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Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. UNDER ORGANIC FARMING
(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-20) NYAMKOI; Bhupender Dutt
The present investigations on "Development of cultivation practices of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. under organic farming," were carried out in the experimental field and laboratory of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Among the two seed sources of Silybum marianum procured from CIMAP, Lucknow and UHF, Nauni have revealed that the species is an annual herb with hollow stems and a taproot system. Seed procured from CIMAP, Lucknow has shown flowering and fruiting period of 14-18 days and 12-16 days, while seeds from UHF, Nauni, had flowering and fruiting period of 20-23 days and 16-19 days, respectively. Maximum plant height (106.51 cm), number of primary flower heads (4.50), number of secondary flower heads (2.75), number of seeds per plant (670), seed weight per plant (12.73g) and silymarin content (1.93%) were exhibited by the seeds from CIMAP, Lucknow. Sowing of seeds in the nursery during November under protected condition with application of vermicompost + cocopeat showed maximum germination (97.67%), shoot length (8.10 cm) and root length (7.43 cm). A spacing of 50 x 20 cm resulted in maximum plant height (135.40 cm), seed yield (13.35q ha-1), and silymarin content (2.19%) with the application of vermicompost + PSB. Maximum number of primary branches per plant (5.90), number of secondary branches per plant (3.41), number of primary flower heads per plant (5.90), number of secondary flower heads per plant (3.41), number of leaves per plant (18.84), number of seeds per primary capitulum (95.29), number of seeds per secondary capitulum (65.30), number of seeds per plant (1049.20), and seed weight per plant (17.88g) were obtained using vermicompost + PSB at a spacing of 60 x 40 cm. Highest output-input ratio (1.73) was noticed at 50 x 20 spacing with the application of PSB. The study showed that seeds sourced from CIMAP, Lucknow exhibited superior traits and nursery sowing in November under protected condition with the application of vermicompost + cocopeat was suitable for germination as well as seedling growth. Application of vermicompost + PSB at a spacing of 60 x 40 cm and 50 x 20 cm was best for growth and seed yield, respectively. The application of PSB at a spacing of 50 x 20 cm has greater economic feasibility.
Open Access
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL STIMULANTS ON OLEORESIN PRODUCTION AND WOOD QUALITY OF Pinus roxburghii Sargent
(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-07-12) SAURABH SHARMA; BHUPENDER DUTT
ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Effect of chemical stimulants on oleoresin production and wood quality of Pinus roxburghii Sargent” was undertaken in the Department of Forest Products, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230 (HP) during 2020-2022 with the objectives to find out the effect of chemical stimulants and methods of tapping on oleoresin production and quality, effect of chemical stimulants on wound healing of Borehole and Rill method and effect of methods of oleoresin tapping on the wood quality of Chir Pine respectively. Among the different chemical stimulants used for oleoresin tapping, treatment T7 (20 per cent H2SO4 + 20 per cent HNO3) showed best results for oleoresin yield. Healing rate in both Boreholes and Rill tapped blazes of Pinus roxburghii trees ranged from 4.64 (2.37) per cent to 96.25 (79.34) per cent. In contrast to traditional methods, where healing of these Boreholes and Rill tapped blazes takes at least 2-3 years and 20-30 years respectively, but by the application of new chemical stimulants, especially auxins like NAA (Napthalene Acetic Acid), rapidly healed the Boreholes and Rill tapped blazes within a year. Oleoresin tapping methods had significant effects on physical, chemical, and anatomical factors associated with wood quality. In order to improve oleoresin yield and wound healing, different chemical stimulants can be tailored and modified such as CEPA can be replaced with NAA, which can be used in combination with sulphuric acid which helps in prolonged resin flow. NAA is an auxin that aids in cell differentiation and growth leading to rapid healing of wounds caused by tapping, which could result in eco-friendly sustainable practices to ensure the long-term health and productivity of trees.
Open Access
STUDIES ON WOOD QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MELIA SPECIES
(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-05) SHUKLA, MOHIT; SOOD, MEENU
ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Studies on wood quality characteristics of Melia species.” were carried out in the Laboratory and Wood Workshop of Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during the years 2020-2021; 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. The study revealed significant variation between physical, anatomical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of all three Melia species. The bark per cent and wood per cent exhibited significant variation. Maximum bark per cent was found in M. azedarach (9.39 per cent). Maximum wood per cent was found in M. dubia (96.91 per cent). Maximum MMC was found in M. dubia (178.10 per cent). Maximum specific gravity was found in M. azedarach (0.530). Maximum radial swelling was found in M. azedarach (2.01 per cent). Maximum tangential swelling was found in M. azedarach (3.52 per cent). Maximum volumetric swelling was found in M. azedarach (5.44 per cent). Maximum radial shrinkage was found in M. azedarach (4.07 per cent). Maximum tangential shrinkage was found in M. azedarach (5.85 per cent). Maximum volumetric shrinkage was found in M. azedarach (9.84 per cent). The longest fibre length was found in M. dubia (1.132 mm) while maximum fibre diameter was found in M. azedarach (0.035 mm). The maximum vessel diameter was found in M. composita (0.336 mm) while maximum vessel frequency was found in M. dubia (10.29). The maximum ray height was found in M. azedarach (0.787 mm) while maximum ray width was found in M. azedarach (0.153 mm). The maximum cold water-soluble extractives were found in M. dubia (5.80 per cent). The maximum hot water-soluble extractives were found in M. azedarach (8.36 per cent). The maximum alcohol-benzene soluble extractives were found in M. azedarach (10.30 per cent). The maximum average 1 per cent NaOH soluble extractives were found in M. composita (23.70 per cent). The maximum ash content was found in M. azedarach (3.98 per cent). The maximum holocellulose content was found in M. dubia (71.80 per cent) while the maximum lignin content was found in M. azedarach (30.60 per cent). The maximum tensile strength was reported in M. azedarach (0.087 kN/mm2) while maximum bending strength was reported in M. azedarach (0.01 kN/mm2). The maximum compression strength parallel to grain was reported in M. azedarach (0.037 kN/mm2) while the maximum compression strength perpendicular to grain was reported in M. azedarach (0.025 kN/mm2). The maximum value for modulus of elasticity among the species was found in M. azedarach (7846.95 MPa) while maximum value of modulus of rupture was found in M. azedarach (205.90 MPa). It was found that specific gravity was positively and significantly correlated with bending strength, compression parallel to grain, MOE and MOR. Lignin was positively significant with specific gravity, compression strength parallel to grain, MOE and MOR. Tensile strength was found to be negatively and significantly correlated with 1 per cent NaOH soluble extractives. Regression analysis revealed that linear function was best fit to predict the mechanical properties.
Open Access
MORPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND AGRO-ECONOMIC STUDIES OF Ocimum SPECIES
(UHF,NAUNI, 2020-02) KUMAR, NILAY; SHARMA, KULWANT RAI
Open Access
PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL OF DIFFERENT MEDICINAL PLANTS UNDER PEACH BASED HORTI-MEDICINAL SYSTEM OF AGROFORESTR
(UHF,NAUNI, 2020-02) KUMAR, VIPAN; SOOD, MEENU
ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled ‘Productivity potential of different medicinal plants under peach based Horti-Medicinal System of ’ was carried out in the field of peach Department of Fruit Science and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants farm of Department of Forest Products, Dr YSP UHF Nauni, Solan. (HP) during 2016 to 2018. The experiment comprised of 9 treatments in Lepidium sativum, Linum usitatissimum, Ocimum sanctum and Andrographis paniculata with peach and without peach viz. T1 (Peach + medicinal plant + FYM 2t/ha), T2 (Peach + medicinal plant + FYM 4t/ha), T3 (Peach + medicinal plant + Vermicompost 2t/ha), T4 (Peach + medicinal plant + Vermicompost 4t/ha), T5 (Peach + medicinal plant + Jeevamarutha 500 l/ha), T6 (Peach + medicinal plant + RDF NPK kg/ha), T7 (Peach + medicinal plant), T8 (medicinal plant + RDF NPK kg/ha) and T9 (Control). The maximum growth and yield of medicinal plants (Lepidium sativum, Linum usitatissimum, Ocimum sanctum and Andrographis paniculata) was found in T6 (Peach + medicinal plant + RDF). In L. sativum, L. usitatissimum maximum estimated seed yield (9.93 q/ha and 7.90 q/ha, 10.16 q/ha and 8.03 q/ha) was recorded in T6 during 2016-17 and 2017-18 in Rabi season respectively, where as in Kharif season maximum herb yield of O. sanctum and A. paniculata (16.27 q/ha and 17.13 q/ha and 5.05 q/ha and 5.54 q/ha) was recorded in T6 during 2016-17 and 2017-18. In Kharif season maximum yield was found in second year as compared to first year. Economic analysis of L. sativum, L. usitatissimum, O. sanctum and Andrographis paniculata recorded that maximum gross return (Rs. 129090, Rs 101600, Rs 226350 and Rs 107400), maximum net return (Rs. 152166 and Rs 127556, Rs 125026 and Rs 98185.85, Rs 244357 and Rs 245237, Rs 133644.3 and Rs 137204.30) and B:C ratio (2.46 and 2.12, 2.08 and 1.62, 3.68 and 3.58, 2.33 and 2.35) were recorded in T6 during 2016-17 and 2017-18. Use of recommended dose of fertilizers increased the availability of nutrients to the plant. Based on the findings of present studies it can be concluded that Lepidium sativum, Linum usitatissimum, Ocimum sanctum and Andrographis paniculata can be successfully grown under peach based agroforestry system.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF ACCESSIONS AND STANDARDIZATION OF CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF Acorus calamus Linn.
(UHF, NAUNI, 2019-03) BHUTIA, KARMA GYALPO; SOOD, MEENU
ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Evaluation of accessions and standardization of cultivation practices of Acorus calamus Linn.” were carried out in the experimental field as well as in laboratory of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2015-16 & 2016-17. In the first experiment “Morphological studies of A. calamus under natural conditions” Acorus calamus Linn. was found to be perennial, semi-aquatic, monocot, aromatic herb with creeping rhizomes. Rhizomes were cylindrical or somewhat compressed, creeping, horizontal, greenish white on the outside, pinkish white and spongy inside with distinct nodes and internodes. Leaves were linear, smooth, erect, distichously alternate, ensiform, base equitant, moderate yellow green in colour and having a single prominent mid vein with margin almost entire. In second experiment “Evaluation of different accessions of A. calamus (Bach)” accession C4 (Nikyar) gave maximum fresh rhizome weight (31.29 g/plant), dry rhizome weight (15.33 g/plant), estimated fresh rhizome yield (17.37 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (8.51 q/ha), essential oil content in fresh rhizome (1.07 %) and estimated essential oil yield (18.57 kg/ha) among all the ten accessions evaluated. No inter-accession difference in leaf shape, colour and rhizome colour were noticed amongst the ten accessions evaluated. In third experiment “Effect of different node cuttings on growth and yield of A.calamus” three node cutting (N3) of rhizome gave maximum fresh rhizome weight (28.13 g/plant), dry rhizome weight (13.78 g/plant), estimated fresh rhizome yield (31.25 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (15.32 q/ha) and estimated essential oil yield (16.80 kg/ha) whereas higher benefit cost ratio (1.80) was obtained from one node cutting of rhizome which was followed by two node cutting of rhizome (0.93). In fourth experiment “Effect of different planting time and harvesting schedules on growth and yield of A.calamus” crop planted in July and harvested after 2nd growing season resulted in maximum fresh rhizome weight (33.85 g/plant), dry rhizome weight (15.91 g/plant), estimated fresh rhizome yield (37.61 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (17.68 q/ha) and estimated essential oil yield (26.50 kg/ha). Higher benefit cost ratio (2.14) was obtained when crop was planted in July and harvested after 2nd growing season which was followed by planted in March and harvested after 2nd growing season (1.81). In fifth experiment “Management of A. calamus under different plant spacings, organic manures and fertilizers” Treatment combination of 5t Vermicompost + NPK (100:60:40) with 20x20 cm spacing resulted in maximum estimated fresh rhizome yield (63.25 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (31.63 q/ha) and estimated essential oil yield (30.24 kg/ha) whereas higher benefit cost ratio (2.32) was observed when plants were planted at 20x20 cm spacing and NPK (100:60:40 Kg/ha) was applied which was followed by 30x20 cm spacing and NPK (100:60:40) Kg/ha (1.84).
Open Access
STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SALIX HYBRIDS’ WOOD
(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-02) TAKELE, GOITOM; SHARMA, KULWANT RAI
ABSTRACT The present research entitled “Studies on physico-chemical properties of Salix hybrids’ wood” was carried out in the Department of Forest Products, Dr Y S Parmar university of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Three-years old 37 Salix hybrids’ wood, three clones per Salix hybrid, totally 111 clones were randomly selected in Nauni, Solan (H.P), to investigate the physical, anatomical, chemical and compression strength properties of the woods. Most of the studied traits of Salix hybrids clones showed significant clonal variation. The values of height, DBH, collar diameter, bark thickness, bark% and wood % were varied from 3.10 (UHFS165) to 5.20 m (KASHMIRI WILLOW), 1.00 (UHFS165) to 2.97 cm (UHFS260/11), 1.31(UHFS165) to 3.57 cm (UHFS111), 0.367 to 0.633 mm , 2.69 (UHFS248) to 10.81% (UHFS165) and 89.19 (UHFS165) to 97.31% (UHFS248), respectively. The maximum density (0.510 g/cm3) was obtained in UHFS187 and minimum in UHFS075 (0.362 g/cm3). The moisture content was ranged from 10.93% to 12.64%. The radial swelling, longitudinal swelling, volumetric swelling, radial shrinkage, longitudinal shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage were varied from 3.35 (UHFS121) to 6.94% (UHFS061), 0.26 to 1.15%, 7.41 (UHFS121) to 15.30% (UHFS061), 3.22 (UHFS121) to 6.49 % (UHFS061), 0.26 to 1.14 % and 6.83 (UHFS121) to 13.26% (UHFS061), respectively. The highest vessel frequency (per mm2) was obtained in UHFS412 (279.663) and lowest in UHFS260/11 (117.067). The maximum vessel lumen diameter (60.62 µm) was recorded in UHFS111 and minimum in UHFS208 (30.49µm). The maximum ray height (0.426 mm) was recorded in clone UHFS296 and minimum (0.097) in clone J194. The highest ray width (9.36 µm) was observed in UHFS333 and lowest (7.91 µm) in UHFS208. The highest uniseriate ray frequency (per mm2) was observed in UHFS113 (88.672) and lowest (36.534) in UHFS111. The maximum fiber length (1.142 mm) was recorded in UHFS260/11 and minimum (0.677 mm) in NZ1002. The highest fiber diameter (21.53 µm) noticed in UHFS248 and lowest (18.33 µm) in UHFS412. The cold water extractive, hot water extractive, Alcohol-benzene extractive, holocellulose content, lignin content and ash content were ranged between 2.83(UHFS299) to 8.23% (UHFS221), 3.98 (UHFS112) to 10.52% (UHFS165), 2.58 to 6.69%, 62.63 (UHFS299) to 81.47% (UHFS221), 14.30 (UHFS267) to 34.18 % (UHFS299) and 0.45 (UHFS112) to 1.47 % (UHFS111), respectively. The compressive strengths parallel to grain were ranged from 0.023 to 0.125 kN/mm2. The heritabilities varied from 0.008 (longitudinal shrinkage) to 0.97 (vessel frequency) and the genetic advance varied from 0.006 (longitudinal shrinkage) to 72 (vessel frequency). The genetic gain varied from 0.91 (longitudinal shrinkage) to 60.634 (ray height). The values of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability ranged from 2.36(wood %) to 57.73 (longitudinal shrinkage) and 1.27 (wood %) to 33.33 (ray height), respectively. The phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher than genotypic coefficients of variation for all the studied physical, anatomical and chemical traits and most of their phenotypic and genotypic correlations showed highly significant.
Open Access
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF WOOD OF BAN OAK (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) PROVENANCES FROM HIMACHAL PRADESH
(UHF, NAUNI, 2018-10) HEENA; DUTT, BHUPENDER
ABSTRACT The present research entitled “Physico-chemical evaluation of wood of, (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) provenances from Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the Laboratory and Wood Workshop in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17. The study revealed significant variation between physical, anatomical and chemical characteristics of Ban oak wood from different provenances of Himachal Pradesh. The maximum bark (16.31 %), wood (89.79 %),, (32.40 %) and heartwood (68.17 %) were recorded in Barog, Andretta, Nandli and Bahadurpur provenances, respectively, whereas, the minimum bark (10.21 %), wood (83.69 %), sapwood (24.81 %) and heartwood (57.87 %) in Andretta, Barog, Seog and Nandli provenances, respectively(on diameter basis). The maximum bark (29.96 %), wood (80.63 %), sapwood (46.29 %) and heartwood (43.53 %) were noticed in Barog, Andretta, Nandli and Andretta, respectively and the minimum bark (19.37 %), wood (70.04 %), sapwood (35.01 %) and heartwood (31.79 %) in Andretta, Barog, Bechar ka Bag and Nohradhar provenances, respectively (on basal area basis). In case of altitudinal variations, bark and wood per cent were found to be significant on both diameter as well as on basal area basis, while sapwood and heartwood per cent was observed as non-significant. The highest values for moisture content (57.58 %), maximum moisture content (154.92 %) and specific gravity (0.765) of sapwood were reported in Nandli, Sarahan and Bahadurpur and the lowest mc (43.43 %), mmc (141.04 %) and specific gravity (0.629) in Ghanahati, Andretta and Bechar ka Bag, respectively. The highest MC (46.60 %), MMC (148.27 %) and specific gravity (0.796) for heartwood were observed in Jari, Barog and Kala Pul and the lowest MC (38.76 %), MMC (131.84 %) and specific gravity (0.734) in Bahadurpur, Bechar ka Bag and Jari, respectively. In case of altitudinal variations, sapwood mc and mmc were found to be significant, while sapwood specific gravity, heartwood mc, mmc and specific gravity were observed to be non-significant. The longest (0.820 mm) and shortest (0.608 mm) fibres were recorded in Sarahan and Naao. Maximum Fibre width (0.016 mm) was found in Naao and the minimum (0.009 mm) in Kuhasari. The maximum (0.161 mm) and the minimum (0.118 mm) vessel diameter were recorded in Badi Dhar and Bechar ka Bag, respectvely. The maximum (35.33 /mm2) and minimum (24.46 /mm2) vessel frequency were observed in Kuhasari and Banikhet. Maximum ray height (0.36 mm) was noticed in Banikhet and Nohradhar, whereas, maximum ray width (0.014 mm) in Badidhar, Naao and Nohradhar. The minimum ray width (0.009 mm) was found in Banikhet. The maximum (89.80 /mm2) and minimum (34.02 /mm2) ray frequency were recorded in Panarsa Jari. In case of altitudinal variation, non-significant variation was noticed for all the anatomical parameters. Among the chemical properties, the maximum cold water (4.60 %), hot water (7.20 %), alcohol benzene (8.59 %) and NaOH soluble extractives (8.88 %) were noticed in Padhar, Kala Pul, Sarahan and Kuhasari, The maximum holocellulose (71.30 %) and the minimumlignin (20.48 %) were found in Barog and JibhiProvenances, respectively. The ash content was observed to be maximum (3.35 %) in Nandli and minimum (2.02%) in Andretta. In case of altitudinal variation, all the parameters were found to be non-significant. Highly significant positive and negative correlation coefficients for physico-chemical and anatomical characteristics of wood of Ban oak provenances were noticed between heartwood per centvs sapwood specific gravity (0.414), fibre widthvs ray frequency (0.26) and ray heightvs sapwood per cent (0.264). Significant and negative correlation coefficient values were recorded between heartwood per centvs ray height (-0.334), fibre lengthvs ray width (0.334) and heartwood specific gravityvs ray height (-0.369) bark per centvs hot water soluble extractives (0.251), lignin contentvshot water soluble extractives (0.293) and alcohol benzene soluble extractivesvs holocellulose content (0.267).
Open Access
SYSTEMATICS AND PROPAGATION OF SOME ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT SHRUBS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
(DR. YASHWANT SINGH PARMAR UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY ; SOLAN, 1990) UPPAL, RAJESH; KHOSHLA, P. K

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