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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ROLE OF FOREST IN RURAL LIVELIHOOD WITH REFERENCE TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION - A CASE STUDY OF RARHA VILLAGE
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2009) ., CHANDRAMOLLY; QULI, S. M. S.
    Keeping in view the importance of forests’ role in rural livelihoods, this research was conducted on the topic entitled “Role of forest in rural livelihood with reference to socio-economic condition – A case study of Rarha village.” The objectives of research problem were to evaluate (i) The socio- economic condition of the population (ii) The need of different forest produces (iii) To ascertain the existing scenario of forests which are supporting rural livelihoods, for finally estimating the “Role of forest in rural livelihoods” in Rarha village. Rarha village spread over 22 tolas, is situated at a distance of 18 Km North of Faculty of Forestry B.A.U. Kanke on Ranchi-Patratu Road. It lies near Kanke Forest Range, under Ranchi East Forest Division & covering approximately an area of 2800 Acres in Patratu valley having population of tribes. Study area was surveyed with the help of questionnaire using stratified Random Sampling Technique for the determination of Socio-economic condition of Population & load of livelihood on forest. Market survey has been done to generate annual income by the sale of NTFPs. Quadrate survey of disturbed and undisturbed areas has been done to know the comparative effect on Forest through livelihood pressure. Parameters studied are Baseline Information (Total population, Male population%, Female population%, Child population%), Population status, Caste profile status, Family structure, Literacy status, Land holding status, Topographical status, Land use pattern, Household Assets, Professional status, Source of Income, Live stock and poultry status, Fuel wood and Fodder consumption Pattern, Small timber and Timber consumption, Annual income from Forest products per household, Metabolic distance of forest from Rarha village, Seasonal Calendar of NTFPs availability, Frequency of important timber and NTFP tree species, Height and Diameter growth status in disturbed and undisturbed areas. Mean male population per tola was found as 32.90%, while for female it is 31.73%. Population trend was found as Child population % > Male population % > Female population %. Mostly female population was found to be engaged in NTFPs collection from forest. Rarha village is dominated by ST (76.92%) followed by OBC (17.06%), SC (5.56%) & GEN (0.17%). Nuclear family (55.01%) was found to be more than joint family (44.99%) and illiterate to primary level education consisted nearly 70% of the total population. Nearly three fourth of the total households belong to small land holding category and mostly upland (76.17%). Agriculture (96.22%) and agrisilviculture (89.31%) are the important land uses followed by household in Rarha village. Most of the households consist of kachha houses (87.66%) and 97.40% of household are having bicycle. Agriculture (96.31%), Animal husbandry (76.40%) and forest products collection (53.11%) are the prominent professions in households of Rarha village. Out of the mean population per tola of Rarha village 96.22% are getting income from agriculture followed by forestry (93.22%). Goat (148.81) and poultry (264.09) are the important livestock. Fuel wood consumption at domestic level was maximum by large farmers (43.69 qt/household yr-1), while at commercial level it was maximum by medium farmers (7.27 qt.yr-1). In case of fodder consumption, maximum domestic and commercial consumption was done by large farmers (18.18 qt/household yr-1), while minimum by small farmers (16.27 and 4.18 qt/household yr-1) respectively. Small timber and timber consumption at domestic and commercial level was done maximum by large farmers (28.90 and 19.68 qt/household yr-1) respectively, followed by medium and small farmers. Same pattern was followed in case of timber consumption at domestic and commercial level and it was maximum 21.72 qt.yr-1 (domestic, large farmers) and 7.13 qt. yr-1 (commercial, large farmers). Maximum annual income from forest products is obtained from sale of small timber (Rs. 20275. yr-1) followed by timber (Rs. 8416.40 yr-1), fuel wood (Rs. 3500.18 yr- 1) and fodder (Rs. 842.13 yr-1) for small farmers. Same trend was observed for medium and large farmers. Average distance from each tola to forest area is 3.09 Km and mean metabolic distance for livestock is 14.18 Km. Bamboo & Sal twigs are collected throughout the year by the villagers, while rest of NTFP species is available as per their phenology. In undisturbed forest areas, maximum frequency of Shorea robusta was found at sapling (90.46%), pole (84.17%) and mature (80.30%) trees, while minimum frequency was observed for Terminalia belerica (32.36%, sapling), Acacia catechu (12.25%, pole; 5.57%, mature trees). Most of the NTFP species have shown low frequency particularly at mature trees. In disturbed areas, the frequency of each species recorded drastic reduction and it was maximum for Shorea robusta (42.10%, sapling), (32.86%, pole) and 30.45% for mature trees of Butea monosperma. Acacia catechu was absent, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia belerica at pole and mature trees were also not found. In undisturbed forest area Shorea robusta (3.50 m) & Bombax ceiba (3.45m) had good height growth at sapling stage. Minimum growth was observed for Terminalia chebula at sapling stage (1.50m), for Acacia catechu at pole and mature trees (2.52 - 4.58m respectively). In disturbed areas, maximum height growth was observed in case of Shorea robusta as saplings and mature trees (2.82 and 7.42m respectively). Minimum height growth at sapling stage was shown by Acacia catechu (0.58m), while at pole and mature trees Acacia catechu, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica did not exist. In undisturbed area Shorea robusta (10.45 cm) and Butea monosperma (10.48 cm) shown good diameter growth at sapling stage. Minimum growth was observed for Diospyros melanoxylon at sapling stage (3.52 cm), for Acacia catechu at pole and mature trees (4.12 and 8.94 cm respectively). In disturbed areas, maximum diameter growth was shown by Butea monosperma at sapling stages (9.43 cm) and at pole and mature trees, it was maximum for Madhuca indica (12.48 - 17.35 cm) respectively. Minimum diameter growth at sapling stage was shown by Diospyros melanoxylon (3.03 cm), while at pole and mature trees Acacia catechu, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica did not exist. Overall on an average, each small farmer earns nearly Rs. 33000.00, for medium farmers, it is nearly Rs. 34600.00 and for large farmers it is Rs. 39400.00 per year from sale of forest products. Overall it can be concluded that the villagers of Rarha area are much dependent upon collection and sale of forest produce. However due to high biotic pressure and destructive NTFPs harvesting, the growth status of forest area has deteriorated. So for sustainability, appropriate preventive and remedial measures are urgently required for arresting/ reducing the adverse impacts of livelihoods pressures on the existing forests, which are highly indispensable for the valley.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Study of sabai grass based agroforestry for wasteland reclamation in SPWD sponsored project of Sevabrata in Purulia (West Bengal)
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2009) KUMAR, SUJEET; Quli, S. M. S.
    The present experiment was conducted on the “Study of sabai grass based agroforestry for wasteland reclamation in SPWD sponsored project of Sevabrata in Purulia (West Bengal)" at Dighi, Pittidih, & Gopalpur villages of Purulia District of West Bengal. The survey was conducted to know the effect of sabai grass based agroforestry on socio economic status with the following objectives 1. Knowledge level of Agroforestry and wasteland reclamation, 2. Extent (% adoption ) of Sabai grass based Agroforestry, and 3. Production potential of different components of Sabai grass based agroforestry system: a. Profitability of the stakeholders, b. Participation level of stakeholders. The methodology used to conduct the survey are Semi Structured Interviews (SSI), Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Household Interviews (HHI), Focus group discussion (FSD), Measurements (Quantitative evaluation), Sabai grass production yield/ha, Value additions- appreciation of different stages, Yield estimation (per ha basis), Growth trend and tree yield (volume), Fodder yield (fresh weight), Fire wood yield (wt.). Data collected with the help of a structured interview schedule and questionnaires were tabulated and analyzed in the light of objectives to assess the final results. The observations and results are categories under the sub heads i.e. 1. Social characteristic of the respondents, 2. General awareness of the respondents with respect to Sabai grass based agroforestry activities, and 3. Economic character and people’s participation in Sabai grass based agroforestry activities. II From data analysis it is found that socio economic status of the respondents are increased with respect to previous years. Agriculture is the primary occupation among all the respondents in all the study villages. The area under agriculture is more than the area under Sabai grass based agroforestry. The percentage of Agriculture land (non irrigated) and Sabai grass based agroforestry (non irrigated) is more in the study area. In Dighi village, the percentage of agriculture, forestry, Sabai grass and others were 37.32%, 8.56%, 13.46% and 38.26% respectively, in Pittidih village 43.10%, 8.37%, 13.70% and 34.83% respectively and in Gopalpur village 39.68%, 10.19%, 10.81% and 39.32% respectively. The percentage knowledge level about wasteland reclamation (71.67%) is maximum followed by impact of agroforestry & wasteland (70.00%). Regarding knowledge in agroforestry and species, the respondents have optimum knowledge. The respondents have very little knowledge in respect to spacing (8.33%), type of agroforestry (5.67%) and orientation of agroforestry (3.00%). The sale of green sabai grass is more whereas no one sells the dry products of sabai grass. Very few respondents are sale value added products of sabai grass. The change in socio economic status with respect to sabai grass agroforestry during last five years is predicted that there are no changes with respect to land and employments but the income of the respondent is increased whereas other aspect such as cattle, education and house, which is increased very little. III Besides agricultural labourer, they have also other business such as caste based occupations, own business, agroforestry based business, and services. The percentage of fodder cut, fodder leaves, fuel wood, fruits, and Sabai grass was almost equal in all the villages except sabai grass. There is no timber production in the study area. The economics with respect to sabai grass based agroforestry production shows that the percentage of agriculture is more than the percentage of sabai grass followed by fuel and fodder. Similarly the percentage profit from sabai grass based agroforestry production shows that profit from agriculture is more than the sabai grass followed by fuel and fodder. From data analysis it is found that socio economic status of the respondents are increased with respect to previous years. The migration pattern of respondents are decreases and also production per ha. of the land increases. The involvements of farmer in the agriculture are increased. They are harvested more than one crop in a year. Among the respondents the knowledge level of agroforestry and wasteland reclamation is increased. By using sabai grass based agroforestry, the production potential of agricultural crops are increased. Social factors on local communities, employment and income generation, technical assistance, improvement of quality of life, poverty and human health, equity, provision of food, fibre, shelter and fuels is increased with respect to previous years. Economic benefits to families, increased in productions, establishment of plantations of species with commercial value, increased value of small and medium size land properties is increased. IV Environmentally effect such as recovery of eroded or degraded soils; changes in water resources; changes in micro-climate; role of native forest species or species adapted to local conditions; impacts on agroforestry practices. Changes in biological diversity, including increased biomass; species displacement such as conversion of indigenous grasslands to a tree plantation; alterations to habitats and biological diversity etc. increased.