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ThesisItem Open Access GEO-REFERENCING AND ASSESSMENT OF MORPHO-BIOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY OF KALMEGH UNDER IN VIVO CONDITIONS IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) MADHURA M S; Jai KumarIn light of the global utilization of wild medicinal plants for pharmaceutical purposes, it has become imperative to search for medicinal plants that yield high biochemical contents. The secondary metabolites produced in Kalmegh are the result of environmental and edaphic conditions in which it grows and it becomes essential to identify the reasons that contribute towards maximum biochemical production in Kalmegh. The agro climatic sub-zone V of Jharkhand is considered as relatively superior for higher yield and biochemical contents production of Kalmegh, hence the present research was undertaken to corroborate the hypothesis and assist the region in securing a Geographical Indication (GI) tag with the following objectives (i) To assess morpho-biochemical diversity of Kalmegh in all three agroclimatic zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions. (ii) To conduct geo-referencing of morpho-biochemical traits of Kalmegh in all three agroclimatic zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions. (iii) To analyze the traits association studies with local climatic and edaphic conditions to screen out striking factors contributing towards the uniqueness of Kalmegh. The experiment comprised a total of 50 treatments which consisted of three replications and 30 plant samples in each treatment. The number of treatments from agro climatic sub-zone V, IV and VI were forty, five and five respectively. For each location, the coordinates and altitude were recorded, plant growth and yield parameters were measured and soil samples were collected for further analysis. HPLC analysis of plant samples was carried out at CIMAP, Lucknow. Meteorological data was collected for the plant growth period until harvest. Geo-referencing and grid mapping of diversity was carried out using DIVA-GIS (Version 7.5). Statistical analysis was carried out using OPSTAT and INDOSTAT. Highly significant difference was observed in mean leaf length, mean leaf width, mean length of internodes, mean number of internodes, andrographolide percentage and neo-andrographolide percentage in Kalmegh germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone IV & VI while, significant difference was observed in mean plant height, mean stem diameter, mean number of primary branches, mean fresh weight/plant, mean dry weight/plant, mean leaf weight/plant, mean stem weight/plant, and mean leaf stem ratio between the germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone IV and VI. Highly significant difference was observed in mean number of primary branches, mean leaf length, mean leaf width and mean length of internodes in Kalmegh germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone V & VI while, significant difference was observed in mean number of internodes and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh between the germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone V and VI. Highly significant difference was observed in mean leaf lamina width between the germplasm collected at agro climatic sub-zone IV & V. Maximum plant height was recorded at T2-Kujram (71.14 cm) followed by T4-Kujram (66.36 cm), while maximum stem diameter was recorded at T2-Kujram (5.35 mm) followed by T1-Tarub (4.79 mm). Maximum number of primary branches/plant was recorded at T5-Dangiadagh (4.57) followed by T4-Kujram (4.40) and maximum leaf lamina length was recorded at T4-Kujram (4.72 cm) followed by T5-Dangiadagh (4.56 cm). Maximum leaf lamina width was recorded at T4- Kujram (2.04 cm) followed by T10-Remta (2.00 cm) and maximum length of internodes was recorded at T2-Kujram (4.43 cm) followed by T4-Kujram (4.35 cm). Maximum number of internodes was recorded at T5-Dangiadagh (17.40) followed by T4-Kujram (16.73) while maximum fresh weight/plant was recorded at T2-Kujram (61.17 g) followed by T4-Kujram (59.90 g). Maximum dry weight/plant was recorded at T2-Kujram (13.68 g) followed by T1-Tarub (13.29 g) and maximum leaf weight/plant was recorded at T1-Tarub (6.85 g) followed by T2-Kujram (6.35 g). Maximum leaf stem ratio was recorded at T36-Dulli (1.46) followed by T1-Tarub (1.43). Maximum andrographolide content was recorded at T1-Tarub (1.98%) followed by T3-Khunti-Taimara road (1.87%) and maximum neo-andrographolide content was recorded at T1-Tarub (0.41%) followed by T18-Chikor (0.30%). Correlation analysis of andrographolide content of Kalmegh with growth and yield parameters, climatic parameters, soil physical and chemical parameters revealed andrographolide content showed highly positive significant correlation with leaf stem ratio (0.762), leaf weight per plant (0.640), leaf width (0.578), dry weight per plant (0.567), stem weight per plant (0.550), fresh weight per plant (0.540), plant height (0.524), leaf length (0.512), and number of internodes (0.508). Highly significant positive correlation of andrographolide content was seen with the altitude of the collection area (0.485). Significant positive correlation of andrographolide content was observed with sand percentage of soil (0.399) and bulk density of soil (0.415), but significant negative correlation with water holding capacity of soil (-0.457). Further andrographolide content showed highly significant positive correlation with organic carbon (0.559) and available phosphorus of soil (0.631) and significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (0.427) and available potassium of soil (0.420). Regression analysis of growth parameters showed that the plant height, number of internodes, dry weight/plant and leaf weight/plant of Kalmegh had significant positive impact on its andrographolide content while, regression analysis of climatic factors with growth, yield and biochemical parameters showed significant impact of leaf weight/plant, mean temperature and altitude on its andrographolide content. Regression analysis of soil physical parameters showed significant impact of leaf width and leaf weight/plant on andrographolide content while, regression analysis of soil chemical parameters showed significant impact of plant height, leaf weight/plant, leaf stem ratio, organic carbon of soil and available potassium of soil on its andrographolide content. Path value analysis of biochemical factors with growth and yield factors of Kalmegh revealed the highest positive direct impact of dry weight/plant (5.178) followed by leaf weight/plant (4.161) on its andrographolide content. Again, path value analysis of climatic factors revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (1.915) followed by altitude (0.514) on its andrographolide content. Path value analysis of soil physical parameters revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (2.918) followed by plant height (0.436) on andrographolide content, while path value analysis of soil chemical parameters revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (2.713) followed by plant height (0.559) on its andrographolide content. As regards to the first objective namely, morpho-biochemical diversity of Kalmegh in all three agro climatic sub-zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions, highly significant difference was observed between ACZ IV & VI in leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width, length of internodes, number of internodes, andrographolide content and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh, whereas, highly significant difference was observed between ACZ V & VI in number of internodes and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh. Significant difference was observed between ACZ IV & VI in plant height, stem diameter, number of primary branches/plant, fresh weight/plant, dry weight/plant, leaf weight/plant, stem weight/plant, and leaf stem ratio of Kalmegh. Significant difference was observed between ACZ V & VI in number of primary branches/plant, leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width and length of internodes of Kalmegh, whereas, significant difference between ACZ IV & V was observed only in leaf lamina width of Kalmegh. Superior germplasm of Kalmegh identified with high andrographolide content were T1-Tarub (1.98%), T20 -Bhanrra (1.96%), T3-Khunti-Taimara road (1.87%), T41-Patratu valley (1.87%). Superior germplasm of Kalmegh identified with high neo-andrographolide content were T1-Tarub (0.41%), T18- Chikor (0.30%), T19-Bhanrra (0.30%), T20-Bhanrra (0.30%). As regards to the second objective namely, geo-referencing of morpho-biochemical traits of Kalmegh in all three agro climatic sub-zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions, it may be concluded through grid mapping of 50 Kalmegh germplasm that the agro climatic sub-zone V exhibited a higher level of superiority with respect to growth, yield and biochemical contents when compared to the other two sub-zones of Jharkhand. As regards to the third objective namely, traits association studies with local climatic and edaphic conditions, following conclusion can be drawn, andrographolide content of Kalmegh showed highly significant positive correlation with altitude (0.485), which shows that the biochemical content may be found in higher amount at higher altitudes. Andrographolide contents of Kalmegh showed positive significant correlation with bulk density (0.415) and sand percentage (0.399). The andrographolide content of Kalmegh showed highly significant positive correlation with organic carbon (0.559) and available phosphorus (0.631), and significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (0.427) and available potassium (0.420), whereas andrographolide content showed a negative non-significant correlation with soil pH, silt percentage and clay percentage of soil. Analysis of 50 Kalmegh germplasm revealed that the most significant factors contributing to the diversity of Kalmegh were fresh weight/plant (36.73%), dry weight/plant (11.76%), and leaf weight/plant (10.04%) respectively. The current study suggests that the agro climatic sub-zone V in Jharkhand exhibits superior growth & yield as well as biochemical production of Kalmegh. To strengthen these findings, further investigations, such as expanding the sample size in experiments and conducting molecular analyses on Kalmegh can be conducted. These analyses will contribute to the assertion that sub-zone V is the most suitable candidate for obtaining a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in relation to biochemical, growth and yield production of Kalmegh.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of growth and yield performance on the spacing trial of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia)(2022) Nawin Nikhil Kachhap; Kaushal KumarTinospora cordifolia (Willd.) [Miers ex Hook.f. & Thoms.] is a large perennial, glabrous, fleshy, deciduous climbing shrub that belongs to the family Menispermaceae. This plant is also known as ‘Giloy’, ‘Guduchi’, ‘Amrita’ etc. The whole plant of Giloy is used in preparing for the formulation of many ayurvedic medicines. It is used for treating fever, arthritis, anti-stress and also as the best immuno-modulators etc. A large number of products are available in the market prepared by pharmaceutical companies Viz., Giloy Neem, Giloy Capsules, Giloy tablets, Giloy Tulsi juice, Giloy Ghanvati, Giloy Mulethi, Giloy-amla, Giloe-Ghrit Kumari etc. The planting time and spacing often helpful to improve the growth and yield parameter- which is very important to crops to improve production and quality productivity. Studies or research work on Tinospora cordifolia on planting time and spacing or FRBD is very less, the present investigation was undertaken to understand on growth and yield performance on the spacing trial of Giloy. With the following objectives:- i)To find out the effect of spacing on growth and yield of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia). ii) To estimate Giloy-satva (%) at harvesting time. An experiment was carried out at the experimental field of All India Coordinated Research Project on Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (D-Block), Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi from mid-April, mid-May and mid-June 2019. The experiment was conducted in Factorial Randomized Block Design having replication four and nine treatments. Giloy cuttings were earlier raised in polybags till 3-4 leaf stage for three to four weeks and then were transplanted in the respective treatment plots. Planting times were mid-April, mid- May and mid-June with the spacing of 3 m × 3m,2m×2m and 2m × 1m respectively in each treatment. The effect of planting time and spacing was recorded after 18months for growth and yield parameters and their Giloy-satva (%). Based on the finding of this experiment maximum plant length of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 2m × 2m;3.32m), which is at par with (mid-May 3m × 3m; 3.22 m), (mid-June 2m × 2m; 3.16m), (mid-April 3m×3m; 3.10m) and (mid-May 2m×2m; 3.07 m). Minimum observed plant length in treatment combination of (mid-June 2m × 1m; 2m). Maximum diameter at base of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 2m × 2m; 9.76mm), which is at parwith (mid-April 3m×3m; 9.06mm), (mid-May 3m × 3m; 8.84mm) and (mid-May 2m×2m; 8.75mm). Minimum observed mean diameter at base in treatment combination of (mid-June 2m × 1m; 5.72mm). Maximum main stem thickness of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-May 2m × 1m; 10.15mm). Minimum observed main stem thickness in treatment combination of (mid-June 3m × 3m; 8.76mm). Maximum leaf length of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-June 3m × 3m; 9.67 cm), which is at par with (mid-April 3m × 3m; 9.66cm), (mid-May 2m × 2m; 9.43cm), (mid-June 2m × 2m; 9.34cm), (mid-June 2m × 1m; 9.30cm), (mid-May 2m × 1m; 9.09cm), (mid-April 2m × 1m; 8.95cm) and (mid-April 2m × 2m; 8.75cm). Minimum observed leaf length in treatment combination of (mid- May 3m × 3m; 8.10 cm). Maximum leaf width of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-June 2m × 2m; 9.13cm) which is at par with (mid-April 3m × 3m; 8.87cm), (mid-May 2m × 2m; 8.73cm), (mid-June 2m×1m; 8.64cm) and (mid-April 2m × 1m; 8.22cm). Minimum observed leaf width in treatment combination of (mid-May 3m × 3m; 6.77cm). Maximum number of branches at base of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-May 3m × 3m; 3.50) which is at par with (mid-May 2m × 2m; 3.20), (mid-April 3m × 3m; 3.13), (mid-May 2m × 1m; 3.10) and (mid-April 2m × 1m; 3.00). Minimum observed number of primary branches in treatment combination of (mid-June 2m × 1m; 2.09). Maximum number of Secondary branches in Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-May 3m × 3m; 4.27), followed by (mid- April 2m × 2m; 3.66). Minimum observed number of secondary branches was in treatment combination of (mid-June 2m × 1m; 1.87). Maximum Inter-node distance of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 3m × 3m; 10.20cm), followed by (mid-June 2m × 2m; 8.78cm). Minimum observed Internode distance in treatment combination of (mid-May 2m × 2m; 7.39cm). Maximum fresh stem yield g/plant of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 3m × 3m; 560g) which is at par with (mid-April 2m × 2m; 531g). Minimum observed fresh plant stem yield was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-May 2m × 1m; 330g). Maximum fresh stem yield kg/ha of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 2m × 1m; 1910kg), followed by (mid-May 2m × 1m; 1662.32 kg). Minimum observed fresh stem yield/ha was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-June 3m × 3m; 483.83kg). Maximum dry stem yield g/plant of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 3m × 3m; 364.90g) which is at par with (mid-April 2m × 2m; 338.58g). Minimum observed dry stem yield g/plant was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-May 2m × 1m; 205.53g). Maximum dry stem yield kg/ha of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 2m × 1m; 1198.25kg), followed by (mid-June 2m × 1m; 1108.62kg). Minimum observed dry stem yield/ha was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-June 3m × 3m; 304.91kg). Maximum Giloy-satva yield (%) of Giloy was recorded from treatment combination of (mid-April 3m × 3m; 3.67) which is at par with (mid-April 2m × 2m; 3.50). Minimum observed Giloy-satva yield (%) was in treatment combination of (mid-June2m × 2m; 2.79). The best interaction between spacing and planting time with respect to the first objective effect of spacing and planting time on growth and yield of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) was found in factor (mid-April 3m×3m) for fresh stem yield and dry stem yield and (mid-April 2m × 1m) resulted better yield. As per second objective the best interaction between planting time and spacing to estimate Giloy-satva (%) at the time of harvesting was found in treatment (mid-April and 3 m × 3m).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on genetic divergence of Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] genotypes through its quantitative traits(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) KUMAR, AMIT; Kumar, JaiKeeping in view the importance of genetic diversity in optimum genetic resource management strategies, source of desirable allele and assist plant breeders in developing climate resilient varieties, a systematic research trial was undertaken to quantify extent of divergence of different Ashwagandha genotype through its qualitative and quantitative traits, at AICRP (M&APs) research farm, B.A.U Ranchi with the following objectives; To find out the extent and magnitude of diversity in selected Ashwagandha genotypes, To determine the percentage contribution of quantitative parameters creating maximum diversity in selected Ashwagandha genotypes, To identify potential parents of Ashwagandha for hybridization programme to develop hybrid/variety of high yield potential and To select promising genotypes of Ashwagandha suitable for agro-climatic conditions of Jharkhand. Research trail was laid out in Randomised block design with 17 treatment & 3 replications of Withania somnifera genotype collected from DMAPR, Anand, Gujarat. Different qualitative & quantitative parameters were measured as par NBPGR guideline. The replicated data of all the quantitative traits of 17 genotype of Ashwagandha was subjected to Analysis of variance, Genetic divergence analysis, Principal component analysis, Jaccard’s similarity coefficients, Shannons diversity index and Duncans multiple range test. 9 germplasm of Ashwagandha showed erect plant growth habit, while 8 had semierect. The leaf shape of 10 germplasm was ovate, while 7 germplasm had ovate-rounded. Three type of leaf colour were found namely light green (9), greenish yellow (4) and pale green (4). The root colour of 11 germplasm was cream, while 6 germplasm had whitish cream. Two type of root fracture were found namely fibrous (12) and non-fibrous (5). Internal root colour of 10 germplasm was cream and rest 7 germplasm were white. Two type of inflorescence were found namely umbellate cymes (9) and axillary fascicles (8). Three type of flower colour were found namely dull yellow (9), green (6) and yellow (2). Berries colour of 10 germplasm was orange and 7 had red colour. Significant difference was noticed in the plant height and maximum value was recorded for RAS-45 (96.58 cm) and minimum for RAS-65 (28.29cm). Significant difference was noticed in stem diameter at collar region and maximum value was noticed for JC-310620A (3.02 cm) and minimum for RAS-65 (0.77 cm). In case of number of primary branches/plant, maximum value was noticed for RAS-34 (4.52) and minimum for RAS-65 (2.75). Significant difference was noticed in leaf length and its maximum value was recorded for RAS-45 (8.65 cm) and least for AAU (4.59 cm). Significant difference was noticed in leaf width and its maximum value was recorded for RAS-45 (3.4 cm) and least by AAU (1.7 cm). Maximum berries diameter was recorded for MWS-334 (0.69 cm) which varied significantly with its minimum value of RAS-31 (0.51 cm). Maximum root length was recorded for RAS-45 (28.0 cm) and minimum for RAS-65 (10.5 cm). Significant difference was noticed in root diameter and its maximum value was recorded for RAS-45 (2.53 cm) and minimum for RAS-65 (0.94 cm). Significant difference was observed for number of secondary roots/plant and its maximum value was recorded for MWS-334 (12.30) and minimum for RAS-65 (7.27).ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on growth parameters of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Kumar, Sushil; Kumar, KaushalGiloy [Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook.f. & Thoms.] is a large, glabrous, deciduous climbing shrub belonging to the family Menispermaceae. The plant also known „Amirta‟, „Guduchi‟ etc. and their stem is used for formulations of many ayurvedic products for the treatment of fever and as best immuno-modulators etc. There are several pharmaceutical companies manufacturing more than 50 products available in the market. The Glioy juice along with Aloe vera, Tulsi, Amla etc. widely utilised by peoples. Nutrient management plays an important role in enhancing the yield per unit area. The concept of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at the maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility, the soil and the added fertilizer react with each other chemically and biologically. Any factor that may tend to limit plant growth will necessarily reduce fertilizer efficiency and consequently the crop response to fertilization. Appropriate amounts of fertilizers requirement can be estimated for optimum plant nutrient supply to obtain the desirable crop productivity through maximization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner. In Jharkhand, because of the presence of acidic soil, micro and macro nutrients are not available to plant, therefore plant growth is being affected. The application of fertilizers would be helpful to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil which are very much important to crop with different environmental factor and improve production and productivity. Information pertaining to integrated nutrient management in Tinospora cordifolia are very scanty. Therefore, present investigation was undertaken on integrated nutrient management in Giloy under rainfed condition of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi at AICRP (MAPS) farm. With the following objectives: - i) to find out the impact of Integrated Nutrient Management practices on growth of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia). ii) to evaluate percentage of Giloysatva. The experiment was laid out with more than two nodes were used for propagation and field research using specified designs, treatments and replications for studies. The cuttings were planted in Randomized Block Design with 14 treatments and 03 replications at 160 cm × 120 cm spacing level on 9th April, 2019 at the experimental field of AICRP on Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (D-Block), Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand. Area under each treatment was 3.60 m × 3.20 m = 11.52 m2 and for one replication, it was 51.8 m (length) × 4.1 m (breadth) = 212.38 m2 thus net area taken for field research was 212.38 m2 × 3 = 637.14 m2 . All six plants were selected from all the treatments for data on different quantitative aspects as per NBPGR format. Plants were irrigated regularly on alternative days except during the rainy season. Normal cultural practices such as weeding, hoeing and irrigation were given in the field. It has been observed that Maximum significant fresh stem yield 13714.40 kg/ha of Giloy was recorded in treatment combination (T14) of Vermicompost: 5 t ha-1 + Karanj Cake: 5 t ha-1 + Neem Cake: 5 t ha-1 + 15:20:10 NPK kg ha-1. The maximum dry stem yield 11067.37 kg/ha was recorded from the Treatment T13 (Vermicompost: 5 t ha-1 + Karanj Cake: 5 t ha-1 + Neem Cake: 5 t ha-1) and lowest 6964.59 kg/ha was in T1 control. Whereas grand mean value was 8408.21 kg/ha. In this way it can be concluded that Treatment T13 and T14 is better than other rest of the treatments. Maximum percentage of Giloy-satva (3.69%) of stem of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) was calculated from the treatment combination of Vermicompost: 5 t ha-1 + Karanj Cake: 5 t ha-1 + Neem Cake: 5 t ha-1 + 15:20:10 NPK kg ha-1 followed by 3.65% in Vermicompost: 5 t ha-1 + Karanj Cake: 5 t ha-1 + Neem Cake: 5 t ha-1. The lowest percentage of Giloy-satva (3.13%) was recorded from control. Correlation with fresh stem yield. It was observed positively correlated in all parameters like Inflorescence length (0.253), Internode Distance (0.206), Stem thickness (0.640), Collar diameter (0.501), Leaf length (0.596), Leaf width (0.389), Petiole length (0.251) and Giloy-satva (0.569). No Negative correlation was found in any parameters. The path analysis value showed that the direct effect given by Inflorescence length (0.023), Internode distance (0.017), stem thickness (0.335), Leaf length (0.311), Petiole length (0.146) and Giloy satva (-0.240) had direct positive effect on the stem yield. Two characters namely collar diameter (-0.015) and leaf width (-0.019) and showed direct negative effect on stem thickness. Maximum direct positive effect on fresh stem yield was shown by stem yield (0.335), while maximum direct negative effect was shown by leaf width (-0.019). The above studies would be significant for the farmers and medicinal plant growers, particularly of the Jharkhand state about the scientific understanding of organic and inorganic fertilizer combination to get better growth parameters of Giloy.ThesisItem Open Access PROPAGATION AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GERMPLASM OF Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thoms. from JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Kumar Ranjan, Dinesh; Kumar, KaushalTinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. Commonly known as ‘Giloy’ belonging to family Menispermaceae and their Ayurveda names are ‘Guduchi’, ‘Amrita’ etc. It is a diverse, large, deciduous climbing shrub with greenish yellow typical flowers, with corky, grooved bark with adventitious aerial root with simple alternate leaves. Stem of this plant is rather succulent with long, filiform, fleshy and climbing in nature, bark is creamy white to grey, and aerial roots are long filiform, threadlike. It is distributed throughout in tropical India subcontinent up to an altitude of 300m. The stem of the plant is high valued for potential medicinal properties for the treatment of fever, diabetes , arthritis, inflammation and as anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-stress, anti-malarial, immunomodulatory etc. The studies have been carried out with following Objectives: 1) To study plant morphology of ‘Giloy’ collected from different Agro- climatic zones in Jharkhand. 2) To evaluate growth performance of the above collected plants samples (germplasm) cultivated through stem cutting. 3) To estimate ‘Giloy - Satva’ from the stems of plants. Stem cuttings are the best planting material for raising commercial crop. The plant can be grown in almost all climates but prefers warm climate. It grows well in almost any type of soils but medium black soil or red soil is the best for the cultivation of Tinospora cordifolia. The plant can be propagated by seeds and also stem cuttings which is the best and suitable methods. The cuttings of the small finger thickness with 6 to 8 inch length of long stem having two nodes are used. This species can grow in organic manures like Farm Yard Manure (FYM), Vermi- Compost, Green Manure etc. as per requirement of the species. The field after plantation should be irrigated periodically mostly required weekly. Mature stems of the plants are collected, cut into small pieces and dried in shade and processed for obtaining ‘Giloy-satva’ which are utilized commercially in herbal Industry. There are several products in the market based on Giloy are Giloy- Ghanvati, Giloy Powder, Giloy Juice, Giloy Capsule etc.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.)Dunal](Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) ROUTRAY, AISHWARYA; Kumar, KaushalAshwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] is a medicinal plant belongs to family Solanaceae. The roots of the plant is highly useful in the classical system of medicine mainly Ayurveda. There are a large of number of herbal product in ayurveda and other systems of medicine based on Ashwagandha due to their therapeutic, curative and potent action of pharmalogical activities. There are some active principles particularly somniferin, withanin etc, has found highly effective as potency, immuno-modulator and to treat the disability of nervous system. However, as per demand in the global market, there are less researches has been carried out on cultivation practices particularly for specific reason. In Jharkhand there are need of promotion of cultivation practices of Ashwagandha. Therefore, to understand the growth performances and yield, the present study has been attempted to “Studies on impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha)”. The applications of fertilizer doses have direct impact on productivity status of medicinal and aromatic plants. Standardization of fertilizer application is necessary for remunerative cultivation and one of the primary aims of scientific cultivation of medicinal & aromatic plants. Moreover, economics is directly related to input and output of production system. Therefore, optimization of fertilizer doses becomes important aspect for productivity estimation research activities. In Jharkhand, because of the presence of acidic soil micro and macro nutrients are less available to plant so the growths are being affected. The application of fertilizer is helpful to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil which are very much important to cope with different environmental factor and improve production and productivity.In some cases particularly in potassic fertilizers also helps to fight against different pest and diseases with the different plants under open condition are liable to pest.Keeping these facts, it is necessary to find suitable doses of fertilizers which will help the farmers to enhance their production and to get proper financial return from the crop with the following objectives:-i) to screen out optimum dose of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of Ashwagandha.ii) to study the impact of fertilizer combination on reproductive parameters of the plant iii) to screen out selection indices having significant impact on main yield parameter.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Divergence Analysis of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. through its Quantitative and Reproductive Traits(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) THAKUR, ISHA; Kumar, JaiAssessment of genetic diversity through quantitative and qualitative traits in Mucuna pruriens germplasm is particularly important as the species is a self-pollinating crop and therefore vulnerable to environmental effects. No systematic information is available regarding the evaluation and screening of high yielding germplasm of Mucuna pruriens, hence screening of viable germplasm is essential for the recommendation of its commercial cultivation. Keeping in view the importance of divergence study in Mucuna pruriens a systematic research trial was undertaken to quantify the extent of divergence of different Mucuna pruriens germplasm, an experiment was conducted at AICRP (M&APs) farm, BAU, Ranchi with the following objectives: 1.To study the genetic diversity analysis among selected Mucuna pruriens germplasm 2. To screen out superior Mucuna pruriens germplasm on the basis of quantitative parameters 3. To screen out early, medium or late variety of Mucuna pruriens on the basis of reproductive parameters 4. To study the traits association pattern between different quantitative parameters of Mucuna pruriens. Research trial was laid out in Randomised Block Design with 24 treatments and 4 replications of Mucuna pruriens collected from 3 different places i.e. IIHR, DMAPR, Ranchi. Qualitative parameters studied were flower colour, bearing habit, colour of immature pod, leaf colour, seed coat colour, seed coat pattern, seed coat brilliance, pod shape, seed colour, seed shape, pod pubescence intensity. Quantitative parameters studied were Growth parameters: plant length, collar diameter, leaflet length, leaflet breadth, number of pods/bunch, number of seeds/pod, pod length, pod width, seed size (length, breadth); Reproductive parameters: Days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, inflorescence length, no. of flowers/ inflorescence, days to complete pod maturity; Yield parameters: Weight of dried pods,100 seed weight, pod yield/plant, pod yield/ha, seed yield/plant, seed yield/ha; Biochemical parameters: L-Dopa content of seeds, L-Dopa yield/ha. Data collected on all quantitative traits were subjected to ANOVA. Genetic diversity of 24 germplasm of Mucuna pruriens was estimated by multivariate analysis of genetic divergence of Mahalanobis “D2” statistics. Relative contribution of different qualitative traits towards genetic divergence was calculated based on the magnitude of the D2 value due to each trait. All germplasms was grouped into a number of clusters, according to the methods described by Tocher. Data on different growth, reproductive, yield and biochemical parameters was also subjected to correlation analysis and path value analysis.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic divergence and traits association studies in Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. Ex Kurz (Sarpgandha)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) BAKHLA, RASHMI; Kumar, JaiKeeping in view the importance of divergence study, a systematic research trial was undertaken to quantify extent of divergence of different Sarpgandha germplasm through its qualitative and quantitative traits at AICRP (M&APs) farm, BAU, Ranchi with the following objectives. 1. To estimate the extent of genetic divergence and clustering pattern among selected germplasm of Sarpgandha 2. To screen out superior germplasm of Sarpgandha on the basis of quantitative traits 3. To find out percentage contribution of quantitative traits towards its genetic divergence 4. To study trait association pattern with regards to yield to facilitate selection of traits 5. To determine heritability and genetic advance of quantitative traits useful for improvement. Research was laid out in RBD with 25 treatments replicated thrice. Experimental material consisted of 25 germplasm of Sarpgandha (BRS1 to BRS25) collected from different districts of Jharkhand. Different qualitative and quantitative parameters were measured as per NBPGR guidelines. The replicated data of all the 25 germplasm for quantitative traits was subjected to genetic divergence analysis, analysis of variance, correlation matrix, path value analysis and principal component analysis. 15 germplasm of Sarpgandha showed semi-erect plant growth habit, while 10 had erect. Three types of leaf arrangement were found namely verticilite (16), alternate (5) and opposite (4). The root colour of 17 germplasm was pale brown while 8 germplasm had grayish brown root colour. Two type of inflorescence were found namely corymbose (14) and umbellate (11). Flower colour of 11 germplasm was pink and rest 14 germplasm were white. The fruit shape of six germplasm was globose, 9 were ovoid and 10 were sub-globose. Two type of fruit colour were noticed, and out of 25 germplasm, 19 had dark purple colour and six had brownish colour. Seed shape of 13 germplasm was elliptical and 12 were obovate. Significant differences were noticed in the plant height and maximum value was recorded for BRS2 (67.66cm) and minimum by BRS20 (37.33). Significant differences were noticed in stem diameter and maximum value was noticed for BRS15 (11.63mm), and minimum for BRS4 (7.30mm). In case of number of primary branches/plant, maximum value was noticed for BRS1 (7.00), and minimum for BRS7 (2.33). Significant differences were observed for number of leaves/plant and its maximum value was recorded for BRS23 (69.33) and least by BRS20 (24.33). Significant difference was also observed for number of nodes/plant and maximum value was recorded for BRS2 (13.66) and minimum for BRS12 (7.66). Significant differences were observed in case of length of inter-nodes and its maximum value for recorded BRS8 (10.85cm) and minimum in BRS7 (6.42cm). Maximum crown spread in N-S and E-W directions was recorded for BRS7 (33cm and 30.66cm) respectively and its minimum value observed for BRS25 (19.16cm and 20.16cm) respectively. Significant differences were also observed in case of inflorescence length and maximum value observed for BRS16 (10.31cm) and minimum value BRS21 (6.24cm). Maximum leaf length was recorded for BRS25 (13.17cm) which varied significantly from its minimum value recorded for BRS6 (9.50cm). In case of leaf width significant difference was observed with its maximum value for BRS10 (4.65 cm) and minimum for BRS7 (3.06 cm). Significant difference was observed in the number of inflorescence/plant and its maximum value was recorded for BRS2 (13.66) and minimum for BRS6 (2.33). Number of flower/inflorescence was also varied significantly and its maximum value was recorded for BRS18 (94.66) and minimum for BRS7 (17.66). In case of number of fruits/inflorescence, significant differences were observed with its maximum value BRS18 (88.66) and minimum for BRS7 (12.66). Number of seeds/fruit was also varied significantly with its maximum value BRS2 (1.72) and minimum for BRS11 and BRS22 (1.05). Maximum root length was recorded for BRS2 (88.16 cm) which varied significantly with its minimum value of BRS20 (68.03 cm). Significant differences were observed in root diameter with its maximum value in BRS4 (17.31 mm) and minimum in BRS18 (13.05 mm). As regards to dry root yield/plant, maximum value was recorded for BRS9 (83.32 g) which varied significantly with minimum value recorded for BRS20 (42.85 g). In case of seed yield/plant, maximum value recorded for BRS23 (21.89 g) which varied significantly with its minimum value recorded for BRS5 (1.51 g). Among the sources of genetic diversity in Sarpgandha germplasm, maximum percentage of contribution was shown by seed yield/plant (51.33%) followed by inflorescence length (19.33%) and number of flower/inflorescence (11.67%). Seven clusters were formed through genetic divergence analysis, out of which cluster I contains maximum 9 number of germplasm. Maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster III and cluster VI (13.59) followed by cluster II and cluster III (12.46). Correlation matrix of different plant characters showed plant height had highly significantly positively correlated with dry root yield/plant (0.594) and significant positive correlation between root length and dry root yield/plant (0.414). Path analysis of different growth parameter affecting seed yield/plant indicated maximum direct positive impact by no. of flowers/ inflorescence (0.658) and maximum direct negative impact by no. of fruits/inflorescence (-0.486). In case of dry root yield/plant, maximum direct positive effect was shown by plant height (0.590) and maximum direct negative effect was by root diameter (- 0.472). Maximum heritability was shown by seed yield/plant (97.34%) followed by inflorescence length (88.42%). However, maximum genetic advance was also shown by seed yield/plant (129.13%) followed by no. of fruits/inflorescence (79.59%). So to conclude, as regards to estimate the extent of genetic divergence and clustering pattern among selected germplasm of Sarpgandha, seven clusters were formed, out of which cluster I consisted of 9 germplasm, followed by cluster II (8 germplasm) and cluster III (4 germplasm). Maximum inter cluster divergence was found between cluster III and cluster VI (13.59) followed by cluster II and cluster III (12.46) and cluster III and VII (10.44). So parents may be selected for hybridization program from these clusters i.e. cluster (III & VI), (II & III) and (III & VII). The extent of genetic divergence was ranged between 3 to 30% which may be considered as low genetic divergence. As regards to screen out superior germplasm of Sarpgandha on the basis of quantitative traits, on the basis of dry root yield/plant, three germplasm namely BRS9 followed by BRS23 & BRS5 may be selected as superior germplasm because they produced maximum 83.32, 78.25 & 77.97 g dry root yield/plant respectively, which was significantly superior to rest of the germplasm. On the basis of seed yield /plant, three germplasm namely BRS23 followed by BRS21 & BRS12 may be selected as superior germplasm because they produced maximum 21.89, 21.06 & 20.79 g seed yield/plant respectively, which was significantly superior to rest of the germplasm. As regards to find out percentage contribution of quantitative traits towards its genetic divergence, maximum genetic divergence was shown by seed yield/plant (51.33 %), inflorescence length (19.33%) & number of flowers /inflorescences (11.67 %). As regards to study trait association pattern with regards to yield to facilitate selection of traits, plant height showed high significant positive correlation with dry root yield/plant (0.594) & significantly positively correlated with root length (0.414). Again maximum direct positive effect on dry root yield/plant was shown by plant height (0.590), followed by number of leaves/plant (0.224) & root length (0.135). So plant height & root length may be selected as suitable traits for improving dry root yield/plant in Sarpgandha. As regards to determine heritability and genetic advance of quantitative traits useful for improvement, maximum heritability was shown by seed yield/plant (97.34%) followed by inflorescence length (88.42%) & number of fruits/inflorescence (83.28%). Maximum genetic advance was shown by seed yield/plant (129.13%) followed by number of fruits/inflorescences (75.59%).ThesisItem Open Access Propagation studies in Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz and Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. stem cuttings through PGRs(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) KUMARI, JYOTI; Kumar, JaiKeeping the importance of vegetative propagation in ensuring mass multiplication of seedlings particularly of those species, which are difficult to germinate through seeds and to multiply the seedlings of uniform genetic composition, identical to parental type transmission, a systematic research trial was conducted to know the effect of PGRs on growth, rooting and survival of stem cuttings of Sarpgandha and Gudmar at AICRP (M&APs) farm, BAU, Ranchi with the following objectives (a) To standardize the dozes of PGRs needed to obtain seedlings from stem cuttings of Rauvolfia serpentina and Gymnema sylvestre (b) To study the effect of different PGRs on rooting and shooting behavior of Rauvolfia serpentina and Gymnema sylvestre stem cuttings (c) To study the effect of PGRs on the survival of Rauvolfia serpentina and Gymnema sylvestre stem cuttings. Research was laid out in Factorial Completely Randomized Design with 13 treatments replicated thrice. Parameters studied were rooting percentage, number of roots/cutting (primary & secondary), length of the root (primary & secondary), sprouting percentage, number of sprouts/cutting, length of shoot, number of leaves/cutting, number of days taken for initiation of shoot emergence, number of days taken for completion of shoot emergence, basal diameter of shoot, area of leaves and survival percentage of cuttings. After two and half months from transplanting the cuttings into polythene tubes, data was collected for different root and shoot parameters and statistically analyzed to draw meaning inferences. Minimum number of days taken for initiation of shoot emergence in Sarpgandha was observed in 1000 ppm IAA and 1000 ppm NAA (2.33 days), while in case of Gudmar, it was 3.00 days in 7 PGRs treatments. Maximum number of days taken for completion of shoot emergence in Sarpgandha was observed in 250 ppm IBA (20.33 days), while in case of Gudmar, it was 16.00 days in 250 ppm IAA. Maximum rooting percentage (83.33 and 45.00%) was observed in Sarpgandha and Gudmar respectively under the treatment 750 ppm NAA and 750 ppm IBA. Maximum sprouting percentage of Sarpgandha was observed in 750 ppm NAA (86.67%), while in case of Gudmar, it was 61.67% in 750 ppm IBA, which was at par with 500 ppm IBA, 1000 ppm IBA and 750 ppm NAA. Maximum number of primary roots (3.20) in Sarpgandha cuttings was observed in 750 ppm IAA and in case of Gudmar; it was 3.43 in 750 ppm IAA, at par with 750 ppm IBA and 750 ppm NAA. Maximum number of secondary roots (119.73) in Sarpgandha cuttings was observed in 750 ppm IBA, and in case of Gudmar, it was 76.40 in 750 ppm IAA. Maximum length of primary roots (4.69 cm) in Sarpgandha cuttings was observed in 750 ppm IAA, which was at par with 750 ppm IBA and 750 ppm NAA and in case of Gudmar, it was 10.31 cm in 750 ppm IBA, which was at par with 1000 ppm IBA. Maximum length of secondary roots (1.75 cm) in Sarpgandha cuttings was observed in 750 ppm NAA, and in case of Gudmar, it was 2.23 cm in 750 ppm IBA. Maximum number of sprouts (2.29) in Sarpgandha cuttings was observed in 750 ppm IBA, and in case of Gudmar, it was 2.35 in 750 ppm IBA. Maximum length of shoots (4.60 cm) in Sarpgandha cuttings was observed both in 500 ppm IAA and 750 ppm IAA, and in case of Gudmar, it was3.05 cm in 750 ppm IBA. Maximum number of leaves (12.45) in Sarpgandha cuttings was observed in 750 ppm IBA, and in case of Gudmar, it was 17.52 in 750 ppm NAA. Maximum basal diameter of shoots (2.59 mm) in Sarpgandha cuttings was observed in 750 ppm NAA, which was at par with 9 PGR treatments and in case of Gudmar, it was 1.97 mm in 1000 ppm IBA. Maximum area of leaves (13.50cm2) in Sarpgandha cuttings was observed in 750 ppm NAA, which was at par with 6 PGR treatments and in case of Gudmar, it was 4.82 cm2in 750 ppm IBA, which was at par with 9 treatments. Maximum survival percentage (70.00%) in Sarpgandha cuttings was observed in 500 ppm NAA, which was at par 250 ppm NAA (65.00%) and 750 ppm NAA (66.67%) and in case of Gudmar, it was 45.00% in 750 ppm NAA, which was at par with 4 treatments. Sprouting trend in Sarpgandha cuttings indicates that maximum sprouting was occurred between 17-19 days. Average sprouting percentage under PGR treatment varied from 70-80%. Sprouting trend in Gymnema sylvestre cuttings indicates that maximum sprouting was occurred between 19-20 days. Average sprouting percentage under PGR treatment varied from 40-45%. Correlation matrix among traits of stem cuttings of Sarpgandha indicated that survival percentage is highly significantly positively correlated with 11 traits and among them maximum value is shown by sprouting percentage (0.962). In case of Gudmar, survival percentage is highly significantly positively correlated with 8 traits and among them maximum value is shown by number of leaves/cutting (0.949). Path analysis of traits affecting survival percentage of Sarpgandha cuttings indicated that six traits had direct positive effect, out of which maximum direct positive effect was shown by number of primary roots/cutting (2.120) and maximum direct negative effect (-1.878) was shown by number of secondary roots/cutting. Path analysis of traits affecting survival percentage of Gudmar cuttings indicated that nine traits had direct positive effect, out of which maximum direct positive effect was shown by number of leaves/cutting (0.810) and maximum direct negative effect (-0.942) was shown by length of secondary roots. Most of the traits having highly significant positive relation with survival percentage of Sarpgandha cuttings in 750 ppm NAA, while in case of Gudmar, it is with 750 ppm IBA. So, 750 ppm NAA and 750 ppm IBA is the standardized doze of PGR to obtain maximum seedlings from stem cuttings of Rauvolfia serpentina and Gymnema sylvestre respectively. Maximum rooting (83.33%) and sprouting percentage (86.67%) of Sarpgandha cuttings was observed under 750 ppm NAA treatment, while maximum rooting (45.00%) and sprouting percentage (61.67%) of Gudmar cuttings was observed under 750 ppm IBA treatment. 750 ppm NAA treatment is best for Sarpgandha as well as Gudmar cuttings for its maximum survival. It could be concluded that to obtain uniform, healthy and vigorous seedlings of Rauvolfia serpentina, stem cuttings of length 15 cm, thickness 6-7 mm, having 4-5 bud should be dipped up to 5 cm in 750 ppm NAA for two minutes and transplanted in rooting medium. In case of Gymnema sylvestre, stem cuttings of length 15 cm, thickness 4-5 mm, having 4-5 bud should be dipped up to 5 cm in 750 ppm IBA for two minutes and transplanted in rooting medium.
