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ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR EVALUATION OF TISSUE CULTURE RAISED CLONAL APPLE ROOTSTOCKS(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-11) AMAN PREET SINGH; THAKUR, MANISHAABSTRACT Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is an important cash crop and has been commercially grown in the temperate region of the world. For commercial apple production, seedling rootstocks have been used for propagation for a long time, but now clonal asexually propagated rootstocks have become popular because of their wider ecological range, early maturity, fruit quality, resistance to diseases and pests, and ability to adapt to different climates and soils. This makes them better than seedling rootstocks. It is also a cheaper and more effective way to make clonal rootstocks. To address certain issues related to grafting and performance of tissue culture raised apples the studies entitled “Morphological, biochemical and molecular evaluation of tissue culture raised clonal apple rootstocks” were conducted in an experimental field layout maintained by the Department of Fruit Science having different apple clonal rootstocks viz. M7, M9, MM106, MM111, and Merton 793 have been produced through in vitro propagation in the Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The morphological parameters showed that there was no variation in leaf type and shape in apple trees raised on conventionally propagated and tissue culture raised clonal rootstocks. All the leaves were of Crenate, Crenate to Serrate, and Serrate type and V-shaped, concave, convex, flat with raised margins and flat shapes. Early flowering was observed in trees raised on tissue culture propagated rootstocks in comparison with conventionally propagated rootstocks. The maximum tree height (189.99cm) and inter-node length (4.6cm) were observed in trees raised conventionally propagated Merton 793 whereas, the maximum leaf area was observed in trees on tissue culture raised M9 (30.11cm2) rootstock. Maximum photosynthesis (13.18μmol/m²/s) was observed in trees raised on conventionally propagated MM111 rootstock whereas, maximum stomatal conductance (0.20μmol/m²/s) and transpiration (7.54μmol/m²/s) was recorded in trees raised on conventionally propagated Merton 793. The biochemical evaluation revealed maximum protein content (3.80mg/g) was recorded in trees raised on tissue culture raised Merton 793 rootstock. Trees raised on conventionally propagated MM111 rootstock depicted maximum total sugar (163.67mg/g), reducing sugar (116.91 mg/g), and non-reducing sugar (46.76mg/g). The maximum Total phenolic content (TPC) (327.74mg/g) in trees raised on tissue culture raised MM106 rootstock their molecular analysis using RAPD and SCoT primers to draw a similarity between tissue culture raised and conventionally propagated apple clonal rootstocks grafted with cv. Jeromine. Out of 33 RAPD primers, 18 primers were successful in DNA amplification resulting in 64 amplicons, out of which 58 were monomorphic. Nineteen out of 36 SCoT primers resulted in DNA amplification leading to 83 amplicons, out of which 36 were monomorphic and 47 were polymorphic. Maximum Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value for RAPD and SCoT primers were found to be 0.207 and 0.225 respectively. Tissue culture raised and conventionally propagated apple rootstocks grafted with cv. Jeromine was significantly similar at morphological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Hence tissue culture raised clonal apple rootstocks can be recommended to the farmers for raising high density apple plantations for commercial gains