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ThesisItem Open Access TO STUDY PRODUCTION OF TENDU LEAF IN MINOR FOREST PRODUCE RANGE LOHARDAGA, JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Kumar Ram, Robin; Siddiqui, M.H.The present experiment entitled “To study production of Tendu leaf in minor forest produce Range Lohardaga, Jharkhand” was conducted at MFP Division Lohardaga, Jharkhand, during the Tendu production season of April to June, 2020. Out of the 4 territorial units of MFP Division, two territorial units namely RR Lohardaga A and RR Lohardaga B were selected for study. Further from these territorial units, two beats namely Kuru Beat 316 k in RR Lohardaga A and Peshrar beat 317 in RR Lohardaga B territorial range were selected and 10 quadrates in both the beats of size 20m×20m were laid out for data collection. Out of the 10 quadrates in each beat, 5 were undulating and 5 were sloppy in topographical features. And the objectives chosen are, a) To determine the density of Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) plant in Lohardaga forest range, b) To find out the growth characteristics of Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) plant and c) To estimate the production of Tendu leaves in Lohardaga Forest Range. As per the total number of plants species concerned, non- significant difference was observed between Kuru and Peshrar beat, although mean value of total number of plants was found higher in Kuru beat (911.80) than Peshrar beat (829.80). The total number of Tendu plants in both the beat differ significantly and the total number of plants per/quadrate in Kuru beat varied from 252 to 183 and in Peshrar beat 211 to 152. Similarly per hectare plant density of Tendu varied significantly which ranges from 4575 plants/ha to 6300 plants/ha in Kuru beat, while in Peshrar beat it ranges from 3850 plants/ha to 5275plants/ha. With regard to the average diameter of Tendu tree and bush, non-significant difference was observed between both the beats, with its mean value (7.52, 7.69cm) and (2.13, 2.35cm) respectively. Similarly average crown height of Tendu tree in both the beats also differ non-significantly with its means value as 2.04 and 2.01m respectively. The period of collection of Tendu leaves was done mainly in the month of May in Peshrar beat however it was started from 23rd of April and last up to 7th June in Kuru beat. The number of leaves collected from Tendu bush showed non-significant difference with its mean value/quadrate as 3967.80 and 3527.40 respectively. Average number of leaves collected from each Tendu bush in both the beat showed non- significant difference. Five different shades of Tendu leaves were observed with leathery texture and oval to round pointed tip. The size of Tendu leaves varied from 7.5cm×12.5cm to 12.5cm×22.5cm. Mainly women were engaged in Tendu leaves collection. Collected leaves were tied into bundle with 52 leaves and placed on rocky ground for drying. The direction of the bundle is always East to West. Under silviculture operations, coppicing was done from base to produce good quality and bigger size of juvenile leaves. It was done in the month from Feb - April. Non-significant difference was observed in term of leaves productivity/ha in both the beats which was also non-significant, when the leaves are tied in the form of bundle/ha and standard bag/ha.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF ECOTOURISM (THEOTOURISM) ON FOREST OF PARASNATH HILL(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2017) Deogam, Sunita; Siddiqui, M.H.The present study in entitled “Impact of Eco-tourism (Theo-tourism) on forest of Prasnath Hill” is conducted at Parasnath hill with the objectives to know the impact of ecotourism on forest and growth parameters effect on the biodiversity. The Parasnath Hill is “located in Giridih District of Jharkhand” which is a religious places of Jain pilgrimage and is the most sacred place for Jains in the the World. The Parasnath hill is surrounded on all side with sub-tropical mixed deciduous forest. The Jain people call Parasnath hill as well as Sammet Sikhar. Amazing landscape of the hill has attracted a number of tourists including British over the years. Some of the popular attractions of Parasnath hill are five ecotourist places, which are selected for study included (a) Madhuban which are located at the base of the Parasnath Hill,(b) Usrifall located at east of giridih town on Tundi road, (c) Khandoli Park and Dam located at North-east of giridih towards Bengabad,(d) Harihar Dham located at G.T. Road at Bagodar and(e) Jharkhandi Dham located at Dhanwar near Giridih District. The data are collected through cross section interaction and discussion, survey as well as direct measurement with respect tourists, and other infrastructural facility available. The data were collected both on vegetation as well as on various aspects of ecotourism being held at each selected spots. Pertaining to the ecotourism at different spots, the parameters like number of visitors, Person visiting on each spot during Peak and Off season, facilities available at each spot like motarable road, hotels, canteen etc., Lodging and fooding facilities with tariff for visitors on each spot where recorded. The nature of stay at each spot, facilities to perform activities done by tourists at each spots like camping, trekking, celebration of birthday facilities available were also recorded. This data on Plant biodiversity was recorded from the old working Plan of Giridih District by direct identification of the species. For study of Biodiversity of the study area, the study area was surveyed and collected data through quadrate using random sampling. All individuals of each plant species was counted and recorded. The documentation of the existing species where done with respect to the different tree species, shrubs, grasses or herbs, number of trees present of each species, measurement of height, diameter, basal area and volume was collected and recorded by systematically. Phytosociological studies of tree species was also recorded by applying standard methods to calculate Frequency, Density and Abundance, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance and IVI value of each species recorded. Total number of tree species, shrubs and grasses were recorded as 15, 11 and 7 respectively. Total number of trees present in the study site was varied from spot to spot also from species to species. Total trees present in the sample area were 1578, out of which Shorea robusta were found maximum (159) followed by Tectona grandis (121) and least were Diospyros melanoxylon (84). Maximum height among tree species were recored for Shorea robusta (18.85 m) followed by Tectona grandis (17.32 m) whereas minimum height were recorded for Pongamia pinnata. Maximum basal area was observed for Shorea robusta followed by Tectona grandis which was 1.98 sq.m and 1.15 sq.m respectively. Minimum basal area was obtained for Diospyros melanoxylon, i.e 0.55 sq.m. Maximum volume was observed for Shorea robusta (37.32 cu.m) followed by Tectona grandis (19.19 cu.m). and minimum volume was obtained for Diospyros melanoxylon i.e 08.76 cu.m. . Maximum frequency among the tree species was obtained for Shorea robusta (80%) in the study area in comparison to other species, followed by Tectona grandis (42%) and minimum values (24%) were found for Terminali tomentosa. Similar trend were also noticed for Relative Frequency and High Frequency value of Shorea robusta (14.92) suggesting wide dispersal of followed by Tectona grandis (7.83) and minimum values (4.47) were found for Terminali tomentosa. Similar to the Frequency; density of Shorea robusta (3.18) is found maximum followed by Tectona grandis (2.42) whereas Lowest density was observed for Diospyros melanoxylon (1.68) which indicated it presence in lesser number. Relative density of Shorea robusta (10.07) is found maximum followed by Tectona grandis (7.66) whereas Lowest density was observed for Diospyros melanoxylon (5.32). Maximum abundance among the tree species was obtained Terminalia tomentosa (7.91) in the study area in comparison to other species, followed by Azadirachta indica (7.73) and minimum values (3.97) were found for Shorea robusta. Similar trend were also noticed for Relative Dominance value of Shorea robusta (14.83) species followed by Tectona grandis (78.6) and minimum values (4.11) were found for Diospyros melanoxylon. Maximum Important Value Index among the tree species was obtained for Shorea robusta (39.82) were found followed by Tectona grandis (24.10) and minimum values (15.02) were found for Diospyros melanoxylon. This indicates dominance of Shorea robusta in study area.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON THE BIODIVERSITY STATUS OF SARNA STHAL OF RANCHI DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND STATE AND ITS ECOTOURISM IMPORTANCE(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2017) Solanky, Puja; Siddiqui, M.H.eastern India carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,710 sq.km. The city of Ranchi is its capital while the industrial city of Jamshedpur is the most populous city of the state. The territory of Jharkhand provides a panoramic view of a wide variety of flora and fauna housed within the territory. In fact, the national parks and the wildlife sanctuaries in Jharkhand offer a rich variety in terms of biodiversity. Jharkhand which literally means “the territory of forests” is known for its dense forests and wildlife. In fact, the state of Jharkhand is known to possess the richest forests in India. The Jharkhand flora mostly consists of dry and moist deciduous forests which consists of important tree species like Sal, Jackfruit, Jamun, Kendu, Gamhar, Shisham, Mahua, Kusum, Palas, Ber, Mango, Aasan, Baheda and Bamboo. The historical data for the study have been collected from the secondary sources. So, as far as primary data are concerned, it is collected through cross section interaction through discussion and interviews with the local peoples of the study area. The primary data have been collected during the period from 1st April to (i) 30th September, 2016. The data was collected both on vegetation as well as on ecotourism activities being held at each selected spots. Questionnaires were prepared for analysis of human activity in the Sarna Sthal and effect on vegetation due to tourism. Pertaining to the ecotourism activity being held at a different spots, the parameters like identification of tree species in the selected spots, sources of water supply, occasion (calendar month, day and time) of Sarna Puja being done in the Sarna Sthal, spiritual belief, moral or economic support to society, rituals performed after fulfillment of the desire, cultural activities, environmental benefits/biodiversity conservation of each spot were collected. For study of biodiversity of the study area, the study areas was surveyed and collected the data through the various parameters like listing of different tree species, number of trees present of each species, measurement of diameter, measurement of tree height was collected and systematically analyzed. The data was collected by making the survey in three different blocks viz. Kanke, Ormanjhi and Burmu blocks located in Ranchi district of Jharkhand state. To measure the ecotourism importance on plant biodiversity, entire study area has been thoroughly surveyed to identify the tree species including herbs, shrubs and grasses present there. Among the total number of trees present in the study area, Sal (Shorea robusta) was found maximum in number. Also the Sal indicator that is clerodendrone (ii) species is also abundant in number. The grasses like dhub grass are present in the study site.The lantana camera is abundant in number. Other trees species like Bahera (Terminalia bellirica), Mahua (Madhuca indica), Bargad (Ficus benghalensis), Koraiya (Holarrhena antidysentrica), Bakain (Melia azadirachta), Karanj (Pongamia pinnata), Gulaichi (Plumeria acutifolia) are very common. Sarna Puja is basically related to the Sal trees, but in most of the Sarna place Sal trees are not present . At that place, people either do the worship under other tree or put the Sal wood and flower & then worship God/Goddess . At most of the Sarna Sthal, villagers celebrate Sarna Puja and maintain the Sarna Sthal by the contributory support of the local people . The maintenance of Sarna Sthal is need for social, cultural and religious beliefs as well as ecological benefits of the environment .ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT ON PRODUCTION AND SALES OF MAHUA PRODUCE IN RANCHI DISTRICT(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2014) Kumar, Ranjeet; Siddiqui, M.H.Jharkhand state spreading over an area of 79,714 Km2 is characterized by forest land & tribal population, which is about 86, 45,042 which is 26.20% of the state’s population (Census 2011). The Forest cover in the state is 22,977 Km2 which is 28.82% of the state’s geographical area. Forest products grouped into Timber products & Non-timber products are used in our daily livelihood. Non timber forest produces consists of “all goods of biological origin other than wood in all its form, as well as services derived from forest or any land under similar use.” Tribals are the most dominant group of communities who live inside the forest areas and depend on the forest for meeting their maximum needs. Forest dwellers or people live near the forest extract non-timber forest produces (NTFPs) from forest for both commercial as well as self consumption purpose, thus NTFPs are poor men’s sustenance as it provide, food security to large low income populations, particularly during drought or famines; they also have Ethno-botanical importance in Tribal’s life. Mahua has a special status among NTFPs as it is linked to the tribal livelihood systems in different ways. Apart from meeting food and other requirements, it is also an important source of seasonal income. Mahua (Madhuca indica) belonging to the family Sapotaceae, is one of those multipurpose forest tree species that provide an answer for the three major Fs, i.e. food, fodder and fuel. Its flowers are used to brew country liquor which is very popular in the tribal areas of the country. The tree has religious and aesthetic value in tribal culture. Mahua flowers and seeds, which have medicinal and nutritional properties, are collected and dried. Mahua provides livelihood security to poor households who collect it both for self consumption and for sale the income is used to purchase daily household items. Therefore present experiment was conducted on the “assessment on production and sales of Mahua produce in Ranchi district" in nine (9) villages near to three (3) markets of three (3) blocks of Ranchi district, Jharkhand. The study was conducted in the year 2013 at three markets, i.e. Urghuttu, Ormanjhi and Mandar situated in Ranchi districts. The survey was done in the villages namely Gashwey, Surid and Salhan villages of Burmu Block, Kulhi, Kucchu and Gurhu Villages of Ormanjhi Block and Naro, Kanijari and Mahuajari villages of Mandar Block. These villages are situated near by the forest and their livelihood depends upon the collection of NTFP produces from the forest. In the above market people of these villages are sale their mahua produces. The study area was surveyed through household survey with the help of predesigned questionnaire using simple random sampling technique with 15% sampling intensity, taking the household as sampling unit. Data collection is done through market surveys, field surveys, and household surveys. The various parameters for collection of data used in this survey was; a) Socio economic status of the villagers in which People involved in collection and marketing of various mahua produce, Family size and structure, Annual family income, and Contribution of Mahua in household income and b) Collection and marketing of Mahua produces by the villagers in which Mahua produce used by local household, Seasonal availability, Market value/opportunity costs of the item, Quantities of Mahua produce gathered from forest at household level etc., Potential of adjoining forest area with respect to production of Mahua produce was studied. The total number of family found in the study areas are 2868. Among the villages the maximum number of family belongs to Kuchu village, which is 535 followed by Naro (500) and the minimum number of family belonged to Surid (105). The total number of Mahua tree species found in the study area was 956. The marketwise study of number of family was II found maximum in Ormanjhi market (1263) followed by Mander Market (1008) and least was found in Urghuttu market (597). Similarly the marketwise study of mahua tree was found maximum in Urghuttu market (743) followed by Ormanjhi market (109) and least was found in Mander market (104). The average one way distance travelled for Mahua flower collection by the villagers of Urghuttu market varied from 0.2km to 3km, by the villagers of Ormanjhi market is from 0.2km to 2.5km and by the villagers of Mandar market is varies from 0.1km to 2.0km. The average time spent to collect Mahua flower by the villagers of Urughuttu market area is more in comparison to other two areas. All the categories of the family such as male, female and child are involved in collection of Mahua produces in all the market area. The average monthly income of villagers of Urghuttu market is Rs. 3583.00, the average monthly income of villagers of Ormanjhi market is Rs. 3050.00 and the average monthly income of villagers of Mandar market is Rs. 3017.00. The time spent on per day basis to collect Mahua seed/fruits by the villagers residing in vicinity of three market areas indicated variation from village to village i.e. 1 hr to 2 hr. The average quantity of flowers and seeds collected (kg/tree) by the villagers of Urghuttu market is from 75kg/tree to 90 kg/tree flowers and 10kg/tree to 15kg/tree. The average quantity of flowers and seeds collected (kg/tree) by the villagers of Ormanjhi and Mandar market is from 70kg/tree to 85 kg/tree flowers and 10kg/tree to 12kg/tree seeds by Ormanjhi market, while 10kg/tree to 15kg/tree by Mandar market. The total quantity of flowers and seeds collected (qtl.) in a season by the villagers varied from 178.50qtl. to 238.50qtl. for flowers and 23.80qtl. to 39.75qtl. for seeds in Urghuttu market, in Ormanjhi market 20.30qtl. to 45.05qtl. flowers and 2.90qtl. to 6.36qtl. seeds and in Mander market 22.40qtl. to 36.55qtl. flowers and 2.80qtl. to 6.45qtl. seeds. The sale price of Mahua flower varied from Rs. 15.00 to Rs. 22.00 and Rs. 10.00 to Rs. 15.00 for seeds in study market area. The market price of mahua flowers is maximum in Ormanjhi (Rs. 21.00 per kg) whereas, for seed in mandar, i.e. (Rs. 14.00 per kg). The revenue generated by the sale of flowers varied from Rs. 2124.00 to Rs. 2718.00 by the villagers of Urghuttu market followed by Mandar market from Rs. 1710.00 to Rs. 2070.00 whereas, the least amount received, i.e. Rs. 1530.00 to Rs. 1944.00 in Ormanjhi market. In Urghuttu market, the mahua produces are sold on every Saturday, in Ormanjhi market on every Tuesday and Friday, whereas in Mandar market, it is on every Sunday. Among the Mahua produces, only flowers and seeds are sold in the market whereas other produces are not sold in the market. In case of value-added Mahua produces, only liquor prepared from the Mahua flower. Mainly three type of value added Mahua produce are found in the study area which is Mahua liquor, Mahua oil and Mahua cake. In case of value-added Mahua produces, only liquor sold in market. The Mahua oil used mainly for self consumption for cooking of meal. Lastly, the Mahua cake used as a fertilizer. The marketing of value added produce (liquor) is maximum in Urghuttu market area whereas, price for liquor maximum in Ormanjhi. The Marketing channel for sale of Mahua flower and seed/fruit for local collectors are three way i.e. directly sale to weekly market, or sale to village level wholesaler or to the middle man/ village trader. The consumer basically liquor making industries get Mahua flower directly from village level wholesaler or by village weekly market and similarly, industries like soap maker etc. are get Mahua seed/fruit directly from village weekly market or from wholesaler The interesting observation is that collectors, who sell flower, again become consumer and purchase Mahua flower from retailer/ wholesaler/ middle men on high price.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ECOTOURISM SPOTS OF NETARHAT PLATEAU(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) Kumar, Ranjeet; Prasad, Maheshrelief from the hustle bustle and rushing life of the metros and cities. The temperature at Netarhat tends to be lesser and the atmosphere remains cool throughout the year. Tourists come to Netarhat to see the nature at its best. Amazing landscape of the hill has attracted a number of tourists including the British over the years. Some of the popular attractions of Netarhat are as follows: Sunrise view, Upper Ghaghri water Falls, Lower Ghaghri water Falls, Koyal River View, Magnolia Point, etc. The historical data for the study have been collected from secondary sources. So far as primary data are concerned, it is collected through cross section interaction through discussion and interviews with domestic tourists, foreign tourists and entrepreneurs of the study area. The primary data have been collected during the period from November to April in 2011. The data was collected both on vegetation as well as on ecotourism activities being held at each selected spots. Questionnaires were prepared for analysis of human activity with respect to tourism and effect on vegetation due to tourism. Pertaining to the ecotourism activity being held at a different spots, the parameters like identification of off season for each selected spot, person visiting on spots during the peak season and off season, infrastructure available at each spot like motarable road, hotel, canteen etc., nature of stay at each spot, activities done by tourist at each spots like camping, tracking, birthday celebration, anniversary celebration etc., facilities available at ii each sport like boarding, lodging, etc., and financial turn out at each spot during season were collected. For study of biodiversity of the study area, the study areas was surveyed and collected the data through quadrate using stratified random sampling. All individuals of each plant species in each quadrate was counted and recorded. The parameters like listing of different tree species, number of trees present of each species, measurement of diameter, measurement of tree height, basal area and total volume was collected and systematically analyzed. From the numerical data obtained, the quantitative characters such as frequency, density, abundance, relative frequency, relative density, relative dominance and important value index were calculated on the basis of respective formula. Five ecotourism spots have been identified at Netarhat plateau. Out of which, Sunrise View, Lower Ghaghri and Mongolia Point are mainly hilly but some part of them area plain in nature whereas Upper Ghaghri and Koyal View River was hilly. The Sunrise View and Mongolia Point (Sunset View) are the most popular spot at Netarhat plateau among male, female and children. Mostly they stayed there for 2 to 3 days but in some cases they may stay more than 3 days. Tourists stayed at Sunrise View point mainly due to availability of hotel, lodges, etc. Other facilities such shop, restaurant, etc are found at Sunrise View point. At Netarhat, ecotourism spot have very limited number of hotels/lodges. Most of the tourists were visited for recreation purpose. Beside that tourist were also visit for birth day party, marriage anniversaries, bone fire, tracking, camping, etc. At Sunrise View point, maximum activities were seen whereas other point has limited activities. To measure the effect of ecotourism on plant biodiversity, entire study area has been thoroughly surveyed to identify the tree species including shrubs and grasses present iii there. Total number of tree species, shrubs and grasses were 23, 12, and 9 respectively. Almost all tree species were present at all the study sites. Total number of trees present in the study site was varied from site to site and also from species to species. Total trees present in the sample area were 2879, out of which Shorea robusta was found maximum (223 trees) followed by Pinus roxburgii (188 trees) and least was Zizyphus xylopyra (90 trees). Maximum height among the tree species was recorded for Shorea robusta (21.22 m) followed by Pinus roxburghii (20.24 m) whereas minimum height was recorded for Lagerostroemia parviflora (13.56 m). Maximum basal area was observed for Pinus roxburghii followed by Shorea robusta which was 2.02 sq.m and 1.99 sq.m respectively, whereas minimum basal area was obtained for Dalbergia sissoo which was 0.17 sq.m. Maximum volume was observed for Shorea robusta (42.13 cu.m) followed by Pinus roxburghii (40.96 cu.m) whereas minimum volume was obtained for Dalbergia sissoo which was 2.43 cu.m. Maximum Important Value Index among the tree species was recorded for Shorea robusta (28.26) followed by Pinus roxburgii (24.19) whereas minimum Important Value Index was recorded for Adina cordifolia (9.13).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POTENTIALS OF DIFFERENT MARKETS IN RANCHI DISTRICT FOR DISPOSAL AND SALES OF NTFPs(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2015) Ranjan, Shashi; Siddiqui, M.H.The present investigation entitled “Studies on potentials of different markets in Ranchi district for disposal and sales of NTFPs” was conducted at different markets of Ranchi. The study was conducted in the year 2014-15 at 4 (four) blocks viz Angara, Nagri, Namkum and Mandar situated in Ranchi district. The villagers of these areas were in practice to collect different types of NTFP from nearby forest area and sold in the weekly markets of their blocks. The survey was done selecting two villages from each block based on maximum involvement of local people in collection and trade of NTFPs. The selected villages were Getalsud and Soso villages of Angara Block, Nagri and Naro Villages of Nagri Block, Lalkhatanga and Tunju villages of Namkum Block and Kanijari and Naro villages of Mandar Block. As these villages were situated near by the forest, their livelihoods were fully or partly dependent upon the collection of NTFP produces from the forest. The market survey was also done in the markets of Gondlipokhar, and Getalsud market of Angara Block, Nagri and naro market of Nagri Block, Shalimar and Satranji market of Namkum Block and Kanijari and Mandar market of Mandar Block, where villagers sold their NTFPs. Total 84 respondents were studied among the four blocks, i.e. in Angara, Nagri, Mandar and Namkum of Ranchi district. The dependency and collection of NTFPs was found from ST, SC and OBC. No General caste was involved in NTFPs collection. The average age group of different Social groups involved in collection of NTFPs was observed as 36.5 years of all the selected blocks. The maximum time spent for support of Livelihood was in the month of October to January followed by the month of June to September and February to May and the maximum distance travelled by the respondent of Mandar block (8-10 km). Bamboos and Sal products have been collected by the villagers throughout the year for their daily uses and sale in the local market. The Bamboo products such as bamboo basket, bamboo soop, bamboo broom and karanz datman, sal datman, sal dona, etc. are sold out throughout the year. Aonla, Bamboo, Imli, Karanz, Kusum, Mahua, Piar, Rugra, Sal, Kendu, etc. were the main plant species from which the NTFPs products are collected from the forests. Almost in all the selected blocks, the all types of NTFPs products were found except Kusum seed and Lac seed, as it was not found in Mandar and Nagri block. The average quantity of aonla collected (kg/tree) varied from 15kg/tree to 30 kg/tree. The maximum price of aonla is ₹90/kg and minimum which was ₹ 80/kg. In case of bamboo products, the maximum price was found in case of bamboo basket, and it gone up to ₹130/basket in Angara and for bamboo broom, the maximum price gone to ₹50/broom in Namkum. The maximum price of karil was found in Angara and Nagri. In all the blocks, the mahua flowers, sal datman, karanz datman, sal leaves, sal dona had same price. The maximum price of mahua fruit (₹30/kg) was found in Angara, Nagri and Namkum whereas mahua flowers (₹20/kg) was found same price in all the blocks. Few NTFPs are also sold in market after value addition and it is observed that maximum emphasis was on production of liquor from mahua flower. Mainly bamboo, karanj, mahua and sal leaves were value added to produce different products. Bamboo products such as basket, broom, soop and karil were the huge demand in the rural areas. Similarly, karanj oil was used for lighting purpose in the rural areas. From mahua products are value added as cake, liquor. The dependencies on NTFPs were more than other livelihood opportunities as Tribals spend a lot of time and effort in collection of NTFPs, but the income generated by collectors were very less.
