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Open Access
CLINICO-BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN GOATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) TAMBE SATISH VALMIK; PADMAJA, K(MAJOR); NAGARAJ, P; GOPALA REDDY, A
ABSTRACT:The present study was designed to investigate the clinico-biochemical parameters and response to therapeutic agents in clinical cases of goats suffering with ruminal acidosis. Thirty clinical cases of ruminal acidosis presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Campus Veterinary Hospital, and Veterinary Ambulatory Clinic, Mylardevpally, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad with the history of accidental ingestion of carbohydrate rich diet, inappetance to anorexia, suspended rumination and clinical manifestations of distended rumen and diarrhoea were selected and were divided based on severity of ruminal acidosis into three different groups consisting of 10 goats in each. The group I (mild acidosis), group II (moderate acidosis), and group III (severe acidosis) goats were subjected to the therapeutic trials and compared against ten apparently healthy goats from the same area with similar husbandry practices which served as healthy control (Group IV). Clinical signs exhibited by mild acidotic goats (Group I) were inappetance, mild bloat, reduced rumen motility, reduced rumination, semisolid faeces, firm and doughy condition of rumen on palpation of left flank and dull sound on percussion of left flank. The signs observed in moderate acidotic goats (Group II) were anorexia, distended abdomen, absence of rumination, dull appearance, absence of ruminal motility, grinding of teeth, frequent bleating, thick nasal discharge, pasty faeces, dehydration, fluid flashing sound on percussion and gurgling sound on auscultation of rumen. Whereas in severe acidotic goats (Group III), the signs were observed anorexia, severe depression, sunken eyes, staggering gait, lameness, absence of rumination, ruminal motility absent, watery diarrhoea, dehydration, oligouria to anuria, dysponea, tachycardia, subnormal body temperature, sternal and lateral recumbency. Clinical signs after treatment in all affected goats disappeared. Ruminal acidotic goats had subnormal body temperature, heart and respiration rates and skin fold time in all affected groups of goats significantly (p<0.05) increased, ruminal motility significantly (p<0.05) decreased in group I and absent in group II and III, conjunctival mucous membrane was normal, slightly congested and congested in group I, group II and III respectively. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature, heart and respiration rates, skin fold time and ruminal motility in all affected groups of goats and conjunctival mucous membrane was normal after treatment. Rumen fluid samples were analysed for physical changes. Colour was gray in group I and milky gray in both group II and III, consistency was semisolid or slightly watery in group I and watery in both group II and III, odour was acidic in both group I and II and pungent acidic in group I, and significant (p<0.05) decrease in pH between the groups of affected goats before therapy. Micro-biochemical changes of rumen fluid like MBRT was significantly (p<0.05) increased in all affected groups of goats, SAT was significantly (p<0.05) increased in group I and absent in group II and III, iodophilic activity was reduced in group I and nil in both group II and III, protozoal motility was sluggish in group I and absent in both group II and III, protozoal density decreased in group I and absent in both group II and III, significant (p<0.05) decrease in live and increase in dead proportion in group I, complete absence of protozoa in both group II and III, and replacement of rumen fluid gram negative bacteria by gram positive bacteria in all affected groups of goats before treatment. Rumen fluid analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. In haematological parameters, a significant (p<0.05) increase in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leucocyte count, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and significant (p<0.05) decrease in lymphocytes in all affected groups of goats before treatment. Haematological parameters were retured to normal in all the groups after the treatment. Blood biochemical analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma glucose, serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, serum aspartate aminotransferase and serum lactate dehydrogenase enzymes were observed in all affected groups of goats before treatment. After treatment all blood biochemical parameters returned to normalcy in all the groups after the treatment. The mean values of urine pH before treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased between the all affected groups as compared with group IV. The mean values of urine pH did not differ significantly after treatment in group I, II and III. The Benedict’s test of urine was positive in all affected goats before treatment as compared to group IV. After therapy, it was negative in all ruminal acidosis affected goats. The therapeutic efficacy of the drugs used against various types of ruminal acidosis in goats was assessed. Group I goats were given sodium bicarbonate @ 1 g/kg body weight, single dose orally daily for 5 days. Group II goats were given ‘Bufzone’ @ 50 g single dose orally daily for 4 days. Whereas, goats of group III were administered ‘Bufzone’ @ 50 g single dose orally daily for 4 days and Sodium bicarbonate @ 1 g/kg body weight orally for 5 days. In addition goats of all the three groups were administered with Chlorphenarmine maleate @ 0.5 mg/kg body weight im, Tribivet @ 2ml im and Ringer’s lactate @ 25 ml, 50-75 ml, 75-74 100 ml iv in group I, II and III respectively. It was concluded that ruminal acidosis is a common disease of goats and its severity can be effectively reduced by combination of Bufzone and sodium bicarbonate along with supportive therapy.
Open Access
CHOLESTEROL ASSIMILATION ABILITY OF Lactobacillus paraplantarum 321 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 231 IN MILK FAT RICH PRODUCTS BY IN VITRO EVALUATION
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-11) PARAM DEBBARMA; KONDAL REDDY, K(MAJOR); SHASHI KUMAR, M; MADHAVA RAO, T; SARAT CHANDRA, A
ABSTRACT: A strain of Lactobacillus paraplantarum321 and a strain of Bifidobacterium bifidum 231were studied for their cholesterol assimilation ability and growth in MRS broth with added ghee/water soluble cholesterol (polyoxyethanyl-cholesterylsebacate, Sigma, USA), and supplemented with 0.1 and 0.3% oxgall after 24 and 48 h incubation respectively. The residual concentration of cholesterol of added ghee in the pellet cells of MRS broth was also determined. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed to ascertain whether cholesterol binds to the cellular surface of probiotics. Results showed that a considerable variation existed between the two strains and at two levels of bile salts in their cholesterol assimilation ability and the mean probiotic bacterial counts (log 10 CFU/mL). In broth added with ghee, both the strains were able to assimilate cholesterol at varying levels ranging from to 13.24-26.16 μg/mL or 13.46-26.61% and ranging from 17.50- 30.38 μg/mL or 18.03-31.31% after 24 and 48 h incubation. Highest cholesterol assimilation ability was achieved by Lactobacillus paraplantarum321 26.61% (0.3% oxgall) and 31.31% (0.3% oxgall) after 24 and 48 h incubation respectively. In broth with added water soluble cholesterol, both strains also assimilated cholesterol at varying levels ranging from to 16.18-35.15 μg/mL or 17.05-37.00% and ranging from 24.35-40.02 μg/mL or 25.71-42.26% after 24 and 48 h incubation. Highest cholesterol assimilation ability was carried out by Lactobacillus paraplantarum321 37.00% (0.3% oxgall) and 42.26% (0.3% oxgall) after 24 and 48 h incubation respectively. Cholesterol removed by pellet cells of both strains ranged from 12.77-18.80 μg/mL or 12.99-19.12% and 15.42-22.84 μg/mL or 15.89-23.53% after 24 and 48 h incubation in MRS broth. The mean probiotic bacteria counts (log 10 CFU/mL) of Lactobacillus paraplantarum 321 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 231 in both added ghee/water soluble cholesterol after 24 and 48 h incubation, decreased significantly with an increasing concentration of oxgall when compared to the control. In broth with added ghee, Lactobacillus paraplantarum 321 at 0.3% oxgall concentration showed least bacterial counts 9.78±0.09 log 10 CFU/mL and 9.51±0.09 log 10 CFU/mL after 24 and 48 h incubation. While, in broth with added water soluble cholesterol, Bifidobacterium bifidum 231 at 0.3% oxgall concentration showed least bacterial count 9.55±0.04 log 10 CFU/mL after 24 h incubation and Lactobacillus paraplantarum 321showed least bacterial counts 9.44±0.12 log 10 CFU/mL after 48 h incubation. The scanning electron microscopy of the tested probiotics strains did not reveal any traces of cholesterol binding on the cellular surface of organisms as reported by some authors when the samples are processed with standard dehydration solvents. However, when the samples were processed without dehydration using alcohol, it did reveal some traces of cholesterol binding on cellular surface of organisms. From this study, it may be concluded that, the probiotic strains i.e. Lactobacillus paraplantarum 321 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 231 have the ability to assimilate cholesterol from the laboratory media. Lactobacillus paraplantarum 321 was found to assimilate more cholesterol than Bifidobacterium bifidum 231. The oxgall concentration of 0.3% resulted in higher reduction of cholesterol than 0.1% oxgall by both above strains. The cholesterol removal ability is higher initially upto 24 h and slows down upto 48 h thereafter. The SEM sample preparation method may influence the observation of cholesterol binding on the cellular surface of organism.
Open Access
STUDIES ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN WATER, SOIL, FODDER AND MILK ALONG MUST RIVER BELT
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-10) KOTINAGU, KORRAPATI; KRISHNAIAH, N(MAJOR); MADAHAVA RAO, T; KONDAL REDDY, K; SASHI BHUSHAN, V
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to estimate residues of certain pesticides of organochlorines viz., DDT (o,p'- DDE, o,p' - DDD, p,p'- DDT and o,p'- DDT and Dicofol), HCH (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta), cyclodiene compounds (Aldrin, Endosulfan Sulphate and Heptachlor) and organophosphates (Triazophos, Dimetheoate, Chlorpyrifos and Methyl-chlorpyrifos) in soil, water, fodder and milk samples collected from six zones of Musi river belt area. To evaluate the pollution level of Musi river, the river belt was divided in to six zones viz., Zone 1 (Attapur to High court), Zone 2 (Chadhar ghat to Uppal), Zone 3 (Peerzadiguda to Chinna viralla), Zone 4 (Pillai Palli to Alinagar), Zone 5 (Indriyala to Manimadde), Zone 6 (Musi reservoir to Wazirabad). Only soil samples collected hm Zone 1 showed residual levels (in ppm) of 0.06 + 0.005 (0.035 to 0.083), 0.73 * 0.01 (0.675 to 0.791), 1.27 * 0.09 (1.023 to l.893), 0.14 =k 0.015 (0.098 to 0.243) and 0.55 * 0.02 (0.481 to 0.685) for p,p'- DDE, o,p'- DDD, p,p'- DDT, o,p' - DDT and Total DDT respectively. Dicofol was present only in fodder samples of zone 5 at concentration of 0.07 + 0.0007 (0.071 to 0.077). Among HCH compounds only delta HCH was found in soil samples of Zone 1 at a concentration of 0.08 *0.003 (0.065 to 0.098). Water, fodder and milk samples from zone 2 to 6 did not contain any residues of DDT and HCH. None of the samples water, soil, fodder and Milk from all the 6 zones contain the residues of Cyclodiene compounds. Among organophosphorus compounds Triazophos was present in soil samples of zone 1 at a level of 0.03 * 0.001 (0.032 to 0.045) and Dimetheoate was present in milk samples collected from Zone 6 at a level of 0.13 & 0.006 (0.1 11 to 0.167). From this study, it can be concluded that all the pesticide residues in soil were well below the MRL values, whereas Dicofol in fodder and Dimethoate in milk were slightly above the MRL values specified by EU and CODEX.
Open Access
ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN ONGOLE AND PUNGANUR CATTLE BREEDS THROUGH MICROSATELLITE TYPING
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-04) ASHA, UPPUTURI; Sakunthala Devi, K(MAJOR); Rajkumar, U; Harikrishna, Ch
ABSTRACT: Twenty dinucleotide microsatellite markers viz ETHOLO, ILSTSOOS, TGLA122, INRA035, INRA063, HEL001, TGLA 126, INRAOOS, ILSTS006, INRA032, ETH225, CSRM060, BMI 824, TGLA053, INRAO37, ETHO03, TGLA227, MM012, HAUT024 and HAUT027 were used for Assessment of genetic diversity in Ongole and Punganur cattle breeds through Microsatellite typing. The mean quantity of DNA was 2.96 pdml in Ongole and 3.16 pg/ml in Punganur cattle. Mean optical absorbance ratio (2601280nm) was 1.78 in both Ongole and Punganur cattle indicating good quality of genomic DNA. Out of the total 216 alleles detected, 98 alleles were specific to Ongole and 75 alleles were specific to Punganur. Mean number of alleles obtained at each locus varied from 1 to 12 in Ongole and 1 to 13 in Punganur cattle. The overall mean effective number of alleles was found to be 4.09 in Ongole and 3.41 in Punganur cattle. The overall mean expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity were 0.65 and 0.33 in Ongole and 0.55 and 0.3 1 in Punganur breed, respectively. The overall mean PIC values observed were 0.62 and 0.53 in Ongole and Punganur breeds respectively. The mean inbreeding coefficient (Fls) obtained in the present study was 0.456 for Ongole and 0.434 in Punganur breed. F-statistics revealed moderate inbreeding within the breeds and existence of moderate relationship between the Ongole and Punganur cattle. In Ongole population, loci ETHO10, TGLA122, INRA035, INRA063, HEL001, ILSTS006, TGLA126, ETH225, CSRM60, TGLA053, INRA037, ETH003, MM012, HAUT027 and HAUT024 were deviated significantly from the equilibrium frequency (I'c0.01). In Punganur breed, except the locus TGLA126, ETH225 and CSRMO60, all other loci deviated significantly (Ps0.01) from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Open Access
EFFECT OF FEEDING MAIZE STOVER BASED COMPLETE RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT ROUGHAGE TO CONCENTRATE RATIO ON PERFORMANCE IN NELLORE X DECCANI RAM LAMBS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-02) VENKATESHWARLU, V; VENKATESHWARLU, M(MAJOR); RAMANA REDDY, Y; HARI KRISHA, Ch
ABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted for 120 days to investigate the effect of feeding maize (Zea mays) stover based complete rations (mash form) at MS70 (maize stover 70% + concentrate 30%), MS60 (maize stover 60% + concentrate 40%) and MS50 (maize stover 50% + concentrate 50%) ratios to find out the suitable ratio of maize stover and concentrate for optimum growth, production, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics in growing Nellore X Deccani ram lambs. A significant (P<0.05) difference in the ADG was noticed in ram lambs fed three experimental complete rations. There was 44.43 and 17.06 per cent higher gain in ram lambs fed MS50 ration in comparison to those fed MS70 (P<0.05) and MS60 (P>0.05) rations, respectively. The FCR was better (P>0.05) by 11.72 and 17.39 per cent, respectively with MS60 and MS70 rations in comparison to MS50 ration. The cost ()/kg live weight gain was comparable among the three rations but was numerically higher in ram lambs fed ration MS50 followed by MS60 and MS70 rations. No significant difference was observed among the three experimental complete rations in the digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP and NFE. The EE digestibility in MS60 (P>0.05) and MS50 (P<0.05) was higher by 4.77 and 8.30 per cent, respectively in comparison to MS70 ration. The CF digestibility in MS60 (P>0.05) and MS50 (P<0.05) rations was higher by 12.18 and 22.13 per cent, respectively in comparison to MS70 ration. The apparent digestibility coefficients of NDF, ADF and cellulose were comparable (P>0.05) among the three complete rations and the digestibility of hemicellulose was significantly (P<0.05) different among the rations. The per cent DCP was significantly (P<0.05) higher in MS50 than MS60 and MS70 rations. Whereas, the per cent TDN was either significantly (P<0.05) or non-significantly (P>0.05) higher in MS50 ration than MS60 and MS70 rations. The N balance and N absorbed (g/d) were significantly lower in lambs fed MS60 and MS70 rations than those fed MS50 ration. The N balance was linearly increased with increased level of concentrate. Among all the rations, the nitrogen balance was significantly (P<0.05) higher in MS50 ration, but there was no significant difference between MS60 and MS70 rations. The daily DCP and TDN intake (g/d) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in ram lambs fed MS50 ration in comparison to those fed MS60 and MS70 rations. The DCP intake ( g/kg w0.75) was significantly (P<0.05) different among the ram lambs fed MS70, MS60 and MS50 rations, the values (g/d or g/kg w0.75) being higher in lambs fed MS50 ration than those offered MS60 and MS70 rations. The intake of DCP (g/d or g/kg w0.75) was not significantly different between the lambs fed MS60 and MS70 rations. The TDN intake (g/d) was also significantly (P<0.05) different among the lambs fed MS70, MS60 and MS50 rations and the intake was significantly higher in the lambs fed MS50 ration followed by lambs fed MS60 and MS70 rations. However, TDN intake was not significantly different between lambs fed MS60 and MS70 complete rations. The live body weight and empty body weight was significantly (P<0.05) different among the experimental ram lambs fed three complete rations and was lower in lambs fed MS70 ration compared to those fed MS60 and MS50 rations. The hot carcass weight was significantly (P<0.05) different among the ram lambs fed experimental complete rations. However, no difference was observed in the animals fed MS60 and MS50 complete rations. There was no significant difference in dressing percentage either on live weight or empty body weight basis. The proportion of lean (%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in MS50 complete ration than MS60 and MS70 rations, but was comparable between MS60 and MS70 complete rations. No significant variation could be seen in bone and fat (%) among the experimental rations. Increased (P>0.05) trend in bone meat ratio in carcasses was observed as the level of concentrate increased in the ration of experimental ram lambs. The moisture, protein and ash contents of meat were not affected and there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in fat (%) as the level of concentrate increased in maize stover based complete rations with different roughage to concentrate ratio. Based on the results of present study, it is concluded that maize stover, a potential cereal crop residue hitherto unused can be incorporated as roughage component in complete rations (mash form) at 50-60 per cent for obtaining optimum growth with better feed efficiency in growing Nellore X Deccani ram lambs. Varying levels of stover and concentrate in complete rations did not affect the digestibilities of nutrients barring fat and fibre in growing ram lambs. Level of inclusion of maize stover in complete rations has no effect on dressing percentage either on live weight or empty body weight basis.
Open Access
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES ON UNPROCESSED AND PROCESSED PONGAMIA PINNATA SEED CAKE IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-02) SIRISHA, K; KALA KUMAR, B.D.P(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; MADHAVA RAO, T; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxic and protective effects of unprocessed and processed Pongamia pinnata seed cake in rats, which were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group 1: sham control, group 2: unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake included at the level of 9% in the feed (toxic control) and group 3: processed (solvent extracted-isopropyl alcohol) Pongamia pinnata seed cake (detoxified cake) included at the level of 9% in the feed. Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and on 28th day, organs were collected for estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH in kidney, liver and testes homogenates and estimation of epididymal sperm count from testes collected. Sero-biochemical parameters like ALT, total proteins & globulins, total cholesterol, HDL & LDL cholesterol, creatinine and LDH were estimated at fortnight intervals. Haemotological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV) were also estimated at fortnight intervals. Serum troponins, PHA assay and testicular LDH were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathology of heart, liver, kidney, spleen and testis was also studied at the end. Mean body weight gain, GSH, total proteins and globulins, PHA assay and sperm count were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in toxic control group (group 2), while TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, serum ALT, creatinine, total cholesterol and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. There was no significant difference in TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, mean body weight gain (in the 1st week) in group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Group 2 showed interfibrillar haemorrhages, congestion and edema with disruption of cardiac myofibres in heart, marked degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells and marked dilatation of tubules in kidney, marked central vein congestion and marked bile duct hyperplasia in liver, congestion and thickening of trabecular arteries in spleen and finally marked congestion and edema with disrupted cell wall in seminiferous tubules of testes. Group 3 showed mild lesions in heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testis. From this study, it is concluded that unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake induces toxicity to heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testes, and group 3 showed restoration in all the parameters studied, suggesting reduced toxic potential of processed seed cake.
Open Access
INTERACTION STUDIES ON GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE WITH GLIMEPIRIDE AND INSULIN IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) Srikanth, M.K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); BHARAVI, K; MADHAVA RAO, T; KONDAL REDDY, K; ANAND KUMAR, A
ABSTRACT: An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the interaction of Gymnema sylvestre extract with insulin and glimepiride in diabetic Sprague dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 rats in each and blood glucose was estimated to ascertain group differences, if any. Group 1 was kept as normal control. Remaining 6 groups were induced diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin @ 40 mg/kg body weight. After 72 h, rats with blood glucose value of >200 mg/dl were included in the study (n=6). Treatment protocols were initiated 48 hrs post-confirmation of diabetes and continued for 2 months. Group 1: non-diabetic control, group 2: streptozotocin (40 mg/Kg i/p single dose)-induced diabetic (DM) control, group 3: Insulin treatment (4 U/kg b. wt. subcutaneously once daily), group 4: glimepiride treatment (4 mg/kg b. wt. orally once daily), group 5: Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment ( 400 mg/kg b.wt. orally once daily), group 6: Insulin + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily) and group 7: glimepiride + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily). Blood glucose, body weights, sero-biochemical parameters, antioxidant profile in liver, kidney, brain and testis, ATPases, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity and glycogen in liver, electron microscopy and histopathology of various tissues were studied at different time intervals. Also, pharmacokinetic interaction of glimepiride with Gymnema sylvestre extract was assessed. There were significant alterations in blood glucose, body weights and other biochemical parameters in diabetic control group 2 as compared to group 1. All the treated groups revealed significant improvement in all the parameters as compared to group 2, while the combination treatment in groups 6 and 7 was found better as compared to single agent-treated groups 3, 4 and 5. The histological studies revealed marked changes in group 2 in all the organs studied, while groups 3 to 5 revealed moderate changes and groups 6 and 7 revealed either minor changes or no pathologically significant changes. Group 1 was devoid of any histological alterations. The electron microscopy of kidney, pancreas and aorta revealed marked alterations in group 2, while groups 6 and 7 revealed better architecture. The pharmacokinetic study revealed the values of T1/2 (h), Ka (h-1), Ke (h-1) and Tmax (h) of glimepiride were siginificantly varied in Gymnema sylevestre pre-treated rats compared to normal rats administered with glimperide In conclusion, the study revealed that addition of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract to insulin and glimepiride had positive pharmacodynamic interaction in improving the patho-biochemical alterations due to streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats, which was evident from greater improvement in sero-biochemical and organ parameters in the groups that were treated using a combination of Gymnema sylvestre with either insulin or glimepiride as compared to individual agent-treated groups. Important pharmacokinetic parameters did not vary significantly when glimepiride was used in combination with Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract.
Open Access
EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF KARANJ (Pongamia glabra) CAKE IN CHICKEN
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-03) KRISHNA, DAIDA; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETHAM, V; SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAJU, M.V.L.N.
ABSTRACT: In order to find out the feasibility of feeding karanj (Pongamia glabra vent) cake to broiler chicken, different chemical detoxification methods were tried at laboratory scale. Based on karanjin content, cost effectiveness and adoptability, alkali (2% NaOH, w/w), alkali & acid (1% NaOH, w/w & 1% HCl w/v) and alcoholic (3% IPA, w/v) treatment of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) were selected for bulk processing and bioassay in broilers. Such SKC and processed karanj cakes were incorporated in broiler diets at graded levels to evaluate the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient retention (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, total ash), immune response (CMI to PHA-P; HI to ND vaccine), serum biochemical (protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase activity) and carcass characteristics (ready to cook yield and weights of liver, gizzard, giblet, pancrease, abdominal fat, kidney, spleen, thymus and bursa), histopathological changes (liver, intestine, kidney), if any, and returns over feed cost per kg weight gain and gain/loss over control diet. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH and HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 914, 933, 927 and 924g/kg dry matter; 56, 42, 47 and 47g/kg ether extract, 33, 58, 46 and 40 g/kg total ash, 23, 13, 15 and 16 g/kg calcium, 5.2, 6.8, 8.9 and 5.0g/kg total phosphorus, 58.0, 54.1, 54.8 and 54.8 g/kg crude fiber respectively. The SKC and processed SKC in order contained 299, 290, 292 and 311 g/kg CP and 17.2, 16.9, 16.9 and 18.3 g/kg lysine and 2.1, 2.2, 2.1, 2.3 g/kg methionine on dry matter basis. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH & HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 0.17, 0.10, 0.08 and 0% karanjin, 1.33, 1.50, 1.66 and 1.55% total tannins, 1.33, 1.63, 1.80 and 2.27 phytate and trypsin inhibitors 10.67, 10.39, 9.82 and 7.64 TIU/mg, respectively. In experiment 1 Karanj cake was included in diet on isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis at graded (30, 60 & 90 g/kg) levels and fed to a total of 390 day-old commercial broiler chickens from day 1 to 42days of age. The data revealed that, inclusion of IPA treated karanj cake at 3% maintained similar body weight gain compared to the soybean meal control group. At 6 and 9%, the IPA treated cake improved the performance compared to the SKC fed group, which was intermediate to the control and the karanj cake groups. Processing of karanj cake with NaOH or NaOH & HCl yielded marginal improvement in body weight of chicken. Feed conversion ratio with IPA treated SKC was comparable to control even at 6% inclusion level. Liver, gizzard and giblet weight was higher in the SKC fed groups than the control. Immune response parameters were not affected; dry matter and ether extract digestibility decreased at 9% of SKC, while NaOH or IPA treatment significantly improved the parameters, while concentration of serum protein or cholesterol were not affected due to treatments. Economics of feeding of karanj cake based diets indicated that IPA treatment increased returns over feed cost than that of SKC diet. Experiment 2 was undertaken to evaluate the response of broilers fed SKC and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) treated SKC each at 6% with or without supplementation of protease (4000 U/kg) or phytase (400 U/kg) or liver tonic (0.1%) in diet, in a 3 x 4 factorial manner. The soybean meal based control diet was also fed with or without supplementation of the additives. The experiment was conducted with a total of 360 day-old broiler chickens. Each experimental diet was fed adlibitum to 6 replicates of 5 birds each from day old to 42 days of age. The body weight gain in the control, 6% SKC and 6% IPA treated SKC were not affected with supplementation of protease, phytase or liver tonic. The higher body weight gain was recorded in control followed by 6% IPA and 6% SKC with supplementation of enzymes (or) liver tonic. However, feed conversion ratio was low in control followed by 6% IPA treated SKC and 6% SKC fed groups. The carcass parameters (ready to cook yield, pancreas and abdominal fat) were not influenced. The relative weight of giblet was higher in the SKC fed compared with IPA or control groups. Immune responses, concentration of protein and activity of alkaline phosphatase were not influenced, while serum cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) affected but no specific trend could be attributed. Experiment 3 was conducted in White Leghorn Layer chicken by using detoxified karanj cakes. The results revealed that, the percent hen day egg production ranged between 96.14 to 98.62% and was not affected significantly (P<0.05) either by the type of karanj cake or levels of inclusion indicating that there were no deleterious effects at low level of inclusion (upto 6%) in comparison to control. The feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in terms of feed intake and egg mass also remained within the normal range suggesting that there were no palatability problems, due to the inclusion of SKC. The egg quality and shell quality parameters observed in the study were well within the standard values and unaffected. Based on result of Experiment 1, it is concluded that, 3% IPA treated SKC could be safely incorporated in broiler chicken diet. Based on Experiment 2 results, it can be concluded that, supplementation of enzymes / liver tonic could not alleviate the toxic effects of solvent extracted karanj cake or Isopropyl alcohol treated karanj cake at 6% level in the diet. Experiment 3 results, suggest that SKC can be incorporated up to 6% in layer diets. The SKC treated with either NaOH, NaOH & HCl or Ca(OH)2 had no extra beneficial effect. The data suggest that commercial layer birds can utilize the treated or untreated SKC better than broilers.
Open Access
STUDIES ON NUTRITIVE VALUE AND UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL MEAL (EZaeis guineensis) FOR COMMERCIAL EGG TYPE CHICKS AND GROWERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) SIVAIAH, K; SHAKILA, S(MAJOR); SUDHAKARA REDDY, P; RAVI, A
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and utilization of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) meal on the performance of commercial egg type birds during chick and grower phases. Palm kernel meal (PKM) contained 14.1,1.7,16.2,4.1 and 63.9 per cent crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, total ash and nitrogen free extract respectively on dry matter basis and 1986 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. Five experimental diets were formulated using palm kernel meal at 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 and 14.0% during chick and 0, 10.5,21, 31.5 and 42% during grower phases to replace de-oiled rice bran at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% respectively. Each experimental diet was tested with 40 layer chicks and the total number of birds used in the experiment was 200. The experiment was carried out for 20 weeks. The body weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) different in chicks and growers, although better weight gain was noticed in the groups fed the diet containing palm kernel meal at 7.0(C3) and 2 1 .0(G3) per cent levels during chick and grower phases respectively. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.0 1) increased in birds fed different experimental diets during the chick and grower phases. It was the highest in chicks fed rations containing 14(C5) and 42(G5) per cent palm kernel meal during chick and grower phases respectively. The feed efficiency was significantly (P<0.0 1 ) reduced during chick phase at all levels of palm kernel meal inclusion whereas during grower phase it was comparable among treatments except in birds fed rations containing 21%(G3) , in which it was significantly (P<0.01) better than in other treatments. The feed cost during chick phase was significantly (Pc0.01) higher in birds fed palm kernel meal containing rations(C2- C5) than in C1 fed birds; whereas during grower phase it was lower (PC0.01) in birds fed with GZ,G 3,G 4a nd GSt han GId iet. Inclusion of palm kernel meal at different levels had no significant effect on first egg weight, age at first egg and hen - day egg production and also on serum alkaline phosphatase levels in commercial layer birds during chick and grower phases. Two birds died during growing phase and the cause of death was not related to dietary treatments. It is inferred that palm kernel meal could be incorporated upto 7 and 42 per cent during chick and grower phases respectively to replace DORB without affecting the performance of commercial egg type birds.

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