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Author: SRINIVASA NAIK, H × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2007 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON PATHOLOGY OF SHEEP LUNG
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-01) SRINIVASA NAIK, H; SRILATHA, Ch(MAJOR); SUJATHA, K; SURESH KUMAR, R.V
    ABSTRACT: In a developing agriculture based country like ours more than 70 crores of people are solely depend on agriculture and livestock and contributing more than 20% of G.D.P. annually. India ranks 6" among the countries of world with a population of 138.50 million sheep and Andrapradesh ranks IS' place in India with a sheep population of 21.37 millions. Lung infections are common in sheep, causing a great threat to the sheep rearing community. As disease problems severely cripples the production, a sound knowledge of common contagious or infectious diseases that accounts for morbidity and mortality in sheep become necessity. Keeping this in view, the present study on 'Studies on pathology of sheep lung' was undertaken to investigate various lung infections and isolation of bacteria those cause pneumonia in sheep and to know the ultra structural changes of pulmonary adenomatosis. Incidence of various types of pneumonia encountered were due bronchopneumonia (28%), pulmonary adenomatosis (9.8%), suppurative pneumonia (8.3%), interstial pneumonia (7.8%), fibrinous pneumonia (7.3%), Maedi (5.3%), pleuropneumonia (2.2%), hydatid cyst (1.26%), Sheep pox (1.0%), Tuberculosis (1 .OO/o), and neoplasm's like hemangioma and adenocarcinoma, noticed in two cases with an incidence of (0.5%) Bronchopneumonia was characterized by presence of moderate to severe infiltration of inflammatory cells, neutrophils and mononuclear cells in and around bronchioles and alveoli. Inter alveolar hemorrhages with mild edema of alveoli and peribronchial hemorrhages were seen. Pulmonary adenomatosis was characterized by papillary projections of epithelium into alveolar/ bronchiolar lumen. Fibrous tissue proliferation was seen. Metaplasia of alveolar epithelium leading to formation of glandular structures in alveoli was also evident. Suppurative pneumonia was characterized by areas of congestion, necrosis with calcification and presence of diffuse infiltration of inflammatory cells, mostly neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. Fibrous tissue proliferation was also evident. Interstitial pneumonia was characterized by thickened alveolar septa due to accumulation of serous and fibrinous exudates with infiltration of inflammatory cells like lymphocytes, macrophages and mononuclear cells in alveolar septa. In fibrinous pneumonia alveoli, bronchioles and bronchi were filled with sero fibrinous exudate. Infiltration of inflammatory cells like neutrophils and macrophages were seen along with edema, congestion and hemorrhages. Edema and widening of inter lobular septa was noticed in almost all cases with thickening of pleura. Maedi was characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelium. Peribronchiolar and perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes was most predominantly seen. Alveolar lumen contained desquamated epithelial cells. A thickened alveolar wall with interalveolar hemorrhages were also evident. Pleuro pneumonia was characterized by active hyperemia edema, congestion and hemorrhages with mild serous exudates along with mild infiltration of inflammatory cells like rnacrophages, lymphocytes and epitheloid cells. The pleura was thickened with fibrous tissue proliferation. Infiltration was very mild with neutrophiis and lymphocytes Tuberculosis was characterized by a granuloma with a central caseation and calcification surrounded by macrophages, epitheloid cells, lymphocytes, and Langhan's giant cells surrounded by fibrous covering. Other changes noticed were thickened pleura, sub pleural hemorrhages, pleural fibrosis and congestion. Hydatidosis was characterized by presence of mononuclear cells, eosinophils and plasma cell infiltration around the cystic space and surrounded by focal areas of fibrous tissue proliferation along with hemorrhages and congestion. Sheep pox was characterized by coagulative necrosis of the lobular tissue and infiltrated with the inflammatory cells mainly 'sheep pox' cells and macrophages and presence of serous exudate. The adjacent lung tissue showed congestion and infiltration with lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages. Neoplasms like hemangioma and adenocarcinoma were noticed in one case each. General pathological conditions encountered were pleuritis 2 (0.5%), bronchitis and bronchiolitis 15 (3.7%), bronchiectasis 2 (0.5%), bronchiolitis fibrosa oblitrans 2 (0.5%), pulmonary congestion and hemorrhages 17 (4.2%), pulmonary emphysema and atelectasis 16 (4.5%), pulmonary edema 16 (4.5%), pulmonary infarction 1 (0.2%), and anthracosis 1 (0.2%). Pleuritis was characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells like neutophils and lymphocytes in the pleura and thickening of the pleura by edematous fluid. Bronchitis and bronchiolitis were characterized by presence of inflammatory cells like neutrophils, mononuclear cells and erythrocytes in the bronchi and bronchioles and these conditions were usually associated with bronchopneumonia. Widened lumen of bronchi contained mucus, large number of inflammatory cells, few erythrocytes. Bronchiolar wall was very thin and surrounded by fibrous tissue proliferation in bronchiectasis cases. Bronchiolitis fibrosa oblitranse was characterized by polypoid projections of bronchiolar epithelial and fibroblastic tissue, which was partially or completely, obliterated the lumen of bronchioles. Hemomes in the alveolar and bronchial spaces were noticed in pulmonary congestion and hemorrhages. Pulmonary emphysema was characterized by distended alveoli, widened interalveolar septa; few ruptured alveoli and atelectatic areas were characterized by cleft like alveoli with narrow lumen. Pulmonary edema was characterized by presence of edema fluid in the alveoli, interstitial tissue, interlobular septa and sub pleural zones and presence of compensatory emphysema and atelectatic changes. Pulmonary infarction revealed wedge or cone shaped hemorrhagic areas and presence of congestion, edema and atelectasis. Anthracosis was characterized by presence of black granules mostly in the alveolar walls and connective tissue septa of lung. In the present study 44 bacteria were isolated fiom 57 pneumonic ovine lungs. Pasteurella sps 10 (22.7%), E.coli 7 (1 5.9%), Corynebacterium sps 6 (13.6%), and Staphylococcus sps 6 (13.6%), were the major bacteria isolated. Stray cases of isolates were Streptococcus 3 (6.8%), Bacillus sps 2 (4.5%), Klebsiella sps 2 (4.5%), Proteus sps 2 (4.5%), Mjcobacterium 4 (9.0%), and Pseudomomis sps 2 (4.5%) cases. Major bacteria isolated fkom bronchopneumonia were Pastewella sps, followed by E-coli, Corynebacterium, and StaphyIococcal sps and from suppurative and fibrinous pneumonia cases, PasteureZla, E-coli. Corynebacterium were isolated. From pulmonary carcinoma, E. coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus was isolated and mycobacterium was identified in tuberculosis lung. Ultrastructurally, in all the cases of pulmonary adenomatosis proliferation of type I1 pneumocytes having microvilli, well-developed junctional complexes were noticed prominently. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were more numerous in type I1 penumocytes. In most of the cases mitochondria were well preserved with prominent cristae. Ciliated bronchiolar (Clara) cells with electron dense cytoplasmic granules without any surrounding membrane and microvilli were noticed.