Thumbnail Image

Thesis

Browse

20133
Reset filters
End date: 2013 × Start date: 2013 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
Reset filters

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INTERACTION STUDIES ON GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE WITH GLIMEPIRIDE AND INSULIN IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) Srikanth, M.K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); BHARAVI, K; MADHAVA RAO, T; KONDAL REDDY, K; ANAND KUMAR, A
    ABSTRACT: An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the interaction of Gymnema sylvestre extract with insulin and glimepiride in diabetic Sprague dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 rats in each and blood glucose was estimated to ascertain group differences, if any. Group 1 was kept as normal control. Remaining 6 groups were induced diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin @ 40 mg/kg body weight. After 72 h, rats with blood glucose value of >200 mg/dl were included in the study (n=6). Treatment protocols were initiated 48 hrs post-confirmation of diabetes and continued for 2 months. Group 1: non-diabetic control, group 2: streptozotocin (40 mg/Kg i/p single dose)-induced diabetic (DM) control, group 3: Insulin treatment (4 U/kg b. wt. subcutaneously once daily), group 4: glimepiride treatment (4 mg/kg b. wt. orally once daily), group 5: Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment ( 400 mg/kg b.wt. orally once daily), group 6: Insulin + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily) and group 7: glimepiride + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily). Blood glucose, body weights, sero-biochemical parameters, antioxidant profile in liver, kidney, brain and testis, ATPases, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity and glycogen in liver, electron microscopy and histopathology of various tissues were studied at different time intervals. Also, pharmacokinetic interaction of glimepiride with Gymnema sylvestre extract was assessed. There were significant alterations in blood glucose, body weights and other biochemical parameters in diabetic control group 2 as compared to group 1. All the treated groups revealed significant improvement in all the parameters as compared to group 2, while the combination treatment in groups 6 and 7 was found better as compared to single agent-treated groups 3, 4 and 5. The histological studies revealed marked changes in group 2 in all the organs studied, while groups 3 to 5 revealed moderate changes and groups 6 and 7 revealed either minor changes or no pathologically significant changes. Group 1 was devoid of any histological alterations. The electron microscopy of kidney, pancreas and aorta revealed marked alterations in group 2, while groups 6 and 7 revealed better architecture. The pharmacokinetic study revealed the values of T1/2 (h), Ka (h-1), Ke (h-1) and Tmax (h) of glimepiride were siginificantly varied in Gymnema sylevestre pre-treated rats compared to normal rats administered with glimperide In conclusion, the study revealed that addition of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract to insulin and glimepiride had positive pharmacodynamic interaction in improving the patho-biochemical alterations due to streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats, which was evident from greater improvement in sero-biochemical and organ parameters in the groups that were treated using a combination of Gymnema sylvestre with either insulin or glimepiride as compared to individual agent-treated groups. Important pharmacokinetic parameters did not vary significantly when glimepiride was used in combination with Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF KARANJ (Pongamia glabra) CAKE IN CHICKEN
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-03) KRISHNA, DAIDA; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETHAM, V; SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAJU, M.V.L.N.
    ABSTRACT: In order to find out the feasibility of feeding karanj (Pongamia glabra vent) cake to broiler chicken, different chemical detoxification methods were tried at laboratory scale. Based on karanjin content, cost effectiveness and adoptability, alkali (2% NaOH, w/w), alkali & acid (1% NaOH, w/w & 1% HCl w/v) and alcoholic (3% IPA, w/v) treatment of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) were selected for bulk processing and bioassay in broilers. Such SKC and processed karanj cakes were incorporated in broiler diets at graded levels to evaluate the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient retention (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, total ash), immune response (CMI to PHA-P; HI to ND vaccine), serum biochemical (protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase activity) and carcass characteristics (ready to cook yield and weights of liver, gizzard, giblet, pancrease, abdominal fat, kidney, spleen, thymus and bursa), histopathological changes (liver, intestine, kidney), if any, and returns over feed cost per kg weight gain and gain/loss over control diet. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH and HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 914, 933, 927 and 924g/kg dry matter; 56, 42, 47 and 47g/kg ether extract, 33, 58, 46 and 40 g/kg total ash, 23, 13, 15 and 16 g/kg calcium, 5.2, 6.8, 8.9 and 5.0g/kg total phosphorus, 58.0, 54.1, 54.8 and 54.8 g/kg crude fiber respectively. The SKC and processed SKC in order contained 299, 290, 292 and 311 g/kg CP and 17.2, 16.9, 16.9 and 18.3 g/kg lysine and 2.1, 2.2, 2.1, 2.3 g/kg methionine on dry matter basis. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH & HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 0.17, 0.10, 0.08 and 0% karanjin, 1.33, 1.50, 1.66 and 1.55% total tannins, 1.33, 1.63, 1.80 and 2.27 phytate and trypsin inhibitors 10.67, 10.39, 9.82 and 7.64 TIU/mg, respectively. In experiment 1 Karanj cake was included in diet on isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis at graded (30, 60 & 90 g/kg) levels and fed to a total of 390 day-old commercial broiler chickens from day 1 to 42days of age. The data revealed that, inclusion of IPA treated karanj cake at 3% maintained similar body weight gain compared to the soybean meal control group. At 6 and 9%, the IPA treated cake improved the performance compared to the SKC fed group, which was intermediate to the control and the karanj cake groups. Processing of karanj cake with NaOH or NaOH & HCl yielded marginal improvement in body weight of chicken. Feed conversion ratio with IPA treated SKC was comparable to control even at 6% inclusion level. Liver, gizzard and giblet weight was higher in the SKC fed groups than the control. Immune response parameters were not affected; dry matter and ether extract digestibility decreased at 9% of SKC, while NaOH or IPA treatment significantly improved the parameters, while concentration of serum protein or cholesterol were not affected due to treatments. Economics of feeding of karanj cake based diets indicated that IPA treatment increased returns over feed cost than that of SKC diet. Experiment 2 was undertaken to evaluate the response of broilers fed SKC and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) treated SKC each at 6% with or without supplementation of protease (4000 U/kg) or phytase (400 U/kg) or liver tonic (0.1%) in diet, in a 3 x 4 factorial manner. The soybean meal based control diet was also fed with or without supplementation of the additives. The experiment was conducted with a total of 360 day-old broiler chickens. Each experimental diet was fed adlibitum to 6 replicates of 5 birds each from day old to 42 days of age. The body weight gain in the control, 6% SKC and 6% IPA treated SKC were not affected with supplementation of protease, phytase or liver tonic. The higher body weight gain was recorded in control followed by 6% IPA and 6% SKC with supplementation of enzymes (or) liver tonic. However, feed conversion ratio was low in control followed by 6% IPA treated SKC and 6% SKC fed groups. The carcass parameters (ready to cook yield, pancreas and abdominal fat) were not influenced. The relative weight of giblet was higher in the SKC fed compared with IPA or control groups. Immune responses, concentration of protein and activity of alkaline phosphatase were not influenced, while serum cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) affected but no specific trend could be attributed. Experiment 3 was conducted in White Leghorn Layer chicken by using detoxified karanj cakes. The results revealed that, the percent hen day egg production ranged between 96.14 to 98.62% and was not affected significantly (P<0.05) either by the type of karanj cake or levels of inclusion indicating that there were no deleterious effects at low level of inclusion (upto 6%) in comparison to control. The feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in terms of feed intake and egg mass also remained within the normal range suggesting that there were no palatability problems, due to the inclusion of SKC. The egg quality and shell quality parameters observed in the study were well within the standard values and unaffected. Based on result of Experiment 1, it is concluded that, 3% IPA treated SKC could be safely incorporated in broiler chicken diet. Based on Experiment 2 results, it can be concluded that, supplementation of enzymes / liver tonic could not alleviate the toxic effects of solvent extracted karanj cake or Isopropyl alcohol treated karanj cake at 6% level in the diet. Experiment 3 results, suggest that SKC can be incorporated up to 6% in layer diets. The SKC treated with either NaOH, NaOH & HCl or Ca(OH)2 had no extra beneficial effect. The data suggest that commercial layer birds can utilize the treated or untreated SKC better than broilers.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ThesisItemOpen Access
    APPLICATION OF BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS) SYSTEM FOR MURRAH AND GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES FOR IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) ASHALATHA, P; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; MOORTHY, P.R.S; RAVINDRA REDDY, Y; RAMANA, J.V