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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PINCHING AND PACLOBUTRAZOL ON GROWTH, FLOWERING AND POT PRESENTABILITY OF SOME SELECTED NATIVE ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-12) YOGENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI; Priyanka ThakurThe present investigations entitled ‘Effect of pinching and paclobutrazol on growth, flowering and pot presentability of some selected native ornamental shrubs’ was carried out at Floriculture Farm of Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Dhaulakuan, District Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh for two consecutive years; 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment was laid out on four native ornamental shrubs (Mussaenda frondosa, Clerodendrum wallichii, Phlogacanthus pubinervius and Gendarussa vulgaris) in Completely Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with three replications, consisting of three pinching levels (no-pinch, single pinching and double pinching), two heading back treatments (no-head back and single heading back) and four paclobutrazol doses (0, 50, 100, 150 ppm, respectively). Findings revealed that 150 ppm paclobutrazol found to be the best concentration for the native ornamental pot plant production in terms of plant height (57.06 and 92.67 cm), length of internode (5.50 and 5.10 cm), primary root length (38.27 and 67.05 cm), flowers per stem (68.08 and 89.40), pot presentability (65.75 and 73.17) and total protein content (7.82 and 12.11 mg/g) in both the years. Pinching treatment was done during the first year (2021-22) and heading back treatments was done during the second year (2022-2023). The results indicates that, double pinching and single heading back was found to be best for the native ornamental pot plant production in terms of plant height (48.79 and 66.81 cm), length of internode (4.98 and 4.56 cm), primary root length (35.39 and 65.50 cm), flower per stem (70.97 and 92.12), pot presentability (68.83 and 76.50) and total protein content (8.46 and 12.17 mg/g). Among native ornamental shrubs, minimum plant height (51.11 and 78.88 cm), minimum length of internode (5.24 and 4.77 cm) was noticed in Mussaenda frondosa, while maximum number of flowers per stem (137.70 and 178.48), maximum number of flowers per plant (283.33 and 464.97) and maximum secondary roots per plant (232.67 and 314.88) were recorded in Clerodendrum wallichii. Whereas, fresh weight of root (161.76 and 267.09 g), dry weight of roots (88.80 and 130.09 g), root/shoot ratio (1.20 and 1.11) was recorded maximum in Phlogacanthus pubinervius. However, the first floret opening (271.53 and 296.69 days) was recorded in Gendarussa vulgaris during the years 2021-22, 2022-23 respectively. Overall, double pinching and 150 ppm paclobutrazol treatment was found to be the best for quality production of native ornamental pot plants.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES AND DUS CHARACTERIZATION IN GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus L.)(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-24) RAGINI BHARDWAJ; Puja SharmaThe investigation entitled "Genetic Studies and DUS characterization in gladiolus (Gladiolus L.)" including 25 gladiolus genotypes was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan for two consecutive years, 2021-22 and 2022-23 following Randomized Block Design with three replications. Two separate sets of experiments were conducted. Eleven genotypes were planted under protected conditions while rest fourteen were planted under open field conditions. Among the genotypes tested under protected conditions ‘Pratap Glad -1’ and ‘Pusa Manmohak’ performed well for different flowering attributes. Under both protected and open conditions high values for GCV and PCV and high heritability with highest genetic gain were recorded for fresh weight of corms, fresh weight of cormels and number of cormels per plant. For protected environment, high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was observed for plant height and cut spike length and a significant positive correlation of number of florets per spike was found with percent sprouting of corms, number of leaves per plant, plant height, cut spike length, rachis length, vase life, fresh weight of corms and diameter of corms. The cut spike length however showed maximum positive direct effect on the number of florets per spike. For protected environment, the 11 genotypes were grouped into four clusters and the highest inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster-II & cluster-III. ‘Arka Amar’ performed best in open field conditions. High heritability with moderate genetic advance was however found for fresh weight of corms and significant positive correlation of number of florets per spike was found with percent sprouting of corms, number of leaves per plant, days taken for spike emergence, plant height, cut spike length, rachis length, diameter of floret, vase life and corm parameters. Maximum positive direct effect on number of florets per spike was however exhibited by fresh weight of cormels. All the 14 genotypes were grouped into four clusters with the highest inter cluster distance recorded between cluster-II & cluster-III. Selected 25 gladiolus genotypes were examined for a total of 66 morphological characteristics and DUS characterization was done. The morphological DUS descriptor was found to be particularly efficient in distinguishing and classifying genotypes according to specific traits.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PROPAGATION AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN DAHLIA (Dahlia variabilis L.)(UHF Nauni, 2024-07-24) MANISH KUMAR; Priyanka ThakurThe present investigation entitled “Studies on propagation and production technology in dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) was carried out at Experimental Farm of Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Dhaulakuan, District Sirmour (HP), under the aegis of Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan, HP. The research was conducted from September 2021 to June 2023 including two experiments i.e.; "Effect of propagation time and rooting media in dahlia" in CRD (Factorial) design with three replications. The main aim was to find out suitable rooting media, Sand, Cocopeat + Sand (1:1) and Cocopeat + Sand + FYM (1:1:1) and planting dates (September 15th, October 15th, and November 15th) under low hills of HP for the propagation of five dahlia cultivars namely Anarkali, Gargi, Giani Zail Singh, Matungini and Suryadev. Findings revealed that September 15th was found be the best planting date for the propagation of dahlia cultivars, in terms of root length (5.86 cm and 6.31 cm), number of days taken for rooting (22.18 days and 20.41 days), quality of rooted propagule (8.24 and 8.45) and survival percentage of cuttings (90.20 % and 91.35 %) in both the years. Among the media, Cocopeat + Sand (1:1) was found to be the best for propagation of dahlia in terms of root length (6.46 cm and 6.91 cm), number of days taken for rooting (31.03 days and 28.56 days), quality of rooted propagule (7.67 and 7.85) and survival percentage of cuttings (82.22 % and 83.08 %). Cv. Matungini was recorded best for number of days taken for rooting (27.53 days and 24.90 days), cv. Giani Zail Singh for root length (6.58 cm and 7.16 cm), and for quality of rooted propagule (8.39 and 8.61) and survival percentage of cuttings (85.65 % and 87.00 %), cv. Suryadev was found to be best. Overall, combination of Cocopeat and Sand (1:1) media and September 15th planting was found best for the propagation of dahlia. Second experiment was on " Standardization of planting time for growth and flowering of dahlia cultivars" in RBD (Factorial) design with three replications. The experiment was conducted on above mentioned same cultivars and aim was to observe flowering and tuber production in three different planting dates (October 15th, November 15th and December 15th). Maximum plant height (123.37 cm) and vase life (6.22 days) was recorded during November 15th in cv. Suryadev. Minimum days taken to flowering was observed in cv. Matungini (97.27 days) in similar month, maximum duration of flowering (98.27 days) and number of cut stems (18.05) was recorded during October 15th in cv Matungini. For tuber production, maximum tuber yield per plot was noted during October 15th (3988.67 g) in cv. Anarkali. Overall, October 15th was found to be optimal for flowering and tuber production, while November 15th was identified as the best time for vase life.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON STAGGERED PLANTING AND JEEVAMRIT APPLICATION ON FLOWER AND CORM PRODUCTION OF GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus hybrida L.)(UHF Nauni, 2024-05-06) NEHA GRACE ANGEL KISKU; Puja SharmaThe present investigation entitled “Studies on staggered planting and jeevamrit application on flower and corm production of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrida L.)” was carried out at Research Farm of Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, (Nauni) Solan (HP) for two consecutive years; 2022 and 2023. The experiment was laid out in RBD (Factorial) with three replications. Two cultivars ‘Punjab Dawn’ and ‘Pusa Kiran’ were planted at three different dates (25th January, 25th February and 25th March) and were given two drench applications of jeevamrit @ 20% (15 days interval, 30 days interval) along with RDF as control. Between the cultivars, ‘Punjab Dawn’ when planted on 25th January and drenched with jeevamrit at 15 days interval, resulted in maximum number of florets (13.73) and floret size (10.00 cm). Staggered planting of gladiolus on 25th January, 25th February and 25th March resulted in continuous flowering from early May to late July. The 25th January planting is the most profitable with a benefit-cost ratio of 3.73 and is best for corm production, yielding the highest number and quality of corms and cormels. Applying jeevamrit as a drench at 15 days interval produces high-quality gladiolus stems, enhancing spike length, number of florets, and vase life. This method yields the highest benefit-cost ratios: 3.73 for 'Punjab Dawn' and 3.33 for 'Pusa Kiran'. For corm production, jeevamrit drenching every 15 days also results in the best outcomes in terms of the number of corms per plant, corm weight, and corm size.ThesisItem Open Access OFF-SEASON POT MUM (Dendranthema grandiflora TZVELEV) PRODUCTION THROUGH PHOTOPERIODIC MANIPULATION AND PINCHING(UHF Nauni, 2024-05-28) DIVESH THAKUR; Puja SharmaThe present investigation entitled “Off-season pot mum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) production through photoperiodic manipulation and pinching” was carried out at Research Farm of Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, (Nauni) Solan (HP) for two consecutive years; 2022 and 2023. The experiment was laid out in CRD (Factorial) with three replications. For pot mum production, genotype ‘UHFSChr-56’ was planted at six different times of the year (15th March, 15th April, 15th May, 15th June, 15th July and 15th August) with four pinching treatments (no pinch, single pinch, double pinch and triple pinch) under two photoperiodic conditions (natural photoperiod and controlled photoperiod). In March planting, triple pinching resulted in the production of best quality pots with maximum pot presentability (95.88 and 94.95 during 2022 and 2023, respectively) and benefit-cost ratio (5.34 in controlled photoperiod). In April planting, the best pots were noted in triple pinch with maximum pot presentability (97.57 and 96.50 during 2022 and 2023, respectively) and benefit-cost ratio (5.44 in controlled photoperiod). In case of May planting, the best results of pot presentability (97.56 and 96.68 during 2022 and 2023, respectively) and benefit-cost ratio (4.83 in natural photoperiod) were observed in triple pinch. Further, June planting resulted in maximum pot presentability (97.16 and 96.08 during 2022 and 2023, respectively) and benefit-cost ratio (5.16 in natural photoperiod) when plants were subjected to triple pinch. However, in July planting, double pinched plants gave the best results for pot presentability (95.65 and 94.62 during 2022 and 2023, respectively) and benefit-cost ratio (4.84 in natural photoperiod). In August planting, single pinched plants gave the best result of pot presentability (87.16 and 86.67 during 2022 and 2023, respectively) and benefit-cost ratio (4.59 in natural photoperiod). Further, out of all planting dates, April planting of ‘UHFSChr-56’ subjected to triple pinch and grown under controlled photoperiod produced the best quality offseason pots with maximum benefit-cost ratio (5.44). Hence, off-season flowering pots of ‘UHFSChr-56’ could be successfully produced by staggered planting starting from March to August using different pinching treatments.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. ‘Siracole(UHF Nauni, 2024-05-27) POONAM SHARMA; Suman BhatiaThe present investigation entitled “Studies on integrated nutrient management in Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. ‘Siracole’” was carried out at the experimental farm of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the years 2021-22 and 2022-23. In the experiment different combinations of organic fertilizers i.e. Jeevamrit, Humic acid and Seaweed extract with different levels of inorganic fertilizer dose (30:20:20 g/m2 NPK) i.e. 100%, 80% and 60% were used. Thirteen such treatment combinations were made and the experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three number of replications. Results from the experiment showed that vegetative and flowering parameters viz., plant spread (55.49 cm), number of primary branches (8.54), number of secondary branches (63.19), duration of flowering (97.70 days), size of flower (7.06 cm), number of marketable flowers per plant and per square meter (181.93 and 1631.00, respectively), weight of single flower (8.88 g), flower yield per plant (1526.56 g) and flower yield per square meter (11.42 kg) was found maximum when plants were treated with the foliar application of 5% Jeevamrit (at 15 days interval) and 80% Inorganic fertilizer dose (30:20:20 g/m2 NPK). Additionally regarding the plant physico-chemical properties, fertilizer treatment i.e. foliar application of 5% Jeevamrit (at 15 days interval) and 80% Inorganic fertilizer dose (30:20:20 g/m2 NPK) also showed high nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (4.65%, 2.16% and 7.20%, respectively) and total chlorophyll content (41.73 mg/100g) in the leaves of marigold plant. Moreover, for soil physico-chemical analysis high nitrogen (403.47 kg/ha), phosphorus (41.88 kg/ha), potassium (342.45 kg/ha), organic carbon (1.50%) and viable microbial count (110.67 x 105 cfu/g) in the soil were found under the treatment comprising of drench application of 5% Jeevamrit (at 15 days interval) along with 80% Inorganic fertilizer dose (30:20:20 g/m2 NPK). Further, foliar application of 2% Humic acid (at 15 days interval) in combination with 80% Inorganic fertilizer dose (30:20:20 g/m2 NPK) was found to be superior in terms of carotenoids content (163.33 mg/100g), total flavonoids (232.13 mg/100g), total polyphenols (313.07 mg/100g) and antioxidant activity (87.87%) in flower petals. Earliness in flowering (81.61 days) and maximum shelf life of flowers (5.91 days) was also observed under this treatment. While working out the benefit cost ratio, maximum B:C ratio (4.01:1) was calculated under the treatment comprising of foliar application of 5% Jeevamrit (at 15 days interval) with 80% Inorganic fertilizer dose (30:20:20 g/m2 NPK).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRITIONAL AND GROWTH REGULATOR MODULES ON QUALITY CUTTING PRODUCTION OF MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Siracole(UHF Nauni, 2024-05-18) NITESH KAUSHAL; Bharati KashyapThe present investigation titled “Studies on the influence of nutritional and growth regulator modules on quality cutting production of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Siracole” was carried out at the Research Farm of Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, (Nauni) Solan (HP) for three consecutive years; 2022, 2023 and 2024. The experiment was laid out in RBD (Factorial) with three replications. The two experiments were conducted on the effect of different nutritional modules and growth regulators on cutting production of marigold cv. ‘Siracole’ and the comparative effect of cutting production modules on growth and flowering. In Experiment-I, it was observed that the application of 30-20-20 g/m2 NPK with exogenous application of GA3 @ 100 ppm resulted in longer cutting length (10.58 cm) whereas number of cuttings per plant (92.92) and per m2 (826.64) was observed more when mother block was treated with BA @ 100 ppm + RDF. Jeevamrit application @ 2 L/m2 at 15 days interval produced the cuttings with maximum diameter (3.64 mm), weight of cuttings (1.62 g), rooting percentage (84.50 %), maximum number of roots per cutting (35.46) and survival percentage (81.59 %). Out of the harvesting flushes, the cuttings produced from second flush (H2) were having maximum diameter of cuttings (3.57 mm) and weight of cuttings (1.73 g) which was at par with H1, while the maximum rooting percentage (81.90 %), maximum number of roots per cutting (29.78) and maximum survival percentage (78.07 %) was observed in H1. Out of the seasons, more rooting percentage (82.43 %), maximum number of roots per cutting (30.11) and survival percentage (80.53 %) was observed in summer season. In Experiment-II, Out of three flushes (H1) i.e. first harvest of cuttings was better in terms of number of marketable flowers per square meter (1054.21), marketable flower yield per plant (844.69 g) and marketable flower yield per square meter (97.27 kg). Out of seasons, the cuttings planted during summers resulted into maximum number of marketable flowers per square meter (1047.93), marketable flower yield per plant (938.39 g) and marketable flower yield per square meter (8.00 kg). Both the nutritional modules i.e. Jeevamrit @ 2 L/m2 and RDF produced equivalent number of marketable flowers per square meter (1021.59 and 1012.81; respectively), marketable flower yield per plant (853.85 and 821.62 g; respectively) and marketable flower yield per square meter (7.29 and 7.00 kg; respectively). Hence, it can be concluded that Jeevamrit @ 2 L/m2, an organic amendment, can serve as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for quality flower production in marigold cultivar ‘Siracole’ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CUTTING PRODUCTION OF NOVEL MUTANTS OF CARNATION (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) UNDER THE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZATION SYSTEM(UHF Nauni, 2024-05-24) SHREEDHAR BEESE; SR DhimanThe present investigation entitled, “Studies on cutting production of novel mutants of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) under the organic and inorganic fertilization system’’ was carried out at the experimental farm of Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P) during the years 2022 and 2023. The study included two experiments which were conducted separately on cutting production of novel mutants of carnation under the influence of different fertilization modules and storage of unrooted cuttings and their subsequent rooting behavior after storage to regulate the market demands. In the first experiment to determine the best fertilizer module for obtaining quality cuttings in six different carnation genotypes i.e., ‘UHFSCar-1’, ‘UHFSCar-4’, ‘UHFSCar-5’, ‘UHFSCar-11’, ‘UHFSCar-18’, ‘UHFSCar-22’. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with 3 fertilizer modules and 6 genotypes, replicated thrice. The second experiment was conducted with the main objective was to find out the effect of pre-harvest organic and inorganic fertilization modules on cold storage and rooting of carnation cuttings of six different genotypes which are fertilized with different fertilizer modules. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (Factorial) with 3 storage durations along with the control, 3 fertilizer modules and 6 genotypes, replicated thrice. Findings of the first experiment revealed that fertilizer module FM3 comprising of RDF-20-5-5 g/m² NPK (as basal) + 200ppm N [80 ppm Nano Urea + 80 ppm Potassium nitrate (multi K) +40 ppm Ca(NO3 )2 ]+ 280 ppm K (as fertigation twice a week, starting after 30 days of planting) resulted in the production of cuttings with minimum days taken for first and successive harvesting of cuttings (23.07 days), maximum diameter (0.85 cm), weight (7.89 g), Internodal length (1.67 cm), number of leaves (8.80), number of cuttings per plant per harvest (6.26), total number of cuttings (22.10), yield of cuttings per meter square (152.78) and cost benefit ratio (1:7.43). Results of the second experiment revealed that cuttings stored for 15 days resulted in minimum percentage of weight loss (6.15 %) and maximum cost benefit ratio (1:1.98). Cuttings that were stored for 15 days (S1) and 30 days (S2) resulted in 93-97 per cent rooting. The studies also indicated that carnation cuttings can be stored up to 45 days at 4°C without significant change in quality and quantity of cuttings.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZATION ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF CHRYSANTHEMUM IN RESPONSE TO STAGGERED PLANTING(UHF Nauni, 2024-04-09) SABHYA PATHANIA; Sita Ram DhimanThe present investigation entitled, “Effect of organic and inorganic fertilization on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum in response to staggered planting” was carried out at the experimental farm of Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P) during 2021-22 & 2022-23 under open field conditions. The experiment comprised of 24 treatment combinations of two cultivars (‘Purnima’ and ‘Solan Shringar’), six planting dates (15 June, 30 June, 15 July, 30 July, 15 August and 30 August), two fertilization modules i.e. inorganic (RDF) and organic (Jeevamrit @ 30 ml/plant as drenching at 15 days interval). Findings revealed that June 15 planted crop of ‘Solan Shringar’ under the influence of inorganic fertilization recorded maximum plant height (76.18 cm and 86.64 cm, respectively), plant spread (33.52 cm and 38.04 cm, respectively), number of cut stems per plant (5.13 and 5.53, respectively), length of cut stem (65.68 cm and 75.03 cm, respectively), stem strength (9.70o and 9.17o, respectively), duration of flowering (23.00 days and 26.33 days, respectively) and b.c ratio (1.82 and 1.93, respectively) during both the years. Whereas, June 15 planted crop of ‘Purnima’ under inorganic fertilization module recorded maximum flower diameter (11.46 cm and 12.14 cm, respectively), available nitrogen in soil (325.84 kg/ha and 327.21 kg/ha, respectively), available phosphorous in soil (39.37 kg/ha and 41.35 kg/ha, respectively) and available potassium in soil (358.90 kg/ha and 360.05 kg/ha, respectively) during both the years. June 15 planted crop of ‘Purnima’ under organic fertilization module proved better for vase life (17.73 days and 18.53 days, respectively), organic carbon content in soil (1.154% and 1.171 %, respectively) during both the years, however, viable microbial count viz., bacterial, actinomycetes and fungal (133.68 × 107 cfu g-1 soil, 62.91 × 102 cfu g-1 soil and 31.88 × 102 cfu g-1 soil, respectively), viable microbial biomass (53.69 μg g-1 soil) and enzymes viz., Dehrogenase and Phosphatase (4.18 mg TPF h-1 g-1 soil and 26.45 μmole PNP h-1 g-1 soil, respectively) in soil were recorded after the termination of field experiment. Minimum number of days taken to visible bud initiation (34.87 days and 28.87 days, respectively) and days taken to reach the harvesting stage (93.60 days and 76.53 days, respectively) were recorded in ‘Purnima’ when planted on August 30 under the inorganic fertilization module during both the years. This suggests that organic fertilization module can act as an alternative for chemical fertilizers in consideration to the low input cost along with improving soil health and have the potential to contribute to better financial outcomes.