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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on catch composition and Biology of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Survepalli Reservoir of Andhra Pradesh(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-08) Prudhvi Veda Priya, P.S.; Ramalingaiah, D (MAJOR); Suguna, T; Neeraja, TThe present investigation on Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis niloticus describes the Morphometric and Meristic characters, Length-Weight relationship, Food and feeding habits, Reproductive biology and Age, Growth and Mortality parameters. The maximum length of Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis niloticus were examined and found to be 23.6 cm and 42.4 cm from Sarvepalli reservoir. The observed ‘b’ values of Etroplus suratensis (Male = 2.912, Female = 3.048, Juveniles = 2.899) and for Oreochromis niloticus (Male = 3.015, Female = 3.056, Juveniles = 3.072) indicates that the growth was isometric, where the value of b can be approximated to ‘3.0’. Etroplus suratensis found to be omnivorous and feeds mainly on Filamentous algae and Oreochromis niloticus found to be herbivorous and feeds on Diatoms. The length at first maturity were observed to be 149 mm and 251 mm for E. suratensis and O. niloticus. Fecundity estimates ranged from 757 - 3715 and 1852 - 3064 for E. suratensis and O. niloticus. Age at zero length (t0) calculated as – 0.14 for E. suratensis and – 0.22 for O. niloticus. Growth parameters such as asymptotic length “L∞” and growth co-efficient “K” were estimated to be 24.8 cm and 0.43 for E. suratensis and 44.2 cm and 0.86 for O. niloticus. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) calculated for Etroplus suratensis were 1.25, 1.0 and 0.25 and For Oreochromis niloticus were 3.21, 0.11 and 3.10 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF GINGER, GARLIC AND FENUGREEK POWDER SUPPLEMENTED DIETS ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF PACIFIC WHITE LEG SHRIMP, LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2018-08) MAHESH KUMAR, R; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A (MAJOR); CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B; MADHAVI, KThe present study : “Studies on the effect of ginger, garlic and fenugreek powder supplementation diets on the growth and survival of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei’’ was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur. L. vannamei was fed with three different herbal powder of ginger , garlic and fenugreek of varying levels of 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of concentrations respectively to assess the optimal growth promoting potential and survival rate. The feeding trial was continued for 63 days with triplicates in each treatment. The growth parameters (ABW, weight gain, SGR) feed efficiency parameters (FCR) and survival rate were significantly (P ginger > fenugreek > control. It was found that GP 4% supplementation in the diet was optimal level of inclusion in garlic supplementation for L. vannamei culture. The diet supplemented with GP 4% fed L. vannamei was showed best FCR with higher significance (P <0.01) compared to other treatments. Survival rate of the L. vannamei fed diets containing garlic powder were significantly (P <0.01) higher in GP 6% (91.6%) compared to control (58%). Similar trend of elevated survival rates was noticed in L. vannamei at ZP 2.5 (91.3%) and FP 1.5% (83.3%) compared to control. The growth promoting ability of herbs with varying concentrations higher in GP 4% followed by ZP 2.5% and FP 1% supplemented in L. vannamei diets.ThesisItem Open Access HAEMATO-IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP, LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI FED WITH SELECTED DIETARY PHYTOBIOTICS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2018-11) LOKESH, B; Neeraja, T (MAJOR); Haribabu, P; Ramalingaiah, DA study was carried out to evaluate the effect of adding three levels of garlic powder and tamarind pulp powder at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% in a basal diet (commercial pellet feed) of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (5.51±0.34 g) on growth performance, survival rate, haematological and immunological parameters. This study also evaluated the utilization of garlic powder and tamarind pulp powder in the diets of L. vannamei as antibacterial agent against vibrio harveyi infection. The experiment was carried out for 49 days as two set ups. In experimental set up-1, L. vannamei were fed on four experimental diets with 0% (G0), 0.1% (G1), 0.5% (G2) and 1.0% (G3) of garlic powder in basal diet. Similarly, experimental set up-2 consisted of four experimental diets with 0% (T0), 0.1% (T1), 0.5% (T2) and 1.0% (T3) of tamarind pulp powder in basal diet. After 49 days of feeding trial, shrimp were challenged with vibrio harveyi by intramuscular injectionand observed for 72 hrs at every 12 hrs interval, to determine survival rate. The dietary garlic and tamarind pulp powder inclusion at three different levels had significantly (p 0.05) different between T2 and T3. Survival rate was not significantly different among T2, T3 and T1. After the feeding trial, shrimp fed with different doses of the garlic and tamarind diets had higher survival rates compared to the controls from 12-72 hrs of challenge by Vibrio harveyi. Among the garlic inclusion diets a significantly (p 0.05) different between T2 and T3 after 60 and 72 hrs of Vibrio harveyi challenge. The results indicate that garlic and tamarind powders at 0.5% inclusion can be recommended as supplements to L. vannamei feed to increase growth, survival, immunity, and disease resistance against the pathogen, V. harveyi.ThesisItem Open Access Toxicity Bioassay of Organophosphorous Pesticide, Dichlorvos (DDVP) in Fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517502, A.P. (INDIA), 2018-12) LAXMI, B; MADHAVI, K (MAJOR); DHANAPAL, K; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, BToxicological effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms are very important, especially when these animals are serving as functional foods with respect to human consumption. Dichlorvos, one of the extensively used insecticides was investigated in the present study for acute and sublethal toxicity. Fingerling common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was selected for the bioassay experiments. Acute toxicity test through static bioassay was conducted by exposing common carp fingerlings to dichlorvos in the laboratory. The 96 hour LC50 value was found to be 21.11 ppm. Impact of test conditions (hardness of water) on LC50 value was evidenced in the present research, water hardness has resulted in decreased toxic potential of test substance, there by increased LC50 value compared to earlier works. The animals were experimented in pH: 7.1±0.2; Salinity: 1 ppt; Temperature: 32±2˚C; Alkalinity: 220±18 ppm; Hardness: 380±26 ppm; Dissolved oxygen: 8.0±0.6 ppm. For sublethal toxicity studies 1/5th & 1/10th LC50 concentrations were selected and were carried out following semi-static (static renewal) bioassay method for 28 days (4 weeks) to observe pesticide induced changes in physiological activities (feed consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate) and proximate composition (crude protein, crude fat, ash and moisture contents) of fingerling common carp. In sublethal toxicity studies, fishes seemed to be under stress with reduced metabolic performance, but were not fatal. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos resulted in dose (concentration) and duration dependent decrease in case of crude protein, crude fat, food consumption rate and increase in ash, moisture contents, ammonia excretion rate by the end of the test tenure. Food consumption and ammonia excretion rates though showed minor changes during the study period, by the end of exposure they equalized the initial values in case of control groups, whereas showed 1.17 fold decrease and 1.1 fold increase respectively in 1/5th LC50 compared to 1/10th LC50 concentration. The sublethal toxicity impact (either negative or positive) of ‘dichlorvos’ on biochemical (proximate) composition of fingerling common carp was in the order of crude fat > ash > moisture > crude protein. Though toxicant impact was seemed to be somewhat less on crude protein, the intensity of damage due to this on nutritive value of fish is more compared to its counter parts. The findings of present lethal and sublethal toxicity studies would be helpful in framing guidelines to protect aquatic animals against physiological death (i.e., mortality) and ecological death (i.e., unable to function in an ecological context, due to altered biological activities) respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN GROWOUT PHASE OF FINFISH SPECIES IN FLOATING NET CAGES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-08) GANESH, GUGULOTHU; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (MAJOR); CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A; MADHAVI, KThe present studies were conducted at the closed bay near Suryalanka, Baptla, Guntur on “Studies on growth and survival in grow out phase of finfish species in floating net cages.” Total three (3) studies were conducted. The first study was on the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of seabass Lates calcarifer floating net cages in closed bay, Baptla. Triplicates groups of sea bass with an average initial weight of 10.28±1.08were randomly stocked in floating net cages(1m×1m×2m) at 4,6,8 and 10fish/m3 designated as SD4, SD6, SD8 and SD10 respectively. Seabass in the cages were fed with 35% CP formulated diet at 5% of body weight twice daily. Sampling was done 15 days. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate of fish was high in SD4 than those in SD6, SD8 and SD10. Total Feed conversion ratio was lower in SD4 Followed by SD6, SD8 and SD10. The cages stocked with 4 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival. 4 fish/m3 showed better survival percentage than SD6, SD8 and SD10. Water quality parameters were at optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 4 fish/m3 could be recommend for producing better quality sea bass and 10 fish/m3 for highest number of production. Second study was conducted to study the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of milk fish, Chanos chanos in floating net cages in closed bay, Baptla. Triplicates groups of milk fish with an average initial weight of 351.72±1.05 were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 6,8,10, and 12 fish/m3 designated as SD6, SD8, SD10 and SD12 respectively. Milk fish in the cages were fed with 35% formulated diet at 3% body weight below 350g and 2% of body weight above 500g of milk fish twicely. Sampling was done15 days. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate of fish was high in SD6 than those in SD8, SD10 and SD12. The cages stocked with SD6 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival is all stocking densities same performance. Water quality parameter were optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 6 fish/m3 could be recommended for producing better quality milk fish and12 fish/m3 for highest number of production. Another experiment was conducted to study the effect of stocking density on growth of milk fish brood stock in floating net cages in closed bay, Baptla. Triplicates groups of milk fish with an average initial weight of 720.30±1.36 were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 2, 4, 6 and 8 fish/m3 designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Milk fish in the cages were fed with 35% formulated diet at 2% body of milk fish twicely. Sampling was done15 days. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate of fish was high in T1 than those in T2, T3 and T4. The cages stocked with T1 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival is all stocking densities same performance. Water quality parameter were optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 2 fish/m3 brood stock could be recommended for producing better quality milk fish and 8 fish/m3 for highest number of production.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOGENICITY OF Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) AND ASSOCIATED WHITE FECES SYNDROME (WFS) IN FARM RAISED Litopenaeus vannamei PONDS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-11) ANUSHA, BOKKA; Haribabu, P (MAJOR); Neeraja, T; Madhavi, KMicrosporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an emerging pathogen of cultured penaeid shrimp causing hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM). This parasite causes slow growth in cultured shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in many of the shrimp growing countries globally. In addition to this, from 2016 onwards a new disease called white feces syndrome (WFS) has been negatively impacting the shrimp farming industry. In the present study, shrimp samples from various L. vannamei ponds from different mandals of SPSR Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India collected over a period of five months from February to June, 2018. During the study period, the growth, survival and economic analysis of L. vannamei production was observed between EHP and WFS affected and unaffected ponds. Further, the prevalence of EHP and WFS was studied besides predisposing factors for EHP and WFS in L. vannamei. Nellore district was chosen as the study area in view of abundant L.vannamei shrimp farming activities in the district. The net weight gain (g) for normal ponds was ranging from 25.00-33.33g, for WFS infected ponds was ranging from 14.28-20.00 g followed by EHP infected ponds showed range from 6.66- 12.50 g. The survival rate was maximum at 37/m2 for normal ponds and minimum at 116/m2 for white feces infected ponds. In this study, the economic analysis of the shrimp farming practices was carried out for one crop with a culture period of 2 to 4 months or 60-120 days. In the present study, normal ponds recorded the gross sales of shrimp ranging from ₹8-14 lakh with the production cost per kg was Rs 230-390. Similarly, for white feces infected ponds, gross sale value of shrimp ranging from ₹5-18 lakh with average production cost per kg was Rs 165-350. And for EHP infected ponds gross sale returns was ranged from ₹84,000 to 8 lakh with production cost per kg was 120-230 rupees respectively. Important diagnosis were histopathological studies and by PCR. Histological observations of infected shrimps showed the degeneration of hepatopancreatic tubules, haemocytic infiltration, basophilic inclusions, melanised granuloma and large number of spore aggregations in the tubule lumen. From this study, out of 57 pond case studies, 41 cases showed EHP in WFS ponds with 80% prevalence and for WFS ponds showed 89% prevalence. In this study, the highest prevalence for white feces syndrome was observed in Muthukur mandal compared to the other mandals due to high stocking densities. The predisposing factors for EHP and white feces syndrome was Low quality seed, Vibrio bacterial infection and / or EHP infection might be responsible for white feces syndrome, High stocking densities, Over feeding or improper feed management, Contamination of white feces from infected ponds to healthy ponds, High water temperatures, Lack of proper Biosecurity measures, Poor/No pond preparation prior to stock PL’s are some of the factors associated with.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SALMONELLA SEROVARS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FOOD BORNE SALMONELLA SEROVARS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) SURESH, YASARLA; BINDU KIRANMAYI, Ch.(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, T; Srivani, MSalmonella is a foodborne pathogen having a worldwide public health concern. The present study was undertaken to characterize Salmonella species of animal origin based on cultural isolation, molecular confirmation of serovars, their virulence profile and antibiogram using PCR and genetic diversity studies by employing ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR. A total of 516 samples comprising poultry cloacal swabs (249), raw foods of animal origin (118 chicken samples, 65 mutton and 30 pork), 17 poultry liver swabs) and 37 poultry farm water samples were examined for presence of Salmonella serovars. Overall prevalence of Salmonella isolates was found to be 4.06% (21/516) with highest prevalence in chicken samples (6/118, 5.08%) followed by cloacal swabs of poultry (12/249, 4.81%), mutton (2 /65, 3.07%) and pork (1/30, 3.33%). All the isolates carried all the 7 virulence genes i.e. invA, invH, sopB, sopE & stn (21/21, 100%), while pefA genes was found only in S. Typhimurium isolates and sefC gene was found only in S. Enteritidis isolates (2). Antibiogram of Salmonella isolates revealed 100% susceptibility to co- trimoxazole and polymyxin–B, intermediate resistant against ampicillin (28.57%), cefotaxime (19.04%), gentamycin (14.28%), amikacin (9.52%), ceftriaxone (9.52%), ciprofloxacin (9.52%), tetracycline (4.76%) and streptomycin (4.76%) while higher resistance was observed towards amikacin (61.90%) followed by ampicillin (52.30%), tetracycline (38.09%), ceftriaxone (33.33%), gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole,cefpotaxime and nalidixic acid (28.57% each), ciprofloxacin (23.80%), doxycycline hydrochloride and chloramphenicol (19.04% each) and streptomycin (9.52%). Of the 21 Salmonella isolates, 15 isolates were found resistant to β-lactam antibiotics like ceftriaxone (33.33%), cefotaxime (28.57%), aztreonam (23.80%) and ceftazidime (23.80%) was detected. β- lactamase genes were detected in a total of 11 isolates (11/21, 52.38%), blaTEM being the predominant gene detected (9/11, 81.18%), followed by blaCTX-M group II (2/11, 18.18%), blaOXA (1/11, 9.09%) and blaCTX-M group IX (1/11, 9.09%) and no single isolate showed blaCTX-M group 1 and blaSHV genes. ERIC PCR and REP-PCR analysis revealed a greater degree of heterogeneity among S.Typhimurium and Salmonella group II isolates from different sources. ERIC PCR genotyping distinguished 7 isolates each of S.Typhimurium and Salmonella group II into 6 genotypes each whereas REP-PCR distinguished all the isolates into distinct genotypes. The discriminatory power of ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR for Salmonella isolates was found to be highly significant (>0.9) i.e. 0.952 and 1.0, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access OPTIMIZATION OF ACTIVE EDIBLE FILMS AND COATINGS WITH NANO EMULSIONS OF ESSENTIAL OILS FOR CHICKEN PATTIES PACKAGING(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-10) HARITHA, M; NAGA MALLIKA, E(MAJOR); ESWARA RAO, B; SRINIVASA RAO, TIn the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the physical, mechanical, microbial and antioxidant properties of alginate based edible films incorporated with nanoemulsions of essential oils. Different alginate films i.e., C, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 viz Sodium alginate film (C), Sodium alginate film with 10 µl of GEON (T1), Sodium alginate film with 20 µl of GEON (T2), Sodium alginate film with 50 µl of GEON (T3), Sodium alginate film with 10 µl of CEON (T4), Sodium alginate film with 50 µl of CEON (T5), Sodium alginate film with 100 µl of CEON (T6) were developed. Among all these films one best film was selected along with control to wrap the chicken patties and efficacy of these films to extend the shelf life of chicken patties during 21 days of refrigerated storage period was evaluated. The overall mean values of thickness, grammature, opacity values, tensile strength and percent elongation at break were significantly (P<0.05) higher in cardamom essential oil nanoemulsion incorporated films compared to ginger essential oil nanoemulsion incorporated films and control. The water vapour permeability values were higher in ginger essential oil nanoemulsion (GEON) compared to cardamom essential oil nanoemulsion (CEON). The water sorption kinetic values of control films were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the rest of formulations. The mean antioxidant values of ginger essential oil nanoemulsion and cardamom essential oil nanoemulsion films were 80.37 and 98.06 respectively. The antioxidant activity of cardamom essential oil nanoemulsion films were significantly (P<0.05) higher than ginger essential oil nanoemulsion and control films. The mean log reduction of GEON and CEON incorporated films against both E.coli and S.aureus were 1.66, 2.87 and 1.54, 2.91 respectively. The log reduction was significant for both E.coli and S.aureus but high with S.aureus. Depending on the analysis of quality parameters of above films, T6 formulation i.e. Sodium alginate film with 100 µl of CEON (T6) was selected as best film and used to evaluate the efficacy and to extend the shelf life of chicken patties. The pH values of chicken patties wrapped in T6 ranged from 6.19 to 6.84 during 21 days of refrigeration storage period. The pH values of chicken patties wrapped in T6 films were significantly lower than control. TBARS values of chicken patties wrapped in T6 films were significantly lower than control and they ranged from 0.91 to 1.28 during 21 days of refrigerated period. Percent cooking loss values of chicken patties wrapped in T6 incorporated films were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the control and the mean values of both control and treatment were in the range of 8.17 to 32.61 and 12.17 to 50.43 which were well within the limits during storage period. The microbial counts (Total plate count, yeast and moulds, psychrophilic)were observed to be significantly (P<0.05) lower in chicken patties wrapped in T6 films than control films. Colour, flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability values of chicken patties wrapped in T6 films were significantly (P<0.05) higher than control films. The results indicated that cardamom essential oil nanoemulsion can be incorporated in nanoemulsions into sodium alginate films and can effectively be used as a food wrap and as an edible packaging for meat and meat products.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF Escherichia coli ISOLATES FROM LAMB DIARRHOEA CASES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) SUJATHA, T; Srivani, M(MAJOR); Subramanyam, K.V.; Srinivasa Rao, TA study was carried out on the isolation, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates from 1-7, 8-30, 31-60 and 61-90 day-old diarrhoeic lambs from Vizianagaram, West Godavari and Krishna districts of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 212 samples were collected, from which 170(80.18%) E. coli were isolated. Highest prevalence of E. coli was observed in West Godavari (86.41%) and Vizianagaram (82%) districts, while lowest prevalence was found in Krishna district (72.83%). Among different age groups, highest prevalence of E. coli was observed in 1-7 day-old diarrhoeic lambs (84%) while lowest prevalence was detected in 61-90 day-old diarrhoeic lambs (72.72%). Among the E. coli isolates, 87.05% were shiga toxigenic (STEC) and none of the isolates belonged to enterotoxigenic (ETEC). Among the virulence genes of STEC, eaeA &hlyA genes were highest (35.13%) followed by 12.83, 11.48, 10.13, 8.10, 5.4, 4.72 and 2.70% isolates carried stx1; hlyA; stx2;stx2&eaeA; stx1&eaeA; stx2&hlyAand stx1&hlyA and all STEC gens (stx1, stx2, eaeA&hlyA),respectively. Out of 96 hlyA carrying E. coli isolates, only seven isolates did not show any haemolysis on sheep blood agar. Highest antibiotic resistance was observed for the E.coli isolates against colistin (98.82%) and sulphamethizole (89.41%) while enrofloxacin (5.88%), gentamicin (5.33%), and chloramphenicol (1.17%) were effective. Among the STEC isolates, highest antimicrobial resistance (100%) was observed to colistin followed by sulphamethizole (95.94%), while chloramphenicol (1.35%) was effective. An ESBL phenotype was confirmed in a total of 72 STEC isolates. β lactamase genes were detected in 91.21% of STEC isolates with blaTEM being the predominant gene detected (91.21%) followed by blaCTX-M group 1 (77.70%,), blaCTX-M group 2 (10.13%) blaOXA (4.72%,), blaSHV, blaTEM+OXA, and blaCTX-9 (3.37%,), CTX-1+CTX-9 (2.02%) and SHV+OXA (1.35%), respectively. Clove oil was able to inhibit 70% and 50% of multidrug resistant E. coli by well and disc diffusion methods while cinnamic acid did not show any antibacterial activity by both the methods. The present study provides an insight on prevalence of multidrug resistant E. coli against which herbal extracts like clove oil may be effective in treating lamb diarrhoea cases.
