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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on catch composition and Biology of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Survepalli Reservoir of Andhra Pradesh(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-08) Prudhvi Veda Priya, P.S.; Ramalingaiah, D (MAJOR); Suguna, T; Neeraja, TThe present investigation on Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis niloticus describes the Morphometric and Meristic characters, Length-Weight relationship, Food and feeding habits, Reproductive biology and Age, Growth and Mortality parameters. The maximum length of Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis niloticus were examined and found to be 23.6 cm and 42.4 cm from Sarvepalli reservoir. The observed ‘b’ values of Etroplus suratensis (Male = 2.912, Female = 3.048, Juveniles = 2.899) and for Oreochromis niloticus (Male = 3.015, Female = 3.056, Juveniles = 3.072) indicates that the growth was isometric, where the value of b can be approximated to ‘3.0’. Etroplus suratensis found to be omnivorous and feeds mainly on Filamentous algae and Oreochromis niloticus found to be herbivorous and feeds on Diatoms. The length at first maturity were observed to be 149 mm and 251 mm for E. suratensis and O. niloticus. Fecundity estimates ranged from 757 - 3715 and 1852 - 3064 for E. suratensis and O. niloticus. Age at zero length (t0) calculated as – 0.14 for E. suratensis and – 0.22 for O. niloticus. Growth parameters such as asymptotic length “L∞” and growth co-efficient “K” were estimated to be 24.8 cm and 0.43 for E. suratensis and 44.2 cm and 0.86 for O. niloticus. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) calculated for Etroplus suratensis were 1.25, 1.0 and 0.25 and For Oreochromis niloticus were 3.21, 0.11 and 3.10 respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF GINGER, GARLIC AND FENUGREEK POWDER SUPPLEMENTED DIETS ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF PACIFIC WHITE LEG SHRIMP, LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2018-08) MAHESH KUMAR, R; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A (MAJOR); CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B; MADHAVI, KThe present study : “Studies on the effect of ginger, garlic and fenugreek powder supplementation diets on the growth and survival of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei’’ was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur. L. vannamei was fed with three different herbal powder of ginger , garlic and fenugreek of varying levels of 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of concentrations respectively to assess the optimal growth promoting potential and survival rate. The feeding trial was continued for 63 days with triplicates in each treatment. The growth parameters (ABW, weight gain, SGR) feed efficiency parameters (FCR) and survival rate were significantly (P ginger > fenugreek > control. It was found that GP 4% supplementation in the diet was optimal level of inclusion in garlic supplementation for L. vannamei culture. The diet supplemented with GP 4% fed L. vannamei was showed best FCR with higher significance (P <0.01) compared to other treatments. Survival rate of the L. vannamei fed diets containing garlic powder were significantly (P <0.01) higher in GP 6% (91.6%) compared to control (58%). Similar trend of elevated survival rates was noticed in L. vannamei at ZP 2.5 (91.3%) and FP 1.5% (83.3%) compared to control. The growth promoting ability of herbs with varying concentrations higher in GP 4% followed by ZP 2.5% and FP 1% supplemented in L. vannamei diets.ThesisItem Open Access HAEMATO-IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP, LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI FED WITH SELECTED DIETARY PHYTOBIOTICS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2018-11) LOKESH, B; Neeraja, T (MAJOR); Haribabu, P; Ramalingaiah, DA study was carried out to evaluate the effect of adding three levels of garlic powder and tamarind pulp powder at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% in a basal diet (commercial pellet feed) of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (5.51±0.34 g) on growth performance, survival rate, haematological and immunological parameters. This study also evaluated the utilization of garlic powder and tamarind pulp powder in the diets of L. vannamei as antibacterial agent against vibrio harveyi infection. The experiment was carried out for 49 days as two set ups. In experimental set up-1, L. vannamei were fed on four experimental diets with 0% (G0), 0.1% (G1), 0.5% (G2) and 1.0% (G3) of garlic powder in basal diet. Similarly, experimental set up-2 consisted of four experimental diets with 0% (T0), 0.1% (T1), 0.5% (T2) and 1.0% (T3) of tamarind pulp powder in basal diet. After 49 days of feeding trial, shrimp were challenged with vibrio harveyi by intramuscular injectionand observed for 72 hrs at every 12 hrs interval, to determine survival rate. The dietary garlic and tamarind pulp powder inclusion at three different levels had significantly (p 0.05) different between T2 and T3. Survival rate was not significantly different among T2, T3 and T1. After the feeding trial, shrimp fed with different doses of the garlic and tamarind diets had higher survival rates compared to the controls from 12-72 hrs of challenge by Vibrio harveyi. Among the garlic inclusion diets a significantly (p 0.05) different between T2 and T3 after 60 and 72 hrs of Vibrio harveyi challenge. The results indicate that garlic and tamarind powders at 0.5% inclusion can be recommended as supplements to L. vannamei feed to increase growth, survival, immunity, and disease resistance against the pathogen, V. harveyi.ThesisItem Open Access Toxicity Bioassay of Organophosphorous Pesticide, Dichlorvos (DDVP) in Fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517502, A.P. (INDIA), 2018-12) LAXMI, B; MADHAVI, K (MAJOR); DHANAPAL, K; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, BToxicological effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms are very important, especially when these animals are serving as functional foods with respect to human consumption. Dichlorvos, one of the extensively used insecticides was investigated in the present study for acute and sublethal toxicity. Fingerling common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was selected for the bioassay experiments. Acute toxicity test through static bioassay was conducted by exposing common carp fingerlings to dichlorvos in the laboratory. The 96 hour LC50 value was found to be 21.11 ppm. Impact of test conditions (hardness of water) on LC50 value was evidenced in the present research, water hardness has resulted in decreased toxic potential of test substance, there by increased LC50 value compared to earlier works. The animals were experimented in pH: 7.1±0.2; Salinity: 1 ppt; Temperature: 32±2˚C; Alkalinity: 220±18 ppm; Hardness: 380±26 ppm; Dissolved oxygen: 8.0±0.6 ppm. For sublethal toxicity studies 1/5th & 1/10th LC50 concentrations were selected and were carried out following semi-static (static renewal) bioassay method for 28 days (4 weeks) to observe pesticide induced changes in physiological activities (feed consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate) and proximate composition (crude protein, crude fat, ash and moisture contents) of fingerling common carp. In sublethal toxicity studies, fishes seemed to be under stress with reduced metabolic performance, but were not fatal. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos resulted in dose (concentration) and duration dependent decrease in case of crude protein, crude fat, food consumption rate and increase in ash, moisture contents, ammonia excretion rate by the end of the test tenure. Food consumption and ammonia excretion rates though showed minor changes during the study period, by the end of exposure they equalized the initial values in case of control groups, whereas showed 1.17 fold decrease and 1.1 fold increase respectively in 1/5th LC50 compared to 1/10th LC50 concentration. The sublethal toxicity impact (either negative or positive) of ‘dichlorvos’ on biochemical (proximate) composition of fingerling common carp was in the order of crude fat > ash > moisture > crude protein. Though toxicant impact was seemed to be somewhat less on crude protein, the intensity of damage due to this on nutritive value of fish is more compared to its counter parts. The findings of present lethal and sublethal toxicity studies would be helpful in framing guidelines to protect aquatic animals against physiological death (i.e., mortality) and ecological death (i.e., unable to function in an ecological context, due to altered biological activities) respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN GROWOUT PHASE OF FINFISH SPECIES IN FLOATING NET CAGES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-08) GANESH, GUGULOTHU; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (MAJOR); CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A; MADHAVI, KThe present studies were conducted at the closed bay near Suryalanka, Baptla, Guntur on “Studies on growth and survival in grow out phase of finfish species in floating net cages.” Total three (3) studies were conducted. The first study was on the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of seabass Lates calcarifer floating net cages in closed bay, Baptla. Triplicates groups of sea bass with an average initial weight of 10.28±1.08were randomly stocked in floating net cages(1m×1m×2m) at 4,6,8 and 10fish/m3 designated as SD4, SD6, SD8 and SD10 respectively. Seabass in the cages were fed with 35% CP formulated diet at 5% of body weight twice daily. Sampling was done 15 days. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate of fish was high in SD4 than those in SD6, SD8 and SD10. Total Feed conversion ratio was lower in SD4 Followed by SD6, SD8 and SD10. The cages stocked with 4 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival. 4 fish/m3 showed better survival percentage than SD6, SD8 and SD10. Water quality parameters were at optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 4 fish/m3 could be recommend for producing better quality sea bass and 10 fish/m3 for highest number of production. Second study was conducted to study the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of milk fish, Chanos chanos in floating net cages in closed bay, Baptla. Triplicates groups of milk fish with an average initial weight of 351.72±1.05 were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 6,8,10, and 12 fish/m3 designated as SD6, SD8, SD10 and SD12 respectively. Milk fish in the cages were fed with 35% formulated diet at 3% body weight below 350g and 2% of body weight above 500g of milk fish twicely. Sampling was done15 days. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate of fish was high in SD6 than those in SD8, SD10 and SD12. The cages stocked with SD6 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival is all stocking densities same performance. Water quality parameter were optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 6 fish/m3 could be recommended for producing better quality milk fish and12 fish/m3 for highest number of production. Another experiment was conducted to study the effect of stocking density on growth of milk fish brood stock in floating net cages in closed bay, Baptla. Triplicates groups of milk fish with an average initial weight of 720.30±1.36 were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 2, 4, 6 and 8 fish/m3 designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Milk fish in the cages were fed with 35% formulated diet at 2% body of milk fish twicely. Sampling was done15 days. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate of fish was high in T1 than those in T2, T3 and T4. The cages stocked with T1 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival is all stocking densities same performance. Water quality parameter were optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 2 fish/m3 brood stock could be recommended for producing better quality milk fish and 8 fish/m3 for highest number of production.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOGENICITY OF Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) AND ASSOCIATED WHITE FECES SYNDROME (WFS) IN FARM RAISED Litopenaeus vannamei PONDS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-11) ANUSHA, BOKKA; Haribabu, P (MAJOR); Neeraja, T; Madhavi, KMicrosporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an emerging pathogen of cultured penaeid shrimp causing hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM). This parasite causes slow growth in cultured shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in many of the shrimp growing countries globally. In addition to this, from 2016 onwards a new disease called white feces syndrome (WFS) has been negatively impacting the shrimp farming industry. In the present study, shrimp samples from various L. vannamei ponds from different mandals of SPSR Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India collected over a period of five months from February to June, 2018. During the study period, the growth, survival and economic analysis of L. vannamei production was observed between EHP and WFS affected and unaffected ponds. Further, the prevalence of EHP and WFS was studied besides predisposing factors for EHP and WFS in L. vannamei. Nellore district was chosen as the study area in view of abundant L.vannamei shrimp farming activities in the district. The net weight gain (g) for normal ponds was ranging from 25.00-33.33g, for WFS infected ponds was ranging from 14.28-20.00 g followed by EHP infected ponds showed range from 6.66- 12.50 g. The survival rate was maximum at 37/m2 for normal ponds and minimum at 116/m2 for white feces infected ponds. In this study, the economic analysis of the shrimp farming practices was carried out for one crop with a culture period of 2 to 4 months or 60-120 days. In the present study, normal ponds recorded the gross sales of shrimp ranging from ₹8-14 lakh with the production cost per kg was Rs 230-390. Similarly, for white feces infected ponds, gross sale value of shrimp ranging from ₹5-18 lakh with average production cost per kg was Rs 165-350. And for EHP infected ponds gross sale returns was ranged from ₹84,000 to 8 lakh with production cost per kg was 120-230 rupees respectively. Important diagnosis were histopathological studies and by PCR. Histological observations of infected shrimps showed the degeneration of hepatopancreatic tubules, haemocytic infiltration, basophilic inclusions, melanised granuloma and large number of spore aggregations in the tubule lumen. From this study, out of 57 pond case studies, 41 cases showed EHP in WFS ponds with 80% prevalence and for WFS ponds showed 89% prevalence. In this study, the highest prevalence for white feces syndrome was observed in Muthukur mandal compared to the other mandals due to high stocking densities. The predisposing factors for EHP and white feces syndrome was Low quality seed, Vibrio bacterial infection and / or EHP infection might be responsible for white feces syndrome, High stocking densities, Over feeding or improper feed management, Contamination of white feces from infected ponds to healthy ponds, High water temperatures, Lack of proper Biosecurity measures, Poor/No pond preparation prior to stock PL’s are some of the factors associated with.
