxin B₁ in feed. vii. The pathological lesions were very marked in the liver, immune system and kidneys at 1 ppm dose level, lesser extent at 0.3 ppm level but the lesions in lymphoid organs wereThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF ORGANOHOSPHATE (MONOCROTPHOS) PESTICIDE INTOXICATION IN GOATS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BONCE GROWTH AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM(Birsa Agricultural University, 1988) MAHTO, LAL MOHAN; JHA, G.J.Monocrotophos is the chemical pesticide most commonly used by the farmers and stockmen of Chotanegpur (Bihor). Since there was a wide gap in our knowledge about many facets of the monocrotophos toxicity in man and animals, the present study was undertaken. Three sets of experiments were designed viz., acute, chronic and rehabilitation to study clinical symptoms, cellular immunity, blood and plasma volume, biochemical alterations, gross pathology, histopathology and bone growth during and after the toxicity in male, uncastrated Black Bengal goats. 1. The acute toxicity was produced experimentally in goats by drenching monocrotophos as a single oral dose at a rate of 25 mg kg body weight whereas chronic toxicity was induced by administration of monocrotophos 0 1 mg kg body weight daily for 45 days. On the other hand, the goats of rehabilitated group were observed for 40 days after cessation of the monocrotophos drenching. 2. The clinical symptoms of acute monocrotophos toxicity appeared 15 minutes post drenching and consisted of excessive lacrymation, frothy salivation, hyperesthesia, convulsions, incoordination, opisthotonus, lateral and sternal recumbency, cons and death within five hours of the administration. On the contrary, two goats showed mild diarrhea at the terminal stage of the experiment during chronic toxicity. No significant difference in body weight and weight gain could be observed in the control and treated goats. 3. No difference in cellular immunity was observed in the control and monocrotophos treated goats. Therefore, itThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF EXPERIMENTAL ALDRIN POISONING IN GOATS(Birsa Agricultural University, 1981) Singh, KAUSHAL KUMAR; JHA, G.J.1.Preliminary trial was conducted on eight goats to find out the minimum toxic dose of aldrin for Indian goats. On the basis of the preliminary trial, it was concluded that the minimum toxie dose of aldrin for goats was 25 mg/k body weight. 2. The acute toxicity was produced experimentally in goats by drenching aldrin as a single oral dose at the rate of 50 mg/ka body weight, 25 = B / l * a body weight and 12.5 mg/ body weight. On the other hand, chronic aldrin toxicity was produced by administration of 2.5 mg/k body weight of the drug daily for 21 days. 3. The clinical symptoms of acute aldrin toxicity was more pronounced in the animals which were drenched with lethel doses of aldrin. Dullness, depression and suspension of rumination were evident half an hour after drenching. Froathy salivation, grinding and chumping of teeth, hyper sensitivity and convulsions were observed at least 4 hours post drenching. Unlike acute aldrin toxicity, no clinical symptoms of chronic aldrin poisoning in goats could be observed in the present study. 4.The gross lesions of acute aldrin poisoning consisted of petechial hemorrhage in the muscles, liver, lungs and kidney. The adrenal gland was enlarged. On the contrary,ThesisItem Open Access Pathology and pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens type- D epsilon Toxin in Goats(Birsa Agricultural University, 1986) Parhi, Mobin Kumar; Chauhan, H.V.S.Studies on "The pathology and pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon (6) toxin in goats" were conducted because of prevalence of the disease in goats in South Bihar and because many cases must have gone undiag nosed. Also the roles of epsilon toxin one of the main toxic products of this organism were poorly understood. The studies were conducted on natural cases of enterotoxaemia due to cl. perfringens type D in goats as well as in goats inoculated with crude (epsilon) toxin, and purified epsilon toxin in high, medium and low doses. The studies on goats revealed characteristic symptoms like, convulsions, opisthotonus, salivation, bulging of eyballs and glycosuria etc. The main, diagnostic gross pathological alterations were "pulpy kidneys" due to nephrosis, thickening of interlobular septae of anterior lobes of the lungs due to oedema, endocardialhaemorrhages, haemorrhagic spots in brain and increased amount of fluid in small intestine. Encephalograms of intoxicated goats revealed status epilepticus in all the experimental groups. Cardiograms revealed arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular premature beats, increased amplitude and flutter in goats given high dose of epsilon toxin but not in those given medium and low doses.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Pancreatic Pathology and Its Correlation with Different Wasting Disease Conditions of Poultry(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) KUMAR, BRAJESH; Gupta, M. K.3796) birds examined showed definite pancreatic pathology. Maximum incidence of pancreatic pathology was observed in fungal (83.33%) and metabolic (82.86%) diseases whereas least pancreatic pathology was registered in viral diseases (16.41%). The overall incidence of pancreatic pathology in viral disease other than RD has been observed to be 66.95%. Disease wise incidence of pancreatic involvement is significantly higher in cases of IBD (94.74%) followed by IB (93.33%) and pasteurellosis (90.48%). Contrary to rest of the viral diseases the pancreatic pathology was extremely low (13.61%) due to RD though mortality of birds registered was highest, followed by pneumonia of bacterial origin ( 16.58% ). Incidence of pancreatic pathology in different poultry varieties showed that broiler birds were most susceptible (75.34%) to develop pancreatic pathology whereas Vanraja (14.29) variety showed significantly low susceptibility. Age group wise maximum pancreatic pathology was registered in grower birds (33.69%) followed by chicks (20.06%) and adult birds (19.54%). A significant variation was also observed in susceptibility to increased pancreatic pathology under different disease conditions between the three age groups. It was observed that highest percentage of pancreatic pathology was observed in monsoon season (28.84%) followed by summer (22.57%) and least was observed in winter season (12.92%). Though the incidence of pancreatic pathology was less in summer season the percentage of pancreatic involvement was significantly higher for most of the disease conditions.ThesisItem Open Access ROLE OF PHAGOCYTOSIS AND INTRACELLULAR BACTERIAL KILLING IN CLINICAL STATUS OF MASTITIS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2008) SINHA, ARCHANA; Singh, K.K.The present study aimed at assessment of phagocytic function of leucocytes in mastitic milk keeping in view its importance in outcome and severity prediction of mastitis, in deciding treatment regimen and in optimization of bactericidal capacity of phagocyte as well as diminishing tissue damage. For this, out of 100 suspected milk samples, 25 milk samples, confirmed for mastitis on the basis of their clinical signs, presence of bacterial infection in milk and high somatic cell count were graded and scored as severe (++++), moderate (+++), mild (++) and subclinical (+). These milk samples were subjected to detailed study which are isolation of bacteria, their in vitro sensitivity test, somatic cell count (SCC), total and percent count of neutrophils, live neutrophils, dead neutrophils, live neutorphils with live bacteria, live neutrophils with dead bacteria, dead neutrophils with dead bacteria, macrophages, live macrophages, dead macrophages, live macrophages with live bacteria, live macrophages with dead bacteria, dead macrophages with dead 3 bacteria and lymphocytes with the help of A. O. fluorescent microscopy after A.O. staining. The organism isolated were S. aureus (20%), Staphylococcus (32%), Streptococcus. (12%), Bacillus sp. (20%) Klebsiella sp. (12%) and E coli (4%). There was a significant difference in SCC in different grades of mastitis which was highest in severe form followed by moderate form, there after mild and lowest in subclinical form. Somatic cell count was positively correlated with severity of mastitis. Likewise total and percent PMN count also showed significant difference being highest in severe form followed by moderate form, there after mild and lowest in subclincal form. PMN count was also positively correlated with severity of mastitis and SCC count. A high correlation of PMN count with severity of mastitis and SCC count suggested heavy influx of nurtrophils in severe form and lower influx of neutrophils in milder form. It may be attributed to more release of chemotactic factors for neutrophils in severe form as compared to milder form either due to more tissue damage caused by virulent organism and / or due to degranulation of leucocytes To throw further insight on these events responsible for severity of mastitis, viability count of phagocytosing and non phagocytosing neutrophils was carriedout. There was a significant difference in percent and total non phogocytosing live neutorphil count in different forms of mastitis which was highest 4 in severe form followed by moderate form, there after by mild form and lowest in subclinical form. Contrary to it, non phagocytosing dead neutrophil percentage and total count was significantly lowest in severe form followed by moderate form, thereafter by mild form and highest in subclinical form. It suggested that transition from normal to highest SCC due to more influx of neutrophils was due to recruitment of young and active neutrophils through active diapedesis under the influence of Chemotactic factors and cytokines and young cells undergo slow apoptosis, have more lifespan than residential PMN coming in milk by passive diapedesis. More over young PMN are not terminally differentiated. Likewise, percent and total count of the phagocytosing live neutrophils having live bacteria showed a significant difference among different form of mastitis. It was highest in subclinical form followed by mild, there after moderate form and lowest in sever form. Cells having such a phagocytic status show a balance between bactericidal activity of phagocytic cells and leucocidal activity of organism due to which the organism was able to survive in the cell without causing damage to the cell and/or phagocytic cells were not able to kill them. Their increase in milder form of mastitis than severe form of mastitis indicate that such forms of mastitis indicate that such form of mastitis were caused by organism having mild virulence. Due to mild virulence of the organism, there was less tissue damage and mild influx of neutrophils cell. Increase in their number suggest a mild but persistent type of inflammation induced by low grade insiduous organisms. 5 There was a significant difference in percent and total count of phagocytosing live neutrophils with dead bacteria having highest in subclinical form followed by mild form, there after by moderateand lowest in severe form. Such a phagocytic status of cells is able in killing and degradation of organism. They are markers of good prognosis. Their increase suggest that inflammation had a tendency towards resolution. There was a significant difference in percent and total count of phagocytosing dead neutrophils with live bacteria which was highest in severe form followed by moderate form, there after by mild form and lowest in subclinical form. Such cells are marker of virulence of the organism. Their increase in severe form suggest that organism is virulent and possess leucocidal capacity. This may be the reason of massive tissue damage and massive influx of neutrophils in udder and thereafter in milk. There was a significant difference in total and percent count of phagocytosing dead neutrophils with dead bacteria having maximum value in moderate type, followed by severe form, there after by mild form and lowest in subclinical form Lower value in severe than moderate form might be due to more lysis and apoptosis of such cells in severe form of mastitis due to more virulence of the organism. There was a significant difference is total and percent count of macrophages which was significantly highest in subclinical, followed by mild form and there after by moderate form and lowest in severe form. However, monocyte count did not differ significantly in subclinical, mild and moderate form except in severe form of mastitis in which it was lowered. It 6 suggested that lower percent and total macrophage count in severe form than in milder form was due to relative increase of total and percent neutrophils count in milder forms of mastitis. It indicated that neutrophils are the main inflammatory cell reaching at the site of mammary gland in severe form of infection. Moreover, lower count of macrophages in severe form also finger towards lower residential macrophages in the pre infected udder leading to reduced clearance of neutrophilic apoptotic bodies by macrophages.It may also be due to lysis and degeneration of macrophages after phagocytosis of organism present in neutrophilic apoptotic bodies. This was evident by more number of cofluent cells of dead macrophages. Non phagocytosing live macrophage count was also significantly different in different grades of mastitis with highest value in subclincal form followed by mild form, there after moderate and lowest in severe form. It is also attributed to more lysis of macrophages after phagocytosis of organisms and neutrophilic apoptotic bodies as evident by increase in confluent cell masses of dying macrophages containing live and dead bacteria. The percent and total count of phagocytosing live macrophages with live bacteria was significantly different in different grades of mastitis with highest in subclinical form followed by mild form, thereafter by moderate and lowest in severe form. Since macrophages are ultimate phagocytic cell, persistence of live organism in live macrophages suggest inability of macrophage to kill the organism and their increase in mastitis indidcate chronicity of inflammation. The present study failed to reveal a presentable data with respect to non phagocytosing dead macrophages, phagocytosing dead macrophages with live bacteria, Phagocytosing dead macrophages with dead bacteria. It may be due to 7 formation of confluents due to aggregation or fusion of dying macrophages due to necrosis caused by phagocytosed neutrophilic apoptotic bodies and/or bacteria because such cells were present in significant number in different grade of mastitis, still the process of killing and degradation of bacteria continues. Such cells may be in these cell masses, an important marker in understanding the severity and outcome of mastitis which needs further exploration. A significant correlation between antibiotic resistance and phagocytosing live neutorphil and macrophage with live bacteria also suggest that there organisms have developed or adapted ability to evade phagocytic killing and anti bacterial activities of antibodies. More over, further exploration of this parallel relationship between phagocytic resistance and antibiotic resistance may provide a model for study of mechanism of antibiotic resistance also. Phagocytosing live neutrophils with live bacteria can considered as marker of chronicity or persistence. Their increase will indicate chronicity of mastitis. • Phagocytosing live neutrophil with dead bacteria suggest that inflammation had a tendency to words resolution. Phagocytosing dead neutrophil with live bacteria are marker of virulence of the organism. Their increase indicates progression of mastitis towards severity. Confluent cells show the ultimate outcome of phagocytic process. •There is need to be explored extensively for assessing the outcome of mastitis.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF PHAGOCYTOSIS AND INTRACELLULAR BACTERIAL KILLING IN MASTITIC MILK AND ITS APPLICATION IN SELECTION OF ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2008) Jha, Dilip Kumar; Singh, K. K.
