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20154
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Subject: Veterinary Surgery × End date: 2015 × Start date: 2015 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MANAGEMENT OF DISTAL FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES WITH STRING OF PEARLS LOCKING PLATE IN DOGS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 ,A.P, 2015-07) MANOJ KUMAR, K; DEVI PRASAD, V (Major); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; RAJU, N.K.B
    ABSTRACT : Dogs with distal femoral shaft fractures presented to College Hospital were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography. The breed, age and sex wise incidence of these fractures were studied. Six selected cases of distal femoral Shaft fractures (10-22 months old with body weight ranging from 12-25 kg) were stabilized with String of Pearls (SOP) locking plate along with standard cortical and cancellous screws following standard AO/ASIF principles. Selection of appropriate size of plate and screws according to body weight and type of fracture (2.7mm plate for dogs below 12 kg body weight and 3.5 mm plate for dogs above 12 kg body weight) provided good fracture stability. No technical difficulties were observed while contouring and application of SOP locking plate on distal shaft fractures of femur. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with lameness grading, radiography and biochemical analysis. All animals, which were diagnosed with unstable distal femoral Shaft fractures showed grade V lameness before surgical management. Postoperatively, all the animals showed weight bearing with early functional limb usage of grade I lameness and good joint mobility in an average of 7 weeks. Functional outcome was excellent in two cases and good in four cases. The results of radiographic evaluation for plate stability, fracture alignment and callus formation in immediate post operative stage, after 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks for all six animals and also long term follow up for some cases were studied. The overall average healing time in all the cases was 7-11 weeks. The fractures showed radiographically excellent postoperative healing of cortical union, absence of fracture lines with limited and also bridging callus. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference (P<0.01) in serum alkaline phosphatase and C-reactive protein values at different stages of postoperative intervals. The serum alkaline phosphatase values significantly increased from 0 day to 14th day and thereafter reached to normal values by 21st postoperative day. Lower C-reactive protein values were observed on the 60th postoperative day. The serum calcium mean values showed a significant rise upto 14 days followed by a gradual decrease in the value and reaching normalcy on 60th day of postoperative period. There was no significant variation in serum phosphorus level post-operatively and the values were within the normal range. No major postoperative complications were observed except cutaneous wound dehiscence in one case. Plate removal was done in two cases and in others not done. Based on present study, it was concluded that String of Pearls (SOP) locking plates were good for stabilization of distal femoral shaft fractures for early limb ambulance and healing. The application of SOP plates was found effective with advantageous features like contouring to any shape of the bone, high bending strength, its central design to use standard cortical screws as locking screws and cost similar or less than that of conventional orthopaedic plating systems. All these attributes allow SOP plate to be used for stabilization of distal shaft fractures of other long bones.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    REPAIR OF FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES BY ELASTIC PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS USING VETERINARY CUTTABLE PLATES IN YOUNG DOGS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 , A.P, 2015-10) SUDARSHAN REDDY, K; DHANA LAKSHMI, N (Major); VEENA, P; RAJU, N.K.B.
    ABSTRACT : Young dogs presented to the College Hospital with unstable femoral diaphyseal fractures were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography. The breed, age and sex wise incidence, etiology and type of fracture were studied. Twelve immature young dogs with femoral diaphyseal fractures (2-5 months old, body weight ranging from 4-9 kg) were selected and stabilized with indigenously designed Veterinary Cuttable Plate (VCP) along with compatible size of cortical screws by Elastic Plate Osteosynthesis (EPO) technique. The femur was approached by cranio-lateral border of thigh for plating under general anaesthesia. Selection of plate and screws was determined by taking into consideration of the size of the bone, fracture configuration and weight of the dogs. Indigenously designed VCP (2 mm for dogs below 5 Kg and 2.7 mm for 5-9 kg body weight) used with compatible size of non self tapping cortical screws for stabilization of fractures in each animal provided good fracture stability. The technique increased overall compliance of the construct with the use of plate with 2 or 3 screws at each fracture fragment when applied over thin cortices to reduce the risk of focal failure of the screw/bone interface. No technical difficulties were observed while application of VCP by Elastic Plate Osteosynthesis technique in all cases. The outcome of fracture stabilization and healing was evaluated with postoperative lameness grading, radiography and biochemical analysis. All animals, which were diagnosed with unstable femoral diaphyseal fractures showed grade V lameness before surgical management. Postoperatively, all cases showed grade I lameness in an average of 5-7 weeks. Functional limb outcome was excellent to good. The fractures showed radiographically excellent postoperative healing of cortical union, absence of fracture lines with periosteal and bridging callus in an average 3-5 weeks and further remodelling changes with complete cortical union were observed in all cases by 7 weeks. Postoperative fracture fragment alignment was not affected except in case No.7 where healing was delayed. Statistical analysis, the mean ± SE values revealed a highly significant difference (P<0.01) in serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium. C-reactive protein values in different stages of postoperative significantly increased from 0 day to 14th day and thereafter gradually decreased in levels. No major intraoperative complications were observed. Postoperatively, delayed cortical union was observed when compared to other cases in case No.7 where wound dehiscence with distal screw pullout was observed by 5th day in which revision surgery was performed and but overall outcome was not affected. Slight bending of plate at fracture site in case No.10 was noticed which did not show any malalignment of fractured fragments. Complete removal of implant was done on an average 5-7weeks, after radiographic appearance of cortical union. Based on present study, Elastic Plate Osteosynthesis technique (EPO) using VCP (narrow, thin and cut to desired length) was better suited for the treatment of femoral diaphyseal fractures in young dogs with thin cortical bones and active growth plates. EPO technique was more advantageous than rigid plate osteosynthesis by reducing the stress shield effect on bone and hastened the bone healing by allowing micromotion at the fracture site to closely mimic biological healing as it did not interfere with functional growth plates in young dogs and also to minimize the fracture disease which was observed in intramedullary pinning. Implant used in this technique is not much expensive, making it suitable for use in Veterinary practice.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TUMESCENT ANAESTHESIA AND FENTANYL ANALGESIA FOR MAMMARY TUMOUR EXCISION IN DOGS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517 502, A.P, 2015-10) VIJAYA KUMARI, D; VEENA, P (Major ); DHANA LAKSHMI, N; VEERA BRAMHAIAH, K
    ABSTRACT: The present clinical study was conducted on 12 dogs with mammary tumours. All the dogs were premedicated with glycopyrrolate @ 0.011mg/kg subcutaneously. Ten min after premedication, the dogs were sedated with acepromazine @ 0.05mg/kg bodyweight intramuscularly. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol @ 5mg/kg bodyweight intravenously. After achieving stable anaesthesia, the animals were divided into two groups of six animals each. Tumescent anaesthesia and fentanyl bolus injection were given in group I and II respectively. A large volume of cold tumescent solution was infiltrated around the mammary tumour in group I to produce tumescence and group II animals received fentanyl bolus @ 2.5μg/kg bodyweight intravenously. Induction quality was excellent, smooth and without struggling in both groups. Surgical anaesthesia was good with adequate muscle relaxation and absence of response to surgical manipulation in both groups. The recovery from anaesthesia was smooth without any post anaesthetic complications in both groups. Tumour excision time and total duration of surgery was less in animals subjected to TA. Intraoperative bleeding was also less with TA, which provided better visualisation of the operative area, less vessel clamping and tissue manipulation. RT showed significant decrease in both groups with a significant difference between the groups. RR values showed no significant difference between the groups. Pulse rate and HR differed significantly between the groups. The variations in SpO₂ between the groups were non significant. However, all the fluctuations were within the normal physiological range. Pain scores differed significantly between the groups throughout period of observation. ECG studies did not reveal any abnormalities except increase in amplitude of QRS complex duration in both groups. The haematological parameters like Hb and PCV values showed non significant decrease in both groups. The fluctuations in Hb and PCV were non significant between the groups. Changes in biochemical parameters like cortisol and glucose were significant. Clinical correlation of reduction in pain scoring was amply supported by biochemical parameters like cortisol and glucose. The study suggest that compared with fentanyl bolus injection, the use of TA in dogs undergoing mastectomy may be easily performed in non inflammed, ulcerated mammary tumours with improved transoperative and immediate postoperative analgesia. TA is safe to use and facilitates the surgical procedure because of reduced bleeding and a shorter mammary tumour removal time.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL STUDIES ON TRANSABDOMINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSING VARIOUS ABDOMINAL DISORDERS IN DOGS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517 502 (A.P) INDIA, 2015-11) DURGA PRASAD BABU, M; DEVI PRASAD, V (Major); HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V; VENKATA NAIDU, G; VAIKUNTA RAO, V
    ABSTRACT: The present study entitled, “CLINICAL STUDIES ON TRANSABDOMINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSING VARIOUS ABDOMINAL DISORDERS IN DOGS” was undertaken to correlate the findings of ultrasonography with those of clinical, haematological, biochemical, plain and contrast radiographic techniques in the diagnosis of disorders of gastro- intestinal, hepatobiliary, urinary, genital, spleen, and abdominal wall of dogs. In all the animals, the symptoms were misleading. Out of six cases of GIT involvement, two had intestinal obstruction and one had intussusception. The laboratory findings included leukocytosis with neutrophilia, elevated BUN and ALP levels. Radiography aided in the diagnosis of complete intestinal obstructions. Ultrasonography revealed the typical bull’s eye sign in intussusception. The foreign bodies were seen as hyperechoic structures with acoustic shadowing. When compared to radiography, ultrasonography was conclusive in diagnosing intestinal obstruction or intussusception. In hepatobiliary disorders, leukocytosis with neutrophilia, elevated AST and ALP, and decreased total protein, blood glucose and cholesterol values were observed. Radiography could detect hepatomegaly, calcification, ascites, while failed to diagnose hepatoma, cyst, nodular hyperplasia, gall bladder sludge etc. Ultrasonography was more useful in the diagnosis of ascites, neoplasia, gall bladder sludge or nodular hyperplasia. In obstructive urolithiasis and cystitis, significantly decreased Hb and PCV, elevated total leucocyte count with neutrophilia and elevated BUN were observed. Radiography revealed radio-opaque calculi, however, it failed to show radiolucent calculi. Transitional cell carcinoma, haemorrhagic cystitis, polypoid cystitis etc., were seen only on pneumocystography or ultrasonography. Calculi were seen with definite acoustic shadowing on ultrasonography. In pyometra, stump granuloma and stump pyometra anaemia with decreased Hb, PCV and TEC, neutrophilic leukocytosis with shift to left and elevated BUN were observed. Closed pyometra, macerated foetus were readily diagnosed on radiography, while stump fibroid and abscess needed confirmation from ultrasonography. The latter helped in deciding the origin of mass and its relation to adjacent structures. Pyometra was diagnosed by sacculations, while the stump disorders by a hyperechoic structures with acoustic shadowing. In prostate hyperplasia, relative neutrophilia with normal total leucocyte count and elevated ALP were observed. The radiographic assessment of prostate hyperplasia correlated clinically and also with ultrasonography. In splenic haemangiosarcoma a decreased Hb, PCV; elevated ALP, BUN, serum calcium and creatinine were observed. The lateral radiograph of the abdomen showed a large diffuse radio opaque mass in the abdomen. Ultrasonography confirmed the haemangiosarcoma with a typical honey comb appearance, which was further confirmed by cytology. Ultrasonography was more useful in diagnosing haemangiosarcoma while, haemato-biochemical profile supported, and fine needle aspiration cytology confirmed. Hernial ring was palpable in all types of hernias encountered in the present study. Decreased Hb, total protein, leukocytosis with neutrophilia elevated BUN and serum creatinine were observed. However, to find out the nature of the contents, radiography was useful only when the intestines contained gas. In case of perineal swellings, ultrasonography helped significantly in identification of the lesion.