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2020 - 20242
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Subject: Agricultural Economics × Author: DIVYANSHU ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DYNAMICS OF MARKET AND TRADE PERFORMANCE OF VEGETABLES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH VIS-À-VIS INDIA
    (UHF Nauni, 2024-12-03) DIVYANSHU; Dr. Chandresh Guleria
    The present study entitled “Dynamics of Market and Trade Performance of Vegetables in Himachal Pradesh Vis-à-vis India”. For value chain analysis, a sample of 180 vegetable growers was selected using simple random sampling. Local markets of Bhuntar in Kullu district and Dhalli in Shimla district were selected for conducting marketing study. For price behaviour and market integration, secondary data of prices and arrivals extracted from the AGMARKNET portal from 2005 to 2022. For competitiveness and potentials of export, secondary data of export quantity and value extracted from UNCOMTRADE source from 2005 to 2022. Results of the study revealed that the literacy rate in the study area was found in case of male 91.36 and in case of female it was 89.59 per cent. Among the annual crops’ vegetable cultivation was more common among all categories of farms followed by cereals. In case of cauliflower, the highest output-input ratio was found highest in marginal farms 2.40 and break-even returns was Rs. 25958.92. In case of pea, the overall output-input input ratio was found to be 3.65. Overall break-even output was found to be and Rs. 23888.91. In case of potato, Overall output-input ratio was found to be 2.30. Overall break-even output was found to be 18.64 (Qtls.). In case of cauliflower, the highest degree of value addition was found to be 6.52 per cent at retailer’s stage (channel-IV). In case of pea, the degree of value addition in channel -II was highest at the processor's stage (56.31%) and lowest at the wholesaler's stage (1.09%). In case of potatoes, the degree of value addition in channel -II (potato chips) was highest at the processor's stage (409.65%) and lowest at the wholesaler's stage (1.79%). Chandigarh for cauliflower and Delhi for pea and potato were found to be the key markets which influence the prices in other markets. In forecasting models, TDNN performed better than ARIMA, it was considered as the best fit model with respect to minimum RMSE and MAPE value in all of the selected vegetable price series. The trade analysis revealed that the India have negligible export potential in selected vegetables. India is one of the world's largest producers of cauliflower, peas, and potatoes, but there are various factors that may make exporting these commodities challenging. Unavailability of labour, low price / non-remunerative price and storage facility were the major problems faced by growers and stakeholders. The study strongly suggested adequate information on seasonality of prices and arrivals would bridge the gap between production and marketing and Efforts are required to increase production efficiency and quality in order to stabilize markets and make the product acceptable and price competitive in other importing nation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF POMEGRANATE IN MID HILLS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH – A STUDY OF KULLU DISTRICT
    (NAUNI,UHF, 2020-10) DIVYANSHU; VAIDYA, MANOJ KUMAR
    ABSTRACT The present study entitled “An Economic analysis of Production and Marketing of pomegranate in Mid Hills of Himachal Pradesh – A study of Kullu district”. A sample of 60 farmers cultivating pomegranate was selected using multistage random sampling. The farmers were categorized on the basis of their total land holding as marginal (<1 ha), small (1-2 ha), medium (>2 ha) and as overall. Local markets of Bhuntar and Kullu were selected purposively for conducting marketing study. A total sample of 5 wholesalers and 5 retailers from Bhuntar and Kullu market were selected randomly. Results of the study revealed that literacy rate in the study area was found 83.43 per cent with literacy index of 3.05 indicating average quality of education. Average operational area was worked out to be 0.84 ha, area under pomegranate orchard was 0.45 ha in the sampled farms. The cropping intensity was worked out to 148.24 per cent which is due to more area under pomegranate plantation. The cultivation of pomegranate component was also seemed to be quite important; with its contribution to total household income ranging from 60.52 per cent in marginal farmers to 76.15 per cent in medium farmers. Per hundred plant total cost of pomegranate cultivating was estimated to Rs. 21970.35 at overall level and practically found almost same in all categories of farmers. The maintenance cost of non-bearing plants was Rs. 39313.75, Rs. 44389.59 and Rs. 51261.55 per hundred plants in the first to third year respectively. Maintenance cost during bearing stage was increasing with the age fromRs. 53586.54, Rs. 57973.22and Rs. 60134.08 per hundred plants in the age groups of 4-7, 8-11 and 12-17 years respectively and then gradually decreased to Rs. 56667.57 in the age group of > 18 years of age. The proportion of variable cost ranged from 64.49 to 67.54 in different years and share of fixed cost varied 32.46 to 35.51 in the total cost. The payback period worked out to be 5 years for all the farm categories. Benefit-cost ratio was estimated to 2.12, internal rate of return (IRR) 42.97 per cent and net present value Rs. 499626.26. These measures clearly indicated that pomegranate cultivation in the study area is a profitable venture. At the discount rate of 5 per cent and 10 per cent benefitcost ratio was found to be greater than 1.5 and net present value was found positive with increases in costs and decreases in returns 5 per cent and 10 per cent respectively for all the farm categories. It has been observed that plant protection was greater than unity, which means under-utilization and increase the use of plant protection chemicals will increase production. The mean level of technical efficiency was 74 per cent which indicated that on an average only 26 per cent pomegranate grower fell short of maximum possible frontier level of technology. The socio-economic characteristic variables of farmers such as family size, farm workers and literacy rate have a significant impact on technical efficiency. Three main marketing channels were found prevalent in the study area for marketing pomegranate crop. Among these channel-B, consisting Producer – Wholesaler – Retailer - Consumer was found to be the most preferred channel as 54.09 per cent of the produce was traded through this marketing channel. Diseases management, higher wage rates, shortage of skilled labour, high cost of chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, higher commission rate, wholesaler not taking consent while selling, market very far off and lack of inadequate or incorrect prices were some of the production and marketing problems faced by the farmers in the study area. The findings of this study strongly recommend optimum resource utilization to adapt to the adverse conditions and achieve desired growth in pomegranate cultivation and ultimately productivity.