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ThesisItem Open Access MICROSATELLITE MARKER BASED ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC STRUCTURE OF MACHERLA BROWN SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2015-12) MOHAN KISHORE, MOLABANTI; Punya kumari, B (Major); Jaya laxmi, P; Suresh, JABSTRACT: Macherla Brown sheep is the native sheep distributed along the banks of river Krishna flowing through Guntur, Krishna, Prakasam and Nalgonda districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states. The home tract is mainly from the Nagarjuna sagar dam areas of Guntur and Nalgonda. Macherla Brown is known for heat tolerance, disease resistance and thrives well in harsh climatic conditions and scarce feeding conditions. The assessment of genetic variation is important to characterize the populations for breed recognition, conservation and also to determine the level of inbreeding in the population. The present study was carried out to assess the genetic structure of Macherla Brown sheep at molecular level to understand the genetic variability and diversity of population and to recognise this high performing local variety of sheep as a breed. Twenty four ovine microsatellite markers recommended by ISAG/FAO for population diversity studies in sheep were used in the present study. Phenol-chloroform method was used for the isolation of DNA from the collected blood samples and the microsatellite markers were amplified by PCR reaction. The amplicons were identified using agarose gel electrophoresis. The genotypes were scored using regression equation of the 100 bp DNA standard. The number, size and frequency of alleles were calculated using POPGENE version 1.3.2 software. A total of 275 alleles were observed for the twenty four marker loci under investigation in the sampled Macherla Brown population. The number of alleles at each locus varied from a minimum of eight (BM6506, HSC, OarCP34) to a maximum of eighteen (MAF214) with a mean of 11.458 alleles. Allele size ranged from a minimum of 69 bp (OarCP20) to a maximum of 313 bp (MAF214), while allele frequency varied between 0.0102 (HSC, INRA63, MAF214, OarP49 and OarVH72) to 0.2551 (HSC). The number of effective alleles across twenty four microsatellite loci studied ranged from 5.8065 (HSC) to 14.1652 (OarFCB48). The mean number of effective alleles was 9.597 ± 2.454. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.0612 (BM8125) to 0.2653 (OarCP34) with a mean value of 0.110 ± 0.049 whereas, the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.8278 (HSC) to 0.9294 (OarFCB48) with a mean value of 0.889 ± 0.029. All the twenty four microsatellite loci (100 percent) were found to be highly polymorphic and the PIC values ranged from 0.8052 (HSC) to 0.9295 (OarFCB48). The mean PIC value for all the twenty four loci was found to be 0.882 ± 0.036. The Chisquare test revealed that all the twenty four loci were showing significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The inbreeding estimates obtained in this study were all positive and ranged from 0.6915 (OarCP34) to 0.9341 (OarFCB48) with the mean FIS value of 0.876 ± 0.057 indicating the high deficiency of heterozygotes.ThesisItem Open Access REPAIR OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES BY ELASTIC PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS USING VETERINARY CUTTABLE PLATES IN YOUNG DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 , A.P, 2015-10) SUDARSHAN REDDY, K; DHANA LAKSHMI, N (Major); VEENA, P; RAJU, N.K.B.ABSTRACT : Young dogs presented to the College Hospital with unstable femoral diaphyseal fractures were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography. The breed, age and sex wise incidence, etiology and type of fracture were studied. Twelve immature young dogs with femoral diaphyseal fractures (2-5 months old, body weight ranging from 4-9 kg) were selected and stabilized with indigenously designed Veterinary Cuttable Plate (VCP) along with compatible size of cortical screws by Elastic Plate Osteosynthesis (EPO) technique. The femur was approached by cranio-lateral border of thigh for plating under general anaesthesia. Selection of plate and screws was determined by taking into consideration of the size of the bone, fracture configuration and weight of the dogs. Indigenously designed VCP (2 mm for dogs below 5 Kg and 2.7 mm for 5-9 kg body weight) used with compatible size of non self tapping cortical screws for stabilization of fractures in each animal provided good fracture stability. The technique increased overall compliance of the construct with the use of plate with 2 or 3 screws at each fracture fragment when applied over thin cortices to reduce the risk of focal failure of the screw/bone interface. No technical difficulties were observed while application of VCP by Elastic Plate Osteosynthesis technique in all cases. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography and biochemical analysis. All animals, which were diagnosed with unstable femoral diaphyseal fractures showed grade V lameness before surgical management. Postoperatively, all cases showed grade I lameness in an average of 5-7 weeks. Functional limb outcome was excellent to good. The fractures showed radiographically excellent postoperative healing of cortical union, absence of fracture lines with periosteal and bridging callus in an average 3-5 weeks and further remodelling changes with complete cortical union were observed in all cases by 7 weeks. Postoperative fracture fragment alignment was not affected except in case No.7 where healing was delayed. Statistical analysis, the mean ± SE values revealed a highly significant difference (P<0.01) in serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium. C-reactive protein values in different stages of postoperative significantly increased from 0 day to 14th day and thereafter gradually decreased in levels. No major intraoperative complications were observed. Postoperatively, delayed cortical union was observed when compared to other cases in case No.7 where wound dehiscence with distal screw pullout was observed by 5th day in which revision surgery was performed and but overall outcome was not affected. Slight bending of plate at fracture site in case No.10 was noticed which did not show any malalignment of fractured fragments. Complete removal of implant was done on an average 5-7weeks, after radiographic appearance of cortical union. Based on present study, Elastic Plate Osteosynthesis technique (EPO) using VCP (narrow, thin and cut to desired length) was better suited for the treatment of femoral diaphyseal fractures in young dogs with thin cortical bones and active growth plates. EPO technique was more advantageous than rigid plate osteosynthesis by reducing the stress shield effect on bone and hastened the bone healing by allowing micromotion at the fracture site to closely mimic biological healing as it did not interfere with functional growth plates in young dogs and also to minimize the fracture disease which was observed in intramedullary pinning. Implant used in this technique is not much expensive, making it suitable for use in Veterinary practice.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO- DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH BACTERIAL INVOLVEMENT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI-517502. (A.P) INDIA, 2015-11) SREENIVASA REDDY, P; VAIKUNTA RAO, VABSTRACT : The aim of study is to identify the etiological agents in bovine respiratory disease associated with bacterial involvement, to study the clinical signs, haemato-biochemical and radiographic changes in bovine respiratory disease associated with bacterial involvement and to assess the efficacy of adopted therapeutic regimen for bovine respiratory disease associated with bacterial involvement. The study revealed that occurrence of respiratory disease with bacterial involvement was 23.05 per centage. In the present study, buffaloes were more affected than cattle. Cultural isolation and identification of nasal discharges from the clinical cases revealed P.multocida, Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp and E.Coli. The P.multocida was also identified from the blood samples of the clinical cases by PCR. Twenty five buffaloes were found positive for malignant catarrhal fever with PCR. The most prominent clinical signs observed in bovine respiratory disease with bacterial involvement were respiratory distress, anorexia, nasal discharges, congested conjunctival mucous membrane, muzzle dryness, cough, oral breathing and sneezing. The prominent physical findings were dyspnoea, tachycardia, tachypnoea, pyrexia, crackles and wheezes. Haematological study showed normal haemogram and leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Serum biochemical profile showed hike in total protein and AST levels and fall in albumin levels. However eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes values were with in normal range. Thoracic radiography revealed consolidation of lung. Therapeutic efficacy was found to be superior in group II. Combination of Ceftiofur sodium, Flunixin meglumine and Chlorpheneraminemaleate was found to be effective for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease caused by Pasteurella multocida..ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517 502 (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-04) RUPAKALA, S; LAKSHMI RANI, NABSTRACT : On screening of 629 quarters of 158 Graded Murrah buffaloes during the period from November 2014 to October 2015, the quarter-wise and animal-wise prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 28.30 and 40.51 per cent, respectively. The involvement of all the four quarters was more in the buffaloes. The hind quarters were most frequently affected than fore quarters with more prevalence in right hind quarters. There was significant difference (P<0.01) in the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in relation to quarter disposition. The animal-wise prevalence of subclinical mastitis varied significantly (P<0.05) with the lactation number with higher incidence during second lactation. Significant difference (P<0.01) was recorded in the prevalence between different stages of lactation which revealed high prevalence (55.36%) in early lactation followed by mid (44.83%) and late (15.91%) stages of lactation. High prevalence was recorded in buffaloes yielding more than 10 liters/day (58.33%) followed by >5 to 10 liters/day (39.58%) and 2 to 5 liters/day (31.58%). The prevalence based on California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count, electrical resistance and milk pH was 20.34, 21.62, 6.20 and 8.27 per cent, respectively. Bacterial culture was considered to be a gold standard and revealed the prevalence as 28.30 per cent with milk samples of 178 quarters positive for bacterial growth. The CMT reaction was recorded in 67.98 per cent of the culturally positive samples of which 21.35 per cent showed trace reaction while 24.16 (43/178), 17.98 (32/178) and 4.49 per cent (8/178) showed +, ++ and +++ reaction, respectively. The mean ± SE of somatic cell count of milk in healthy control was 98726.56 ± 9508.81 cells/ml and 793707.30 ± 107009.48 cells/ml in quarters positive for subclinical mastitis. Significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded in the mean somatic cell count of healthy and affected milk samples. The mean ± SE of electrical resistance in healthy and subclinical mastitis milk samples was 553.44 ± 18.80 and 477.81 ± 11.26, respectively. Significantly higher pH (P<0.05) was recorded subclinical mastitis positive milk samples (6.89 ± 0.34) while the same in healthy quarters was 6.67 ± 0.02. The bacteriological examination revealed isolation of Staphylococcus spp. (26.40%), followed by Enterococcus spp. (18.54%), Streptococcus spp. (15.17%), Micrococcus spp. (13.48%), Bacillus spp. (12.92%), Klebsiella spp. (11.24%), E. coli (7.30%), Psuedomonas spp. (2.25%) and Salmonella spp. (1.12%) in their order of occurrence. The per cent accuracy of California Mastitis Test, Somatic cell count, electrical resistance and pH were 89.83, 92.69, 77.27 and 79.65, respectively. The antibiotic sensitivity test performed on 30 whole milk samples revealed that 90.00 per cent were sensitive to Moxifloxacin, Amoxycillin/Clavulanic acid and Chloramphenicol, 86.67 per cent were sensitive to Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin, and majority of the isolates (80.00%) were resistant to Penicillin. The bacteriological cure observed on 3rd day was 50.00 per cent vs 60.00 per cent in Group I and II, 61.11 per cent vs 66.67 per cent on 5th day and 66.67 per cent vs 73.33 per cent by 7th day. The overall quarter-wise cure rates were 66.67 per cent and 73.33 per cent, respectively while the animal-wise cure rate was 66.67 per cent in both the groups. The conclusions from the present study were that, subclinical mastitis was a hidden problem in buffaloes and therapy with Moxifloxacin was on par with the efficacy of antibiotics as suggested in the literature, but the use of MnM powder along with Moxifloxacin was found to be superior than antibiotic alone by enhancing udder’s natural defence mechanism, early restoration of milk yield and quick recovery.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO - BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON UTERINE TORSION IN GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS PROGNOSIS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, A.P, 2016-05) SRINIVASA RAO NAIK, B; SRINIVAS, MABSTRACT : The incidence of uterine torsion in the present study was 63.30 per cent out of all the difficult parturitions from July 2014 to October 2015 (two calving seasons). Uterine torsion was recorded in 8 primiparous (11.59%) and 61 pluriparous (88.41%) buffaloes at term, 2-3 days after onset of parturition and 9 months of gestation in 53 (76.81%), 10 (14.49%) and 6 (8.70%) buffaloes, respectively. Post cervical torsion was at 97.10 per cent followed by pre cervical uterine torsion which was 2.90 per cent. Right sided torsion was more common (91.30%) when compared with the left sided uterine torsion (8.70%). The incidence of severe degree (>270->360°) of uterine torsion was 55.07 per followed by 27.54 per cent with moderate (>180-270o) and 17.39 per cent with mild (90-180o) degrees of torsion. The condition was observed since 12-24 hours in 44.93, >24-36 hours in 40.58 and >36 hours in 14.49 per cent of the buffaloes before they were presented for treatment. Most of the fetuses were in anterior longitudinal presentation (96.83%) while only a few (3.17%) were in posterior longitudinal presentation. Male and female calves were born at 57.14 and 42.86 per cent, respectively among them, 31.75 and 68.25 per cent were live and dead, respectively. The success rate of detorsion by modified Schaffer’s method based on the degree of torsion was 100.00, 94.73 and 86.84 per cent in 90-180°, >180-270° and >270->360°, respectively while it was 100.00, 92.86 and 60.00 per cent in buffaloes presented at 12-24 hours, >24-36 hours and >36 hours, respectively. Uterine rupture was evident in 2 out of 5 buffaloes and 2 out of the 4 buffaloes which were presented with >270°->360° uterine torsion, and >36 hours after onset of uterine torsion, respectively. With the advancement of the degree and duration of uterine torsion, the haematological changes showed lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia with shift to left, esionophila and monocytosis. Blood glucose levels significantly increased with increased duration and degree of uterine torsion. Calcium were significantly higher and showed a transient decrease with increase in degree and duration of torsion while, serum phosphorus levels showed a non-significant decrease with degree and duration. Serum creatinine and AST levels in the present study showed a significant increase with increase in degree and duration of uterine torsion. From the present study it was concluded the level of calcium, creatinine and AST could be used as an indicator for duration and prognosis of detorsion in buffaloes. Thus, the attention of the veterinarian must be directed either to advise rolling of the case as soon as possible or to salvage the animal in delayed cases presented > 36 hours to prevent financial losses to the farmer.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF EARLY AND SPLIT WEANING ON PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE PIGLETS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, 2016-01) Ramya Sree, Indupalli; Ashalatha, PABSTRACT: Failure of pig rearing in India is mainly due to piglet mortality. Weaning of piglets is an important operation in piggery farms to maintain health status of sow and piglets too. Usually weaning of piglet is done at 8 weeks of age. Several experiments have demonstrated the benefits of early or split weaning for improving health status of the herd. The aim of present study is to explore the economic advantage of early or split weaning in comparison to conventional weaning in commercial swine production. The study was conducted in the Department of Instructional Livestock Farm Complex (ILFC), NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram. A total of 30 piglets as four weaning age groups, split weaned piglets with heavy litter weaned at 28 days as one group (n=6), weak litter left with sow up to 56 days as one group (n=6), early weaning of entire litter at 28days (n=10) and 56 days of conventional weaning age groups (n=8) were selected. Comparison was made among the different weaning age group piglets for feed intake, growth performance, post weaning behaviour and carcass characteristics. The mean daily feed intake (grams) obtained for 1st , 2nd , 3rd and 4th group piglets during 1st fortnightly interval was 151.50 ± 9.92, 185.33 ± 11.24, 128.68 ± 6.91, 80.86 ± 4.14, respectively which was increased to 2012.50 ± 4.72, 1606.00 ± 4.21, 1577.86 ±13.67, 1570 ± 13.13 in 15th fortnightly interval, respectively. Significant difference (P<0.01) was observed among different groups of piglets with respect to feed intake and feed conversion efficiency. The mean birth weights (kg) were 1.02±0.01, 0.98±0.00, 0.85±0.00and 0.85±0.00 for the groups 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th respectively. By the end of the study period the mean bodyweights (kg) were 71.62±2.62, 66.50±1.91, 69.50±0.71 and 71.17±0.47, and the difference was not significant among different groups of piglets. The ADG (kg) obtained for 1st , 2nd , 3rd and 4th groups during 1st fortnightly interval was 0.22±0.10, 0.17±0.12, 0.21±0.01 and 0.20±0.01, respectively which were increased to 0.48±0.03, 0.47±0.06, 0.38±0.05 and 0.45±0.02 in 16th fortnightly interval, respectively and the difference was not significant among different groups of piglets. Behavioral observations were made among four weaning groups which included different behavioral patterns like playing, fighting, feeding, water intake, locomotion, sleeping, belly-nosing and tail biting of the piglets. These were observed for 24 hrs with the help of closed circuit camera for 15 days. The time (min) spent for locomotion (58.10±3.09) with 6.34% (P<0.05) and belly nosing (2.93 ± 0.48) with 0.32% (P<0.01) were significantly more in split weaned heavier piglets. Feeding (80.62±5.46) with 7.90% (P<0.01), fighting (2.69±0.24) with 0.26% (P<0.05) were significantly more in early weaned piglets and sleeping (873.04 ± 4.76) with 85.63% was significantly (P<0.01) more in conventionally weaned piglets compared to other group piglets. Significant differences were not observed in time (min) spent for playing, water intake, and tail biting of the piglets. However the time spent for playing and tail biting in piglets was 3.52% and 0.02%, respectively more in early weaned piglets compared to split and conventionally weaned groups, whereas the time spent (%) for water intake is 0.20% which was more in conventionally weaned group. The dressing per cent is significantly low in 2nd group of piglets (73.29±0.51) compared to 1st (78.14±0.91), 3rd (76.49±0.53) and 4th (77.91±0.25). However no significant difference in dressing per cent was observed among 1st, 3rd and 4th group piglets. The meat:bone ratio is significantly high in 3rd group of piglets (3.20±0.02) compared to 1st (3.07±0.06), 2nd (3.03±0.05) and 4th (2.80±0.05). Based on the results obtained in the present study early weaned piglets showed higher feed efficiency over split and conventionally weaned piglets used for pork production.