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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CROP SEQUENCES AND THEIR EFFECT ON SOIL FERTILITY(Birsa Agricultural University, 1988) SAHAY, GOPALJI; THAKUR, R.A field experiment was conducted during 1985-86 in sandy clay loan soils at the experimental corn of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi to study the effect of cropping sequences on grain yield, net return and soil fertility. Maize among Kharif crops and maize-wheat rotation were the highest grain producer with maximum net return, benefit cost ratio and per day net return. Legume based crop rotations not only maintained the soil fertility but enriched organic carbon, available nitrogen, and phosphorus and potash status of the soil and also boosted up the grain yield of succeeding wheat crop. In spite of greater removal of potassium by crops than added by fertilization as indicated by negative balance, the K status of soil increased over initial value under all the cropping sequences. The most productive maize-wheat rotation removed 153.4 kg N, 24.5 kg P and 26.5 kg K ha which was significantly higher than the removal by other crop rotationsThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON SEASONAL VARIATION OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS IN HOMESTEAD AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN RANCHI DISTRICT”(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Kumar Singh, Pratap; Sivaji, V.The present study entitled “Studies on Seasonal Variation of different components in Homestead Agroforestry System in Ranchi District’’ was conducted during the year 2018 (December,2017 to the month of May 2018). The work is a carry forward study of the research already carried out in the same rural area in the preceding six months of the present study to complete round the year study to understand the dynamic nature of homestead agroforestry components. The objectives of the study are (i) to study the seasonal variation of different components of Homestead agroforestry system across the different economic strata in the rural area (ii) To study the impact of such seasonal variation on the production, and subsistence/income generation of the people in the homestead agroforestry system. The study was conducted among three categories of the Rural people viz. HIG (High income group), MIG (Middle income group) and LIG (Low income group). Multi stage random sampling technique was adopted during the course of study in the village Pithoria near Ranchi city. The parameters studied include the land area available at each sampling unit for homestead agroforestry, Vegetation and animal component available in the Homestead system, production and financial outturn generated from vegetation and animal components and ultimately average income/family/ was calculated. A comparison of parameters studied in the current season was also made with the data obtained on the same parameters in the previous season The results indicated that the area allotted for homestead agroforestry in the present season in the three categories viz. HIG, MIG and LIG were 2704sq.m, 1408 sq.m and 963 sq.m respectively with an average of 135.2, 70.04 and 48.15 sq.m. The allotment of area allotted for homestead agroforestry in the current season is marginally more to the extent of 143 sq.m, 5sq.m and 67 sq. m respectively by the HIG, MIG and LIG respondents than the area allotted in the previous season. The total number of plant species in the categories of vegetables, flowers and trees present in the homestead units of HIG, MIG and LIG respondents of study area numbered at 176 (67+57+52) in the current season as against 173 ( 65+57+51) species in the previous season. In all the homestead units, vegetables are the most preferred category of vegetation. It is further recorded that LIG category respondents planted max. percentage of vegetable spp in both the seasons. (55.7% and 52.9%) On the basis of Habit, the plants in the study area were classified as Herbs, shrubs , trees and climbers. It was observed that both in current and previous seasons, all the three category of respondents planted more herbs than other shrubs, trees and climbers. Common species between the current and previous seasons, Additional spp planted in the homestead units and species deleted due to their absence in the current season are listed separately The total vegetable production in the current season stood at 940, 816 and 1318 kg (Total 3074 Kg) respectively in HIG, MIG and LIG category respondents as against 529, 447 and 477 kg (Total 1453 Kg) respectively in the previous season with the corresponding financial outturn in vegetables in the current season at Rs. 28,798, Rs. 27,166 and Rs. 43,482 and with Rs. 17,219, Rs. 15,499 and Rs. 16,219 in the previous season. The total financial outturn from all vegetables in all categories of respondents stood at Rs. 99,446 in the current season as against Rs. 48,937/- in the previous season. The average income per family from vegetable component in HIG, MIG and LIG in the current season was Rs. 1,440, Rs. 1,359 and Rs. 2,174 respectively and in the previous season the average income in three categories was worked as Rs. 860, Rs. 775 and Rs. 811 respectively. The production from animals is mainly in the form of Eggs, Meat and Milk. In all the categories of respondents together, the total productions of eggs in the current and previous seasons are 1262 and 1602 respectively.The meat production in the current season (519 kg) is more than that of the meat production in the previous season (472 kg) but the milk production remained same in both the seasons (1260 L.) The corresponding financial outturn in current and previous seasons are from eggs is Rs. 8,491 & Rs.10,277 from meat Rs. 1,76,065 &Rs. 1,27,590 respectively. The income generated from milk is marginally higher in the current season (Rs. 47,880) (due to price hike) than in the previous season (Rs. 46,620). The total income calculated from animal component in the current season in HIG, MIG and LIG categories is Rs. 36,941 Rs. 73,751 and Rs. 1,21,744 respectively as against the total income calculated in the previous season Rs. 23,060, Rs. 73,920 and Rs. 87,502 respectively. The total financial outturn from all animal products in all categories of respondents stood at Rs. 2,32,436 in the current season as against Rs. 1,84,487 in the previous season. The average income per family from animal component in HIG, MIG and LIG in the current season was Rs. 1,847, Rs. 3,687 and Rs. 6,087/- respectively and in the previous season the average income in three categories was worked as Rs. 1,153, Rs. 3,696 and Rs. 4,375 respectively. The cumulative income both from vegetable and animal component in HIG, MIG and LIG categories in the current season is calculated Rs. 65,739, 1,00,917 and 1,65,226 respectively. In the previous season, they were calculated as Rs. 40,279, Rs. 89,419 and Rs. 1,03,721 respectively. The average cumulative income both from vegetable and animal components of HIG, MIG and LIG Homestead units in the current season stand at Rs. 3,287, Rs. 5,046 and Rs. 8,261 respectively as against Rs. 2,013, Rs. 4,471 and Rs. 5,186 in the previous season. The average income from homestead agroforestry system was gradually increasing from HIG> MIG> LIG in rural groups. They further showed that the income derived from homestead is very high in the LIG category followed by MIG and HIG in both the groups.The study clearly suggests that dependency on homestead system is more in rural group. It further suggests that the dependency in both group increases with decrease in the family income.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON COMPARATIVE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF TEAK AND KADAM AND ITS IMPACT ON PHYSICO - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL UNDER MIXED PLANTATION(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Topno, Anupama; Mahto, M.The present experiment entitled “studies on comparative growth performance of Teak and kadam and its impact on physico – chemical properties of soil under mixed plantation” had been conducted in the year 2008 near Veterinary College Campus, Kanke, and Ranchi. The work was planned with the objectives i.e. (i) To study the growth performance of Teak (Tectona grandis [Linn.]) and Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba [Roxb.]) under 10 year old mixed plantation (ii) To study the interaction of Teak and Kadam mixed plantation on physico - chemical properties of soil. Random sampling method had been adopted and the data analyzed through paired t-test. The parameters studied were Tree height, diameter at breast height, crown spread, crown length, bole height, basal area and tree volume. Physical properties of soil viz. bulk density, particle density, porosity, water holding capacity, soil texture and chemical properties of soil were also studied such as pH, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Analysis of the data showed that the tree height and diameter at breast height was more in Anthocephalus cadamba (7.97m and 0.14m) than the Tectona grandis (6.50m and 0.09m). Similarly crown spread, crown length and bole height was more in Anthocephalus cadamba (7.45m, 5.14m and 3.30m) than Tectona grandis(5.70m, 3.22m and 2.59m) respectively. Computation of Basal area and Volume also showed that they are more in Anthocephalus cadamba (0.015m2 and 0.119 m3) than the Tectona grandis (0.006m2 and 0.039m3) respectively. The maximum value of bulk density (1.56 gm cm-3) had been found under Tectona grandis and minimum in Anthocephalus cadamba (1.55 gm cm-3) in unplanted area. The particle density was maximum in Anthocephalus cadamba (2.58 g cm-3) and minimum in Tectona grandis (2.57 g cm-3). Similarly porosity was maximum in planted area than unplanted area and the highest value under Tectona grandis (40.45 %) and minimum under Anthocephalus cadamba (40.00%). Maximum water holding capacity was found under Tectona grandis (10.73%) and minimum in Anthocephalus cadamba (10.22) under planted area. In texture sand was maximum in unplanted area of Tectona grandis (70.80%) and minimum in Anthocephalus cadamba (69.68%). Silt was maximum in planted area of Anthocephalus cadamba (20.73%) and lowest under Tectona grandis (19.06%). In case of Tectona grandis (12.37%) clay was maximum in planted area whereas in Tectona grandis clay was maximum (12.26%) in unplanted area. The results further showed that the soil pH, Organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen (N), and available potassium (K) had increased in planted area than unplanted area; whereas available phosphorus (P) had higher value in unplanted area than planted area. The maximum pH was recorded in Anthocephalus cadamba (5.78) and lowest in Tectona grandis (5.64). The highest percentage of organic carbon found in Anthocephalus cadamba (0.58%) and lowest in Tectona grandis (0.56%) in planted area. The available nitrogen was highest in Anthocephalu scadamba (289.75Kg ha-1) and lowest in Tectona grandis (271.73 Kg ha-1). Available phosphorus was highest in Anthocephalus cadamba (15.68 kg ha-1) and lowest in Tectona grandis (13.70 kg ha-1) in unplanted area. The highest value of available potassium was found in Anthocephalus cadamba (330.08 Kg ha-1) and in lowest in Tectona grandis (394.99 kg ha-1). Statistical analysis of the result revealed that the growth performance of Anthocephalus cadamba and Tectona grandis were highly significant. Physical properties of soil such as bulk density, particle density, porosity, water holding capacity as well as texture, sand and silt were significant in both species whereas clay was found non significant. Statistically analysis of chemical properties of soil found highly significant in both tree species viz. Anthocephalu scadamba and Tectona grandis. Therefore it may concluded from the present investigation that physical properties of soils was improved in planted area than the unplanted area; the soil pH, soil organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen (N) and available Potassium (K) were found significantly higher in planted area than the unplanted area whereas the available Phosphorus (P) was significantly higher in unplanted area.ThesisItem Open Access INFLUENCE OF EDAPHIC FACTORS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF FOREST SEEDLINGS IN RANCHI, JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) Mahato, Ashok Kumar; Mahto, M.The research entitled with ‘’Influence of Edaphic factors on growth and yield of forest seedlings in Ranchi, Jharkhand’’ to find out the maximum growth and yield of the tree species in the available soil conditions of the site. Forest department of Jharkhand has done the reforestation work in the site located at Bhusur (Ormanjhi), 30 km away from Birsa Agricultural University campus, in the year 2017 with four different tree species, namely Acacia, Chakundi, Bakain and Teak. The purpose of reforestation is to meet the demands of the local inhabitant and to check the site against soil erosion. The current experiment was carried out using RBD experimental design taking 4 treatments (T1 is Cassia siamea, T2 is Acacia auriculiformis, T3 is Melia azedarach and T4 is Tectona grandis ) and 5 replications.. Following are the objectives of the experiment- To study the Physico-chemical properties of soils of the site in relation to growth of the seedlings, Traits association analysis of Edaphic factors with growth, yield and survival of seedlings and To study the survival and growth of seedlings. Following parameters were measured during the experiment, growth parameter- Height (cm), Diameter (cm), Basal Area (m2), Volume, Crown width (m3), Number of branches, Survival of seedling (%) and Soil parameters- Soil moisture, Soil texture, Soil Organic Carbon, Soil pH, Soil available Nitrogen, Soil available Phosphorus, soil available Potassium. The results for the soil parameters are, moisture percentage of the soil is 15.59%, Soil texture is sandy loam, soil organic carbon is 0.198, pH is 4.64, Soil available Nitrogen 211.23, Soil available Phosphorus is 14.07 and soil available Potassium is 166.43. Above soil conditions influenced the growth and yield of seedlings species in the following manners, Maximum height among the different seedling species of Bhusur, Ormanjhi was found under treatment T2 Acacia auriculiformis (2.30 m) and it was at par with T1 Cassia siamea (1.85 m), T3 Melia azedarach (1.73 m) and least was found under treatment T4 Tectona grandis. The maximum number of branches was found in case of treatment T2, Acasia auriculiformis (15.82) followed by T1, Cassia siamea (13.27), T3 Melia azedarach (3.24) which was at par with the least value which was treatment T4 Tectona grandis (1.77). The maximum value of girth was found in case of treatment T2 Acasia auriculiformis (2.32 cm) which was at par with treatment T1 Cassia siamea (2.13 cm) followed by T3 Melia Azedarach (0.66 cm) which was at par with the treatment T4 Tectona grandis (0.62 cm) which was having least value. The maximum value of diameter was found in T2 Acacia auriculiformis (0.74 cm) which was at par with the treatment T1 Cassia siamea (0.68 cm), Melia azedarach (0.21 cm), and minimum was found in T4 Tectona grandis (0.2 cm).The maximum crown spread was found in case of treatment T1 Cassia siamea (1.93 m) followed by T2 Acacia auriculiformis (1.69 m), T3 Melia azedarach (0.95 m) and minimum was found in T4 Tectona grandis (0.31 m). Significantly highest basal area was found in case of T2 Acacia auriculiformis (0.22 ) followed by T3 Melia azedarach (0.09 ) which was at par with the treatment T1 Cassia siamea (0.07 ) and least was found in case of treatment T4 Tectona grandis (0.05 ). In case of volume, Significant highest volume ( ) was found in case of Acacia auriculiformis (0.50 ). Followed by Cassia siamea (0.29 ), Melia azedarach (0.07 ) and it was at par with the treatment, tectona grandis (0.04 ). And The maximum survival percentage among different seedling species of Bhusur Ormanjhi was found under treatment T1 Cassia Siamea (73.39 %) and it was at per with the treatment T2 Acacia auriculiformis (72.39 %), T3 Melia azedarach 964.05 %) and least was found under treatment T4 Tectona grandis (47.00 %). In case of plant height, diameter, girth, and number of branches among four species, Acacia auriculiformis showed the maximum growth and Cassia siamea showed the maximum crown spread. In case of basal area and volume Acacia auriculiformis has showed more basal area and volume. Cassia siamea has showed the maximum survival %, followed by Acacia auriculiformis, Melia azedarach and least is Tectona grandis. The soil of the site is sandy loam which suits Acasia auriculiformis to grow better than Cassia siamea, Melia azedarach and Tectona grandis. In respect to all the growth parameters Tectona grandis showed the least growth as well as survival percentage.ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SPICES UNDER BAMBOO-BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM” DHANYASHRI(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2019) P.V., Dhanyashri; Malik, M.S.The research entitled with “Studies on Growth and Yield of Spices under Bamboobased Agroforestry System” conducted at farm campus of Ranchi Veterinary College, B.A.U. agroforestry field to find out their best combination for growth, yield and economic feasibility of Fennel, Coriander and Fenugreek crops in Rabi 2018-2019. The seven treatments combinations were T1 Bamboo (B. nutans - Wall. ex Munro) + Sounf (Foeniculum vulgare (Mill.), T2 Bamboo (B. nutans- Wall. ex Munro) + Dhania (Coriandrum sativum L.), T3 Bamboo (B. nutans- Wall. ex Munro) + Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.), T4 Bamboo (B. nutans- Wall. ex Munro [Sole]), T5 Sounf (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. [Sole]), T6 Dhania (Coriandrum sativum L. [Sole]) and T7 Methi (Trigonella foenumgraecum Linn. [Sole]) Consisting of methods of sowing and time of sowing under open and shaded conditions in all possible combinations were tested in RBD (factorial) with three replications with following objectives: i) to study the growth and yield of the spices under Bamboo-based agroforestry system, ii) to study the chemical properties of the soil and to study the economics of the respective agroforestry system. The growth performance of the Bambusa nutans was varied from treatment to treatment under agroforestry system. The maximum increment in plant height (0.86 m) was found in T3 treatment which was at par with T2 followed by T1 and least in sole plantation T4 (0.58 m). The increment in collar diameter was also more in case of T1 (2.62 m) it was at par with T4 followed by T3 least in T2 (1.86 m). The maximum increment in number of culms was found in T2 (2.13) treatment followed by T4, T3 and minimum observed in T1 (1.97). Maximum equivalent yield was found under open conditions than under combinations, T7 (18.08) > T1 (15.49) > T6 (14.58) > T2 (12.38) > T7 (13.17) and least was found in T3 (10.95). 2 Available nitrogen content was highest in T7 (275.43) treatment and lowest in T1 and T2 (228.3 kgha-1), available Phosphorus content was highest in treatment T5 (15.10 kgha-1) and lowest in T4 (12.93 kgha-1) treatments, available potassium was highest in T5 (249.93 kgha-1) treatments and lowest in T2 (134.40 kgha-1) treatments and pH was highest in T4 treatment (5.5) and lowest in T6 (5.19) after intercrops were found. Organic carbon content was maximum in T5 (0.51%) and lowest in T6 (0.40%) after intercrops were found. In case of micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Fe) effected significantly in combinations. The maximum net return was found in T1 treatment (₹. 1, 11,563 ha-1) and minimum in T4 (₹ 26,459 ha-1). The maximum cost benefit ratio was found in T1 treatment (1:6.3) and minimum was in T4 (1:2.34). The finding of the study concludes that there is need to promote agroforestry system in the region. It will help the farmers in enhancing their socio-economic condition. Therefore, in the initial years of Bambooo plantation the farmers’ can be benefited from this agroforestry system through better protection of Bamboo from weeds and cattle, soil health improvement, additional income, more employment and better food security. The present agroforestry system studied in the farmer’s field may not replicate the same trend in terms of net return and BCR due to market and other influencing factors. However, the agroforestry system for the farmers has been recommended as per the findingsThesisItem Open Access “EVALUATION OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN DEOGHAR DISTRICT, JHARKHAND”(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2021) Kumar, Prashant; Malik, M.S.The perception of farmers' towards attitude & knowledge including motivational factors pertaining to adoption of agroforestry systems holds the key for addressing the current problems like widening the gap between demand and supply of tree products, deforestation and environmental degradation. However, the development of agroforestry as a viable option for farmers in diverse ecological and socio-economic conditions has become very challenging issue. Many researchers highlighted that farmers positive perception towards agro-forestry have significantly positive effects on adoption of agroforestry. Keeping these facts, the present study was taken in three blocks of Deoghar district with the objectives namely i) To survey and identify the existing agroforestry practices and ii) To assess the socio-economic impacts on the farmers. Three blocks (Palojori, Sarath & Mohanpur), six panchayats (Matiyara, Bandhdih, Kerabank, Bochbandh, Dahijor & Banka) and 240 households (40 from each panchayat) were selected. Questionnaire was prepared and data on different parameters were collected by adopting multi-stage random sampling. Collected data on various parameters were statistically analysed to draw meaningful conclusions. The major findings could be summarized as, out of the total respondents (240), maximum number of respondents belong to 31-40 years (76, 31.67%), followed by 51-60 years (62, 25.83%) and minimum in 21-30 years (15, 6.25%). 87.09% (209) of the respondents in the study area were male and 12.91% (31) were female. Among the social caste status of respondents, maximum concentration belongs to OBC category (110, 45.83%), followed by General category (74, 30.83%) and minimum by ST category (11, 4.58%). 72.50% (174) of the respondents belong to medium family population status. In ethnic groups and religion categories, 96.25% (231) belongs to Hindu religion and remaining three religions have very meagre representation. As far as the education status of respondents is concerned, maximum number belongs to elementary educational status (67, 27.91%), closely followed by illiterate category (64, 25.67%) and high school category (56, 23.34%). Among the housing status, more than half of the respondents (126, 52.51%) have mixed housing status i.e; they have both the kuccha and pucca house. The data of primary occupational status indicated that nearly three-fourth (76.25%, 183) were engaged in farming activities, followed by others (119, 49.58%). The number of respondents engaged in private or govt. job was very less. Large variation was recorded in number of farmers under different categories as indicated by large S.E (m) (20.50%). Correlation matrix between different farmers’ categories and respective occupational status indicated that increase or decrease in number of the respondents had non-significant impact on their occupational status. However, increase in literacy rate of farmers was significantly correlated with number of farmers engaged in private job (0.969), number of farmers engaged in govt. job (0.982) and number of farmers engaged in business (0.975). The number of livestock under different categories of farmers had maximum number of poultry, followed by goat and cattle and least in buffalo. Most of the respondents used both stall feeding and grazing (175, 72.91%). Feeding of cattle through green fodder was recorded as 28 (11.66%) only. Among the monthly income of respondents, 23.33% (56) of the respondents earned Rs.7001-9000, closely followed by Rs.5001-7000 (22.92%, 55). Farmers having monthly income more than Rs.9001 were 65 (27.09%). Most of the respondents were engaged in farming by engaging their own family labour (55.00%, 132), followed by hired labour (40.83%, 98). Among the crop productivity of Kharif crops, maximum productivity was of paddy, recorded as 24-34 q/ha, and for maize, it was 19-24 q/ha. In Rabi crops, maximum productivity was of wheat, recorded as 21-24 q/ha. In vegetables category, the maximum productivity was of potato, recorded as 190-210 q/ha. Most of the respondents followed sole cropping (184, 76.67%), followed by mixed cropping (42, 17.50%) and least by inter cropping (14, 5.83%). Fish pond was not available to 77.92% (187) of the respondents. As far as cumulative land-use pattern is concerned, more than 3/4th of the respondents in all categories were following agriculture, followed by different agroforestry practices and horticulture practices. Among different land-use practices, seven major practices were noticed, in which agriculture was the main practice, followed by horticulture, home-garden and agroforestry practices. Correlation matrix between farmers’ category and respective land-use practices indicated that increasing the number of farmers under different categories had highly significant correlation with number of farmers engaged in agriculture (0.999), and significantly correlated with number of farmers engaged in agroforestry, horticulture, agrihorticulture, kitchen garden, bamboo plantation, but non-significant impact on farmers engaged in apiculture. Among the different agroforestry practices, home garden component was followed by 54 (22.50%) number of respondents, followed by tree around fish pond (53, 22.08%). Agrisilviculture was also followed by 21.25% (51) of the respondents. The correlation matrix between different farmers’ category engaged in different agroforestry practices indicated that increasing or decreasing the number of farmers under different categories had non-significant impact on the different agroforestry practices like agrisilviculture, silvipasture, agri-horticulture and apiculture, but it was significantly correlated with kitchen garden practices (0.992), which indicates the tremendous scope of agroforestry practices of kitchen garden in Deoghar district. Main tree crops among different agroforestry practices was Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Gmelina arborea and Moringa oleifera, while in agriculture crop category, it was Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum etc. In horticulture crops, it was Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Citrus limon and Syzygium cumini. Maximum number of trees/ha was recorded in kitchen garden under different categories, followed by agri-horticulture and agri-silviculture practices. Correlation matrix between different farmers categories and number of trees/ha indicated that increase or decrease in number of respondents under different categories had non-significant impact with all the different agroforestry practices. However, respondents were more interested to plant trees under silvipastoral and agri-horticulture system, which was indicated by significant positive correlation as 0.961 and 0.956 respectively. Nearly 95.41% (229) of the respondents were interested in growing horticulture trees around their farms, and in case of planting timber species, its number was 179 (74.50%). Cumulative preferences of species for future tree planting indicated that out of the 15 tree species, Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahagoni and Terminalia arjuna were top five preferred species. In horticulture crops, top five species were Mangifera indica, Litchi chinensis, Psidium guajava, Syzygium cumini and Carica papaya. In fuel wood tree species, top three preferred species were Melia azedarach, Cassia siamea, Leucaena leucocephala and in fodder tree species, it was Leucaena leucocephala, Pongamia pinnata and Bauhinia variegata. So, it may be concluded that in the study area, most of the respondents engaged in farming and agro-forestry practices were male (87.09%) and maximum number of respondents belongs to 31-40 years (31.67%). 96.25% belongs to Hindu religion, out of which maximum concentration belongs to OBC category (45.83%). Nearly 53.6% of the respondents had illiterate to elementary educational status and nearly three-fourth of respondents (76.25%) were engaged in farming activities. Low monthly income (Rs.5001-9000) was observed for nearly 46.2% of the respondents. Both stall feeding and grazing (72.91%) was prevailed in the study area. Mainly sole cropping (76.67%) was dominated in the study area followed by mixed cropping (17.50%). Among different land-use practices, seven major practices were identified, out of which agriculture was the main practice, followed by horticulture, home-garden and agroforestry practices. Practice of home garden was found prevalent in the study area (22.50%) with maximum number of trees/ha followed by agri-horticulture and agri-silviculture practices. More percentage (95.41%) of respondents were interested in growing horticulture trees than timber trees (74.50%) around their farms. Among the choice of timber species, they wish to plant Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Gmelina arborea, Swietenia mahagoni and Terminalia arjuna in descending order. Correlation matrix between different farmers’ categories and respective occupational status indicated that increase in literacy rate of respondents leads to increased number of farmers engaged in private job (0.969), number of farmers engaged in govt. job (0.982) and number of farmers engaged in business (0.975). Highly significant correlation was observed between numbers of farmers under different categories with agriculture (0.999), and significant with agroforestry, horticulture, agrihorticulture, kitchen garden, bamboo plantation. Increase or decrease in the number of farmers under different categories had non-significant impact on the different agroforestry practices like agri-silviculture, silvipasture, agri-horticulture and apiculture, but it was significantly correlated with kitchen garden practices (0.992). Increase or decrease in number of respondents under different categories had non-significant impact with all the different agroforestry practices. However, respondents were more interested to plant trees under silvipastoral and agri-horticulture system, which was indicated by significant positive correlation as 0.961 and 0.956 respectively.
