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STUDIES ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN NURSERY REARING PHASE OF FINFISH SPECIES IN FLOATING NET CAGES FOR MARICULTURE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-11) SURESH, GALIDEVAERA; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (MAJOR); RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D; MADHAVAN, N
The present studies were conducted at the closed bay near Suryalanka, Bapatla, Guntur district on “Studies on growth and survival in nursery rearing phase of finfish species in floating net cages for mariculture”. Total three (3) studies were conducted. The first study was on the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of milkfish, Chanos chanos in floating net cages in closed bay, Bapatla. Triplicate groups of milkfish with an average initial weight of 2.90±0.32 g were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 20, 40, 60 and 80 fish/m3 designated as D20, D40, D60 and D80 respectively. Milkfish in the cages were fed with 35% CP formulated diet at 10% of body weight twice daily. Sampling was done weekly. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate of fish were high in D40 than those in D20, D60 or D80. There was no significant difference in the survival rates of milkfish at different stocking densities. Total Feed Conversion Ratio was lower in D40 followed by D20, D60 and D80. The cages stocked with 40 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and 80 fish/m3 showed highest biomass performance. Water quality parameters were at optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 40 fish/m3 could be recommended for producing better quality milkfish fingerlings and 80 fish/m3 for highest number of seed production. Second study was conducted to study the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of seabass, Lates calcarifer in floating net cages in closed bay, Bapatla. Triplicate groups of seabass with an average initial weight of 1.29±0.12 g were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 20, 40, 60 and 80 fish/m3 designated as SD20, SD40, SD60 and SD80 respectively. Seabass in the cages were fed with 45% CP formulated diet at 10% of body weight twice daily. Sampling was done weekly. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate of fish was high in SD20 than those in SD40, SD60 and SD80. Total Feed conversion ratio was lower in SD20 followed by SD40, SD60 and SD80. The cages stocked with 20 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival. 20 fish/m3 showed better survival percentage than SD40, SD60 and SD80. Water quality parameters were at optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 20 fish/m3 could be recommended for producing better quality seabass fingerlings and 80 fish/m3 for highest number of seed production. Another experiment was conducted to study the optimum crude protein for milkfish, Chanos chanos seed in floating net cages. Milkfish fry were obtained through natural seed collection. Rectangular floating net cages made of bamboo poles was provided inside with 1×1×2m hapas. Predatory net and bird net were provided. PVC drums filled with air were fixed to the net cage for floating. Milk fish with mean body weight of 2.81±0.07 g were stocked at the rate of 40 fish/m3 in each hapa in the rectangular cages. Triplicates were maintained for each treatment. Fish fry were fed with 5 artificial dry diets containing 12.5% (Control - C), 15% (T1), 25% (T2), 35% (T3) or 45% (T4) crude protein. The diets were fed at the rate of 10% of the biomass for a period of 63 days (9 weeks). Water quality parameters like D.O, pH, salinity, NH3, NO-2, NO-3 and temperature were estimated at weekly intervals and were within the optimum range for culture of milk fish. At the end of 63 days growth experiment, fishes fed on 35% (T3) crude protein feed exhibited highest growth and survival performance at 1% and 5% level of significance. The present study showed that milkfish seed reared in floating net cages in the closed bay performed best at 35% crude protein.
Open Access
Studies on the effects of different dietary protein sources on the growth and survival of Channa striatus from fry to fingerling stage
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-05) YESHDAS, B; RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D(MAJOR); CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A; MADHAVI, K
The present study “Studies on the effects of different dietary protein sources on the growth and survival of Channa striatus from fry to fingerling stage” was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur, Nellore Dist. Two experiments were conducted- one for the effects of different dietary protein percentages and other for the effects of different dietary protein sources on the growth and survival of Channa striatus. Fish Meal is used as the protein source for the protein percentages (Crude Protein 40, 45 and 50%) in first experiment and Trash Fish, Goat Intestine and Chicken Waste are used as protein sources for the other experiment. The experiments were conducted for 60 days in Fiber tanks. Triplicates were maintained for each of the treatment. Feed was given twice a day. Weekly sampling was done for water quality parameters viz., pH, Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness. The growth, survival, SGR and feed conversion ratio were estimated by sampling the fish once in a week. The temperature values recorded during 60 day period of the experiment were 26.1-29.4 in all the treatments. The pH values recorded during the 60 day of period of experiment were 7.41-7.69. The DO was found to be in the range of 5.9 ppm and 6.6 ppm. The range of Total Alkalinity varied between 160 mg/l to 166 mg/l in all the treatments. Total hardness of water ranged between 210 mg/l to 216 mg/l. Weight of Channa striatus fry (in grams) and weight increment data was observed weekly for different treatments at different protein percentages and protein sources. After 60 days, the highest average body weight of 6.61 g (Crude Protein 45%) and the lowest average body weight of 5.24 g (Crude Protein 40%) for different protein percentages; The highest and lowest average body weight of 4.87 g (Trash Fish) and 3.97 g (Chicken Waste) were observed. The Specific Growth Rate (SGR) for Channa striatus at different protein percentages and protein sources were calculated. The highest (1.86%) and lowest (1.70%) SGR recorded in Crude Protein 45% and Crude Protein 40% respectively for different protein percentages. The highest (1.64%) and lowest (1.49%) was observed in Trash Fish and Chicken Waste respectively for different protein sources. The Feed Conversion Ratio at different protein percentages and protein sources were calculated. The better (lowest) FCR of 1.52 and 2.18 was found in Crude Protein 45% and Trash Fish respectively. Survival rates at different protein percentages and protein sources were recorded. The highest (75.5%) and lowest (62.2%) survivals were observed in crude Protein 45% and Crude Protein 40% respectively for different protein percentages; the highest (68.9%) and lowest (60%) were observed in Trash fish and Chicken Waste respectively for different protein sources. Overall performance of Channa striatus fry at different dietary protein percentages and protein sources shows that highest Growth, Weight gain, SGR, Survival and lowest FCR is obtained in Crude Protein 45% at different dietary protein percentages; and highest Growth, Weight gain, SGR, Survival and lowest FCR is obtained Trash Fish at different dietary protein sources.
Open Access
Studies on Physico-chemical characteristics of Nellore and Kanigiri reservoirs of Andhra Pradesh
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-03) VENKATESH, D; MADHAVI, K (MAJOR); PRABHANJAN KUMAR REDDY, C; DHANAPAL, K
The present investigation was carried out in Kanigiri and Nellore reservoirs of SPSR Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, for a period of 8 months from December, 2015 to July, 2016. Surface water samples were collected from the chosen sampling stations at fortnightly intervals and analyzed as per APHA standard methods to provide base line information on the physico-chemical characteristics of these reservoirs. The results obtained (for which guidelines have already been issued by the standard recommending bodies i.e., WHO, BIS) were found to be within the prescribed limits, except BOD as per WHO (2004) and total hardness, when compared with the standards (WHO, 1984; WHO, 2004; BIS, 1991; BIS 2012). Total hardness values were much higher than the permissible limit as prescribed by WHO (1984) but well within the permissible limits as prescribed by BIS (1991) standards. The observed values were tested from fisheries point of view also with the standards proposed by renowned scientists of the field and found to be well within the desired limits. Though the values obtained were within the prescribed standard values, it was found that turbidity, TSS, TDS, TS, pH, BOD, NH3, total alkalinity and total hardness values were found to be slightly higher in the water samples analyzed from Nellore reservoir, while transparency, DO, CO2 levels seemed to be little higher in water samples collected from Kanigiri reservoir. Mean chloride content and salinity values showed negligible difference between the waters of both the reservoirs. With respect to the parameters analyzed in the present study, water quality of Kanigiri reservoir is comparatively better than the Nellore reservoir. Correlation among various parameters showed significant positive and negative trends. Water from both the reservoirs can be considered as ‘alkaliphilous’ based on pH values observed, ‘nutrient rich’ based on the total alkalinity values estimated, ‘hard’ with respect to observed total hardness values. Though both the reservoirs exhibited moderate domestic pollution based on the analyzed chloride content of water, these concentrations are found to be within in the limits as per standards recommended for drinking water supply. Hence, it can be said that, water from both the reservoirs is fit for irrigation, agriculture, pisciculture, industrial and domestic purposes. 1
Open Access
STUDIES ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN NURSERY REARING PHASE OF GREY MULLET (Mugil cephalus) FOR MARICULTURE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-11) SANTOSH KUMAR, TADANGI; Ravindra Kumar Reddy, D (MAJOR); Chandrashekara Rao, A; MADHAVAN, N
The present studies were conducted at the closed bay near Suryalanka, Bapatla, Guntur district on “Studies on growth and survival in nursery rearing phase of Grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) for mariculture”. Total two (2) studies were conducted. The first study was on the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of grey mullet, (Mugil cephalus) in floating net cages in closed bay, Bapatla. Triplicate groups of mullets with an average initial weight of 0.95 g were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 20, 40, 60 and 80 fish/m3 designed as D20, D40, D60 and D80 respectively. Mullets in the cages were fed with 25% CP formulated diet at 10% of body weight twice daily. Sampling was done weekly. At the end of the experiment, growth in terms of body weight of fish was high in D20 than those in D40, D60 or D80, and in terms of weight gain, and specific growth rate of fish was high in D40 than those in D20, D60 and D80. There was no significant difference in the survival rates of mullets at different stocking densities. At the end of the experiment survival rates was almost similar in D20, than those in D40, D60 and D80. Total Feed Conversion Ratio was lower in D20 and D40, followed by D60 and D80. The cages stocked with 20 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and 80 fish/m3 showed highest biomass performance. Water quality parameters were at optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 20 fish/m3 could be recommended for producing better quality mullet fingerlings and 80 fish/m3 for highest number of seed production. Another experiment was conducted to study the optimum crude protein for grey mullet, Mugil cephalus seed in floating net cages. Mullet fry were obtained through natural seed collection. Rectangular floating net cages made of bamboo poles were provided inside with 1×1×2m hapas. Predatory net and bird net were provided. PVC drums filled with air were fixed to the net cage for floating. Mullets with mean body weight of 0.95 g were stocked at the rate of 40 fish/m3 in each hapa in the rectangular cages. Triplicates were maintained for each treatment. Fish fry were fed with 5 artificial dry diets containing 12.5% (Control – C (T1)), 15% (T2), 25% (T3), 35% (T4) and 45% (T5) crude protein. The diets were fed at the rate of 10% of the biomass for a period of 63 days (9 weeks). Water quality parameters like D.O, pH, salinity, NH3, NO-2, NO-3 and temperature were estimated at weekly intervals and were within the optimum range for culture of mullet. At the end of 63 days growth experiment, fishes fed on 25% (T3) crude protein feed exhibited highest growth and survival performance at 1% and 5% level of significance. The present study showed that Mullets seed reared in floating net cages in the closed bay performed best at 25% crude protein.
Open Access
SCREENING FOR INCIDENCE OF MICROSPORIDIAN PARASITE Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) IN Litopenaeus vannamei FROM AQUACULTURE PONDS IN SPSR NELLORE DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-02) RAVEENDRA, MATLAPUDI; HARI BABU, P (MAJOR); Neeraja, T; MADHAVAN, N
Hepatopancreatic Microsporidiosis (HPM) caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), a microsporidian parasite to be associated with slow (retarded or stunted) growth and white feces syndrome (WFS) in cultured shrimp in many of the shrimp growing countries in Asia, also in India. In the present study, shrimp samples from various shrimp ponds from different Mandals of SPSR Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India, were collected over a period of five months (February 2016 to June 2016). Important diagnosis observed were histopathological studies, molecular technique (PCR) and also the effect of this parasite on pond profitability. Histologically, the infected animals showed severe degeneration of hepaotopancreatic tubule, basophilic inclusions resembling the developmental stages of EHP were found in the epithelial cells and large number of spore aggregations was observed in the tubular lumen. Enlargement of haemal sinuses was also observed in some cases. The problems associated with slow growing shrimp populations were found to be basically two groups, these are; Group A: slow growing animals associated with white gut and white feces and Group B: slow growing animals without any clinical signs. Samples from these two groups (25 case studies each) were examined for the presence or absence of EHP. As per group A population, 12 samples were positive by histopathologically and another three more samples are further confirmed by PCR, the remaining 10 samples did not give any recognizable indication. In the group B animals, showed only the presence of EHP in 11 samples histopathologically and further confirmation with PCR tested positive in 5 more samples, the remaining 9 samples were not showing any apparent signs of infection. From this study, out of 50 pond case studies, 31 cases were showing EHP symptoms with 62 % prevalence. To evaluate the economical importance of this parasite on pond profitability, five farm pond production effected by both EHP and white feces syndrome were compared with 5 normally performed shrimp population with biosecured environment. EHP-infected ponds have poor performance in average daily growth (ADG), days of culture (DOC), average body weight (ABW), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and shrimp biomass compared to normal healthy ponds. The portal route of entry of pathogen into shrimp was evaluated by performing oral feed bioassay, it was revealed that EHP can be transmitted through per os feeding of EHP infected hepatopancreas tissue to healthy shrimp.
Open Access
Studies on catch composition and Biology of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Survepalli Reservoir of Andhra Pradesh
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-08) Prudhvi Veda Priya, P.S.; Ramalingaiah, D (MAJOR); Suguna, T; Neeraja, T
The present investigation on Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis niloticus describes the Morphometric and Meristic characters, Length-Weight relationship, Food and feeding habits, Reproductive biology and Age, Growth and Mortality parameters. The maximum length of Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis niloticus were examined and found to be 23.6 cm and 42.4 cm from Sarvepalli reservoir. The observed ‘b’ values of Etroplus suratensis (Male = 2.912, Female = 3.048, Juveniles = 2.899) and for Oreochromis niloticus (Male = 3.015, Female = 3.056, Juveniles = 3.072) indicates that the growth was isometric, where the value of b can be approximated to ‘3.0’. Etroplus suratensis found to be omnivorous and feeds mainly on Filamentous algae and Oreochromis niloticus found to be herbivorous and feeds on Diatoms. The length at first maturity were observed to be 149 mm and 251 mm for E. suratensis and O. niloticus. Fecundity estimates ranged from 757 - 3715 and 1852 - 3064 for E. suratensis and O. niloticus. Age at zero length (t0) calculated as – 0.14 for E. suratensis and – 0.22 for O. niloticus. Growth parameters such as asymptotic length “L∞” and growth co-efficient “K” were estimated to be 24.8 cm and 0.43 for E. suratensis and 44.2 cm and 0.86 for O. niloticus. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) calculated for Etroplus suratensis were 1.25, 1.0 and 0.25 and For Oreochromis niloticus were 3.21, 0.11 and 3.10 respectively.
Open Access
Studies on catch composition and Biology of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Nellore and Kanigiri Reservoirs of Andhra Pradesh
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-02) PRAGNA, G; Ramalingaiah, D (MAJOR); Suguna, T; Ravindra Kumar Reddy, D
The present investigation was carried out on Catch composition, Morphometric & Meristics, Length-Weight relationships, Food and feeding, Reproductive biology, Age and growth, Mortality. Length-frequency data of Nile tilapia was collected from fish landing centres of Nellore and Kanigiri reservoirs of Andhra Pradesh from August, 2015 to July, 2016. The catch composition of two reservoirs was investigated and higher annual yield was reported from Nellore reservoir (639.03 kg/ha/yr) than Kanigiri reservoir (334.70 kg/ha/yr). In both the reservoirs, catches of O. niloticus was dominant followed by O. mossambicus and Rohu species (L.rohita, L. calbasu, L. fimbriatus). Basically Nile tilapia is herbivorous followed by omnivorous. Length at first maturity was observed at 189.5 mm and 164.5 mm from Nellore and Kanigiri reservoirs. The absolute fecundity of Nellore and Kanigiri ranged from 1854 to 2371 eggs for 180 to 335 g fish and 368 to 568 eggs for 70 to 190 g fish at each reservoirs respectively. Riped ovaries observed highest during September followed by December from Nellore Reservoir where as March followed by November in case of Kanigiri reservoir. The Von Bertalanffy’s growth parameters for O. niloticus from Nellore reservoir worked out as L = 43.48 cm, K=0.71 per year and to = 0.11. Based on these values the growth at the end of I-IV years of its life worked out to be 23.71, 33.76, 38.7 and 41.13 cm respectively. The Von Bertanlanffy’s growth parameters for O. niloticus in Kanigiri reservoir were L = 29.12 cm, K= 0.69 per year and to = 0.07 and based on these values the growth at the end of I - IV years were 15.2, 22.13, 25.61 and 27.36 cm respectively. The mortality co-efficient (Z, M and F) for Nellore reservoir were estimated as 5.32, 1.70 and 3.62 and for Kanigiri reservoir 5.09, 1.50, 3.59 respectively.
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF GINGER, GARLIC AND FENUGREEK POWDER SUPPLEMENTED DIETS ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF PACIFIC WHITE LEG SHRIMP, LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2018-08) MAHESH KUMAR, R; CHANDRASEKHARA RAO, A (MAJOR); CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B; MADHAVI, K
The present study : “Studies on the effect of ginger, garlic and fenugreek powder supplementation diets on the growth and survival of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei’’ was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur. L. vannamei was fed with three different herbal powder of ginger , garlic and fenugreek of varying levels of 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of concentrations respectively to assess the optimal growth promoting potential and survival rate. The feeding trial was continued for 63 days with triplicates in each treatment. The growth parameters (ABW, weight gain, SGR) feed efficiency parameters (FCR) and survival rate were significantly (P ginger > fenugreek > control. It was found that GP 4% supplementation in the diet was optimal level of inclusion in garlic supplementation for L. vannamei culture. The diet supplemented with GP 4% fed L. vannamei was showed best FCR with higher significance (P <0.01) compared to other treatments. Survival rate of the L. vannamei fed diets containing garlic powder were significantly (P <0.01) higher in GP 6% (91.6%) compared to control (58%). Similar trend of elevated survival rates was noticed in L. vannamei at ZP 2.5 (91.3%) and FP 1.5% (83.3%) compared to control. The growth promoting ability of herbs with varying concentrations higher in GP 4% followed by ZP 2.5% and FP 1% supplemented in L. vannamei diets.
Open Access
HAEMATO-IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP, LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI FED WITH SELECTED DIETARY PHYTOBIOTICS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH (INDIA), 2018-11) LOKESH, B; Neeraja, T (MAJOR); Haribabu, P; Ramalingaiah, D
A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of adding three levels of garlic powder and tamarind pulp powder at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% in a basal diet (commercial pellet feed) of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (5.51±0.34 g) on growth performance, survival rate, haematological and immunological parameters. This study also evaluated the utilization of garlic powder and tamarind pulp powder in the diets of L. vannamei as antibacterial agent against vibrio harveyi infection. The experiment was carried out for 49 days as two set ups. In experimental set up-1, L. vannamei were fed on four experimental diets with 0% (G0), 0.1% (G1), 0.5% (G2) and 1.0% (G3) of garlic powder in basal diet. Similarly, experimental set up-2 consisted of four experimental diets with 0% (T0), 0.1% (T1), 0.5% (T2) and 1.0% (T3) of tamarind pulp powder in basal diet. After 49 days of feeding trial, shrimp were challenged with vibrio harveyi by intramuscular injectionand observed for 72 hrs at every 12 hrs interval, to determine survival rate. The dietary garlic and tamarind pulp powder inclusion at three different levels had significantly (p 0.05) different between T2 and T3. Survival rate was not significantly different among T2, T3 and T1. After the feeding trial, shrimp fed with different doses of the garlic and tamarind diets had higher survival rates compared to the controls from 12-72 hrs of challenge by Vibrio harveyi. Among the garlic inclusion diets a significantly (p 0.05) different between T2 and T3 after 60 and 72 hrs of Vibrio harveyi challenge. The results indicate that garlic and tamarind powders at 0.5% inclusion can be recommended as supplements to L. vannamei feed to increase growth, survival, immunity, and disease resistance against the pathogen, V. harveyi.

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