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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN NURSERY REARING PHASE OF FINFISH SPECIES IN FLOATING NET CAGES FOR MARICULTURE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-11) SURESH, GALIDEVAERA; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (MAJOR); RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D; MADHAVAN, NThe present studies were conducted at the closed bay near Suryalanka, Bapatla, Guntur district on “Studies on growth and survival in nursery rearing phase of finfish species in floating net cages for mariculture”. Total three (3) studies were conducted. The first study was on the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of milkfish, Chanos chanos in floating net cages in closed bay, Bapatla. Triplicate groups of milkfish with an average initial weight of 2.90±0.32 g were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 20, 40, 60 and 80 fish/m3 designated as D20, D40, D60 and D80 respectively. Milkfish in the cages were fed with 35% CP formulated diet at 10% of body weight twice daily. Sampling was done weekly. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate of fish were high in D40 than those in D20, D60 or D80. There was no significant difference in the survival rates of milkfish at different stocking densities. Total Feed Conversion Ratio was lower in D40 followed by D20, D60 and D80. The cages stocked with 40 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and 80 fish/m3 showed highest biomass performance. Water quality parameters were at optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 40 fish/m3 could be recommended for producing better quality milkfish fingerlings and 80 fish/m3 for highest number of seed production. Second study was conducted to study the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of seabass, Lates calcarifer in floating net cages in closed bay, Bapatla. Triplicate groups of seabass with an average initial weight of 1.29±0.12 g were randomly stocked in floating net cages (1m×1m×2m) at 20, 40, 60 and 80 fish/m3 designated as SD20, SD40, SD60 and SD80 respectively. Seabass in the cages were fed with 45% CP formulated diet at 10% of body weight twice daily. Sampling was done weekly. At the end of the stocking trail, growth in terms of body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate of fish was high in SD20 than those in SD40, SD60 and SD80. Total Feed conversion ratio was lower in SD20 followed by SD40, SD60 and SD80. The cages stocked with 20 fish/m3 have highest growth performance and survival. 20 fish/m3 showed better survival percentage than SD40, SD60 and SD80. Water quality parameters were at optimum level during study period. Results suggest that 20 fish/m3 could be recommended for producing better quality seabass fingerlings and 80 fish/m3 for highest number of seed production. Another experiment was conducted to study the optimum crude protein for milkfish, Chanos chanos seed in floating net cages. Milkfish fry were obtained through natural seed collection. Rectangular floating net cages made of bamboo poles was provided inside with 1×1×2m hapas. Predatory net and bird net were provided. PVC drums filled with air were fixed to the net cage for floating. Milk fish with mean body weight of 2.81±0.07 g were stocked at the rate of 40 fish/m3 in each hapa in the rectangular cages. Triplicates were maintained for each treatment. Fish fry were fed with 5 artificial dry diets containing 12.5% (Control - C), 15% (T1), 25% (T2), 35% (T3) or 45% (T4) crude protein. The diets were fed at the rate of 10% of the biomass for a period of 63 days (9 weeks). Water quality parameters like D.O, pH, salinity, NH3, NO-2, NO-3 and temperature were estimated at weekly intervals and were within the optimum range for culture of milk fish. At the end of 63 days growth experiment, fishes fed on 35% (T3) crude protein feed exhibited highest growth and survival performance at 1% and 5% level of significance. The present study showed that milkfish seed reared in floating net cages in the closed bay performed best at 35% crude protein.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF COTTONSEED MEAL BASED DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CULTIVABLE FISH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-09) PAVAN KUMAR, B; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (MAJOR); RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D; BALASUBRAMANIAN, AFish nutrition has advanced dramatically in recent years with the development of new, balanced commercial diets that promote optimal fish growth and health. Feed accounts for a major part (30-70%) of the total operation cost of an average fish farm. Traditionally, animal protein sources, particularly fishmeal have been the major ingredient of aqua feeds. Fishmeal is one of the most expensive ingredients in formulated fish feeds. Due to increasing demand, decreasing supply and the high cost of fish meal, fish nutritionists have concentrated their efforts to find alternative protein sources to substitute fish meal in the diet of fish. Thus, cottonseed meal (CSM), a by-product of the cotton fibre and cottonseed oil industries, has been used to replace fish meal partially or totally in fish diets. The present studies were conducted on “Effect of cottonseed meal based diets on the performance of cultivable fish” at College of Fishery Science, Muthukur. Cottonseed meal was used in the diets at four different levels 5%, 10%, 15% or 20%. Control diet was prepared with soybean meal (SBM), groundnut cake (GNC) and deoiled rice bran (DOB). All the formulated diets were isonitrogenous with 30% crude protein. Proximate composition and mineral composition of diets were analyzed by AOAC (1995) methods. Each diet was fed to catla and rohu in triplicate aquaria twice daily at 5% average body weight of the fish for three months for determination of growth response and survivability. Fortnightly sampling was done for the estimation of the water quality parameters and growth parameters [growth, percentage of survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and condition factor (K)]. Specific growth rate (SGR) and Hepatosomatic index (HSI) were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathological studies on liver of experimental fishes were conducted at the end of the experiment. Fishes were analyzed for proximate and mineral composition at the beginning as well as at the end of the experiment Significant difference was observed in growth, FCR, PER and K in both rohu and catla. Mortality was observed in catla. However, no mortality was observed in survival of rohu. Inclusion levels of CSM at 15 or 20% resulted in histopathological changes in the liver of both rohu and catla. Carcass composition was observed to be better at CSM10 and CSM5 in rohu and catla respectively. Better growth performance was observed at 5% CSM level of inclusion in catla. However, no significant differences were observed in the growth, survival and condition factor at inclusion level of 5% and 10% CSM in catla. Better performance was observed at 10% CSM level in rohu. Hence, it can be recommended that CSM can be included at 10% level in the diets of catla and rohu. Further inclusion of CSM results in growth depression.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL SUPPRESSION OF BURSA AND THYMUS DEPENDENT IMMUNE SYSTEM IN DUCKS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1992-12) PRASADU, VAKANI; UMAMAHESWARA RAO, S(MAJOR); SUBBA RAO, M.V; SURI BABU, T; SRIRAMAN, P.kThesisItem Open Access PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL METHIONINE IN METHIONINE DEFICIENCY AND IRON INDUCED STRESS IN BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) SAI GOPAL, T; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANAND KUMAR, AABSTRACT: A total of 120 sexed male broiler chicks of Vencobb strain of day-old age were randomly divided into 8 groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on methionine deficient diet and groups 3, 5 and 7 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. Group 2 was maintained as iron added methionine deficient diet and groups 4, 6 and 8 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. All the groups were maintained on iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diet for a period of 6 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, protein profile and lipid profile were carried out at 2"d, 4'h and 6th week. At 5m week phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index and at the end of 6th week histopathological studies were carried out. The methionine deficient and iron added methionine deficient diet groups had a significant (Pe0.05) reduction in body weight, GSH, activity of SOD and catalase, and PHA index, while FCR, and the concentration of TBARS, protein carbonyls and serum creatinine, and the activity of AST were significantly (Pc0.05) increased. Supplementation with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2 respectively in groups 3 and 5 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of methionine deficient diet. Supplementation of herbal methionine at level 2 revealed the performance comparable with synthetic methionine supplementation. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney, spleen and bursa in all groups, while the groups, 5 and 7 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups 3, 5 and 7 revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that deficiency of methionine alone, and iron also induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbal methionine in test offered better performance. The beneficial effects of herbal methionine may be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-stress, hepato-protective principles and biological utilization was as good as synthetic methionine.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF APBN1 GRASS AND EFFECT OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DECCANI SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-06) JAGADISH, Ch; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT : Evaluation of the potential feeding value of APBN1, an improved variety of hybrid napier as the sole feed and in supplemented rations was carried out to develop a forage based feeding system for intensive rearing of sheep. APBN1 forage samples harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth were subjected to chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation to determine the optimum stage of harvesting for maximization of forage utilization in terms of fodder yield and nutritional quality. The yield of green fodder, dry matter and crude protein (MT/ha/yr) of APBN1 forage harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth was found to be 274.68, 47.35, 7.44; 291.34, 61.09, 9.08; 344.74, 76.39, 11.45; 368.45, 85.26, 11.36 and 387.95, 98.81 and 11.21, respectively. The leaf to stem ratio of APBN1 forage at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth was found to be 0.36, 0.46, 0.65, 0.95 and 1.36, respectively. The dry matter content of forage increased from 17.24 per cent at 30 days to 25.47 per cent at 60 days of growth. The CP and CF values were 15.72, 23.81; 14.86, 24.67; 14.35, 25.32; 13.68, 26.64 and 11.34 and 29.88 per cent, respectively on DM basis for the forage samples harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth. Progressive increase in crude fibre level and gradual decline in crude protein content was observed with the advancement in maturity of forage. The NFE content (46.12 %) was highest at 45 days of growth. The IVDMD value was highest (57.87 %) at 30 days and lowest (51.40 %) at 60 days of growth, when the forage samples were incubated with sheep rumen liquor. The effective degradable dry matter (EDDM) as determined by nylon bag technique in fistulated rams was 55.80, 54.70, 53.50, 52.40 and 43.78 per cent at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth, respectively. The effective protein degradability (EPD) decreased from 38.30 per cent at 30 days to 33.17 per cent at 60 days of growth. The insoluble but degradable protein fraction „b‟ was highest (77.07 %) at 45 days of growth. Based on the biomass yield, leaf to stem ratio, chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation, the optimum stage of harvesting for APBN1 forage was found to be at 45 days of growth. When the forage harvested at 45 days alone was fed ad libitum in chopped form, the rams on an average consumed 50.74, 4.40 and 28.34 g/kg W0.75 of DM, DCP and TDN respectively. The average digestibility coefficients of 66.63, 68.52, 69.10, 58.82, 56.34 and 62.21 per cent were observed for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE, respectively and the DCP and TDN values as 8.68 and 56.38 per cent were observed for APBN1 forage in Deccani rams. The Deccani rams on an average retained 5.28 g nitrogen per day. Effect of supplementation through protein and energy sources to the APBN1 forage was studied in adult Deccani rams. There was a significant increase in DM intake (g/kg W0.75) of rams supplemented with concentrate premix containing GNC + maize (71.10), SFC + maize (69.82) and CSC + maize (66.71) in comparison to that of the rams fed APBN1 forage (51.62) as the sole feed. Irrespective of the protein source, supplementation has enhanced the nutrient digestibility of rations in rams with the resultant improvement in DCP content of the ration by 72.78% (GNC), 35.64% (CSC) and 34.95% (SFC) and TDN value of ration by 26.80% (GNC), 21.59% (CSC) and 13.66% (SFC) in comparison to DCP (8.68%) and TDN (56.38%) of the ration containing APBN1 forage alone. There was a marked improvement (P<0.05) in nitrogen utilization with the net nitrogen retention (g/d) in rams supplemented with GNC + maize (15.13), SFC + maize (12.16) and CSC + maize (10.71) when compared to that of rams fed APBN1 forage (5.28) as the sole feed. It is concluded that APBN1 forage at 45 days of growth with DCP (8.68%) and TDN (56.38%) can be utilized as a potential maintenance type (perennial) green fodder for feeding adult sheep. Supplementation, irrespective of protein source, improved the nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of the rations containing APBN1 forage as the basal roughage and fulfilled the maintenance as well as growth requirements (70 g/d) of sheep. Supplementation through concentrate premix containing 125 g each of maize and GNC was found superior (P<0.05) in enhancing nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of rams in comparison to other sources. Supplementation of critical nutrients to the basal roughage is a viable means of sustaining the optimum animal performance.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL COMPOUNDS AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL OCHRATOXICOSIS IN BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006) SRIKANTH, M.K; SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K(MAJOR)ABSTRACT: The antioxidant potential of certain polyherbal compounds namely, nephtone and immuplus were assessed for prophylactic and therapeutic management of an experimental model of oxidative stress induced by ochratoxin, at a toxic level of 2.5 ppm in feed. A total of one hundred and fifty sexed male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of day old age were procured for the study. The chicks were randomly divided into ten groups, consisting of fifteen in each group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were maintained as basal diet control, nephtone control and immuplus control, respectively. Group 4 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed throughout 6 wks as toxic control without any treatment. Group 5 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, maintained on basal diet for the next 2 wks (29 -42 days). Group 6 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with nephtone (@ 0.8 ml / 10 birds during first 2 wks; 1.6 ml / 10 birds during third and fourth week; 3.2 ml / 10 birds during the last 2 wks) in water, while group 7 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with immuplus (@ 50 mg / 10 birds for the first 4 wks and subsequently 100 mg / 10 birds during the last 2 wks). Groups 8, 9 and 10 were fed with ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, group 8 was given nephtone, group 9 was kept on immuplus and group 10 on a combination of nephtone + immuplus till the termination of the experiment . Performance parameters were evaluated at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile (GSH-Px, GSH-R, catalase, GSH, and TBARS), biomarkers of hepatic damage (ALT), lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), protein profile (total protein, albumin, globulins and A/G ratio) and immune status (HI titre) were estimated. The activity of TBARS and HI titre were estimated once, at the end of the 6th wk, while the remaining sero-biochemical parameters were evaluated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies on liver, kidney, bursa, thymus and spleen were conducted at the end of the 6th wk. Antioxidant enzyme levels and biochemical parameters were significantly altered and the histopathological studies revealed extensive degeneration, desquamation of tubular epithelium and disrupted tubular architecture with intertubular haemorrhages in the kidney sections of ochratoxin control. Degenerative changes of hepatocytes and marked central vein congestion was also noticed in the liver in the ochratoxin toxic control. These parameters were normal in the controls (groups 1, 2 and 3) and other groups that were given nephtone and immuplus either prophylactically (groups 6 and 7) or therapeutically (groups 8, 9 and 10). Thus, it is concluded that nephtone and immuplus were effective as antioxidants in preventing and countering oxidative stress by facilitating restoration of antioxidant defense mechanism. Hence, their supplementation would reduce the incidence of economic losses due to mycotoxin-induced stress.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PREEMPTIVE ANALGESIC EFFECTS ON AMPUTATION OF HORN IN CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-04) PENCHALAIAH, P; SURESH KUMAR, R.V(MAJOR); HARA GOPAL, V; SRILATH, ChABSTRACT: Twelve cattle undergoing amputation of horn procedures were randomly divided in to two groups. In group I animals surgery was performed following standard procedure and in group I1 meloxicam was administered at the dose rate of 0.2 mg per kilo gram body weight intravenously 30 minutes before anesthesia and surgery. Preemptive analgesic effects were evaluated by physiological, haematological, pulse oxymetric, and biochemical studies. Meloxicam did not alter rectal temperature and pulse rate values in the present study. Though the respiratory rates showed the significant rise in both the groups these were within the normal physiological range. Pulse oxymetric studies revealed no sigruficant changes in Sp02values in both the groups. Total erythrocyte values showed sigmficant reduction in group I whereas the changes were not sigruficant in meloxicam treated group. Both the groups showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphocytopenia, more sigruficantly in group I compared to group 11. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume values were sigruficantly reduced in group I compared to group LI. Biochemical parameters like cortisol, C-reactive protein and glucose were sigruficantly increased in group I where as meloxicam treated animals showed non sigruficant fluctuations. In conclusion meloxicam a selective COX-2 Inhibitor could be used satisfactorily as a preemptive analgesic to reduce post operative pain in amputation of horn in cattle.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CANINE MALASSEZIAL INFECTIONS AND ITS THERAPY(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-10) VENKATRAMAIAH, A; NALINI KUMARI, K(MAJOR); ALAHA SINGARI, N; Venkata Reddy, TABSTRACT : The incidence of Malassezial infections in three veterinary hospitals in Andhra Pradesh was studied during a total period of seven months. An over all incidence rates of 80.82% of Malassezia associated otitis and 7.14% of Malassezia dermatitis were recorded during the study period. The incidence of Malassezia associated otitis was 83% in Tirupati, 82% in Kakinada and 60% in Vijayawada. The incidence of Malassezia dermatitis was 11.90% in Tirupati and 10.45% in Kakinada and there was significant difference (P<0.01) between the incidence of Malassezia associated otitis and dermatitis. It was observed that Malassezial infection in the form of otitis was more common than in the form of dermatitis. Age wise incidence of Malasseziosis revealed that dogs upto twenty four months age group were more prone to Malassezia associated otitis and dermatitis. Sex wise analysis revealed that gender has got no significant influence on the incidence of Malassezial infections. Breeds of Dachshund, Labrador, Lhasa Apso, German shepherd and Pomeranians were more prone to Malassezial infections. Symptoms such as ear discharges of purulent or waxy nature, bad odour, head shaking, ear scratching, pain on palpation of ear, matting of hair intruding the ear canal and hair present at the base of the pinna and scales on the pinna were seen in Malassezia associated otitis. Alopecia, pruritus and erythema over ventral abdomen, neck, medial aspects of fore legs and mandibular region, poor hair coat, lichenification of ear were seen in Malassezia dermatitis. Roll smear cytology was made use of in the diagnosis of Malassezia associated otitis while tape impression smear for Malassezia dermatitis. In cases selected for therapy, Malassezia were seen in association with bacteria and neutrophils in eight cases and with only bacteria in eight more cases. Tape impression smears from dermatological cases revealed only Malassezia yeasts. Antifungal and antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried to all the otitis cases selected for therapy as bacteria was observed in all these cases along with the yeast organisms. Only antifungal sensitivity test was conducted in dermatological cases as only yeast but not bacteria could be found in tape impression smears. All the samples from Malassezia associated otitis were sensitive to Ketoconazole, Fluconazole, Miconazole, Itraconazole, Clotrimazole, Amphotericin-B and Nystatin. All samples (100%) from dermatological cases were sensitive to Ketoconazole and Clotrimazole, 75% were sensitive to Fluconazole, Itraconazole and Nystatin and 62.50% to Amphotericin-B. Antibiotic sensitivity test results of otitis cases revealed that all the samples were sensitive to Enrofloxacin, 88% showed sensitivity to Ciprofloxin and Gentamicin, 75% to Cephalexin and Cephadroxil, 69% to Chloramphenicol and 62.5% to Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid. Dogs with Malassezia associated otitis were divided into two groups (I and II) with eight cases in each of them. Similarly, eight cases of Malassezia dermatitis (Group III) were treated separately. Therapy of Malassezia associated otitis was carried with Clotrimazole ear drops, Ketoconazole shampoo bath and oral Enrofloxacin in group I and Clotrimazole ear drops, Selenium sulfide shampoo bath and oral Enrofloxacin in Group II. Dogs with Malassezia dermatitis were subjected to Miconazole shampoo therapy and in one case with lichenification, oral Ketoconazole was given besides Miconazole shampoo bath. It was observed that cases treated with Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole and Enrofloxacin recovered comparatively faster. Treatment with Miconazole shampoo was found to be successful in seven cases with mild symptoms of Malassezia dermatitis. However, one case with lichenification of ears responded well only after oral Ketoconazole therapy. It is concluded that Clotrimazole ear drops in combination with Ketoconazole was comparatively more efficacious in the treatment of Malassezia associated otitis. Mild cases of Malassezia dermatitis could be treated with Miconazole shampoo therapy.ThesisItem Open Access HAEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND ENDOMETRIAL HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN POSTPARTUM EWES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-06) ANJAIAH, V; MOULI KRISHNA, K(MAJOR); VENU GOPAL NAIDU; SRI LATHA, Ch; MOHAN NAIDU, G
