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Open Access
INFLUENCE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ON PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN IN BROILER CHICKEN
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-11) CHELSIA, YATHATI; RAVI KUMAR, P (MAJOR); BHARAVI, K; RAMA DEVI, V
An experimental study was conducted on broiler chicken weighing around 2 kg to know the influence of sodium hypochlorite in drinking water on the oral pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin. The birds were divided into three groups with eight birds in each. Group I birds that were on normal drinking water received enrofloxacin orally at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Group II birds received sodium hypochlorite in drinking water (10 ml/100L) for seven days followed by enrofloxacin orally (10 mg/kg) on the seventh day. Group III birds also received sodium hypochlorite for seven days but enrofloxacin was given orally (10 mg/kg) 12 hours post withdrawal of sodium hypochlorite containing water. Blood samples from all the treated groups were collected from either left or right tarsal veins at 0 (blank), 0.16, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h post enrofloxacin dosing and plasma was separated and analyzed by HPLC method. It was observed that t1/2 and tmax did not differ significantly (p<0.05) in all the three groups under study. Elimination rate constant, β was observed significantly (p<0.05) increased in Group III (0.077±0.005 l/h) and Group II (0.071±0.009 l/h) birds compared to that in Group I (0.040±0.002 l/h) birds. There was a noticeable decline in Cmax of enrofloxacin in Group II (1.793±0.160 μg/ml) and Group III (1.958±0.147μg/ml) birds over Group I (2.153±0.245 μg/ml) birds, although not statistically significant (p<0.05). The AUC0-t was apparently decreased though statistically not significant (p<0.05) in both Groups II (31.587±4.241 μg/ml.h) and Group III (33.669±3.593 μg/ml.h) birds. AUC0-α recorded in Group II (32.978±4.087 μg/ml.h) birds was significantly (p<0.05) low when compared to that in Group I (50.648±6.111 μg/ml.h) birds. Thus, the influence of sodium hypochlorite exposure on total exposure to enrofloxacin across time is evident. Likewise, administration of enrofloxacin, 12 hours post withdrawal of sodium hypochlorite (Group III) also resulted in reduced AUC0-α (34.751±3.681 μg/ml.h) of enrofloxacin, though statistically not significant (p<0.05). The area under first moment curve (AUMC) and mean residence time (MRT) recorded in Group III (525.468±61.695 μg/ml.h2 and 15.088±0.431 h) and Group II (538.396±61.064 μg/ml.h2 and 16.484±0.748 h) birds were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those recorded in Group I (1407.185±216.254 μg/ml.h2 and 27.076±1.375 h) birds. Sodium hypochlorite exposure or its exposure till 12 hours before the administration of enrofloxacin could not retain the enrofloxacin molecules for a period similar to that observed in control Group I. Although there was no influence of sodium hypochlorite on the volume of distribution (Vd/F), the total body clearance of enrofloxacin observed in Group III (0.310±0.032 l/kg/h) and Group II (0.329±0.031 l/kg/h) birds was significantly (p<0.05) higher when compared to that in Group I (0.216±0.022 l/kg/h) birds. It can be attributable to altered environment in the renal mechanisms involved in elimination of enrofloxacin or it metabolite(s). The study revealed that, sodium hypochlorite administration altered the pharmacokinetics of the enrofloxacin and the effect of sodium hypochlorite persisted even after its withdrawal 12 hours before the administration of enrofloxacin.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF THE AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF NANOQUERCETIN IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-08) ASHOK REDDY, KANDADI; ADILAXMAMMA, K(MAJOR); RAVI KUMAR, P; SATHEESH, k
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden onset of potentially life-threatening kidney dysfunction and is a common disorder in dogs, cats and humans. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of quercetin mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (QZnO NPs) in AKI in rats. Rats were randomly categorised into seven groups, each group containing 3 males and 3 females. Rats of all groups were deprived of water for 24 hours before glycerol administration. Group I served as control group. In all other groups, AKI was induced by injecting 10 ml/kg body weight of 50% glycerol in sterile normal saline into the hind limbs. Half an hour after glycerol injection, the treatment groups III, IV, V, VI and VII received zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)@ 50 mg/kg, quercetin @ 50 mg/kg, quercetin mediated nanozinc (QZnO NPs) @ 10 mg/kg, QZnO NPs @ 25 mg/kg and QZnO NPs @ 50 mg/kg respectively. Rats of group II did not receive any treatment and served as AKI control. The treatments were given after every 24 hours for 3 consecutive days and the animals were sacrificed on the 4th day. Blood biochemical profile was studied by estimating RBC, WBC, haemoglobin, creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin and globulin. Antioxidant profile of renal tissue was studied by measuring TBARS, SOD and GPx levels. Histopathology of renal tissue was studied by H&E staining. Further the apoptotic changes were also studied for bcl-2 protein expression. The present study revealed that ZnO NPs and quercetin reduced glycerol induced nephrotoxicity and treatment with QZnO NPs exhibited better nephroprotective action at low and medium doses (10 mg/kg b.wt. and 25 mg/kg b.wt. respectively) tested when compared with quercetin, ZnO NPs and QZnO NPs at higher dose (50 mg/kg b.wt.). The possible mechanism behind nephroprotection by QZnO NPs could be attributed to their free radical scavenging property. However, to understand the exact mechanism of nephroprotection by QZnO NPs, further studies are warranted.
Open Access
EFFECT OF SINGLE AND SHORT-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF QUERCETIN ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN IN BROILER CHICKENS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-01) LAKSHMINARAYANA, ALAVALA; RAVI KUMAR, P(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; RAMA DEVI, V
An experimental study on thirty broiler chicken weighing about 2.0 kg was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin along with quercetin either as co- administration or as short - term pre - treatment. The birds were divided into 3 groups of 10 birds each and were randomly administered enrofloxacin orally at dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight (group1), quercetin followed by enrofloxacin sixty minutes later (group 2) and quercetin for 10 days with enrofloxacin sixty minutes after the quercetin on the 10th day. Both enrofloxacin and quercetin were given orally at the dose rate of 10 and 15 mg/kg body weight (group 3). Blood samples from the treated groups were collected from either left (or) right tarsal veins at 0 (blank), 0.166, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post dosing and plasma was separated and analysed for enrofloxacin by HPLC method. The HPLC method applied was found table accurate and precise and exhibited acceptable recovery statistics from plasma spiked samples. Enrofloxacin was detected in the birds of all three groups at all the tested time points The pharmacokinetic parameters observed in group 1 birds were in accordance with the previous reports on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in broiler chickens. Elimination rate constant, β in group 2 (0.047±0.004 1/h) birds, in which quercetin was co-administrated with enrofloxacin, was significantly lower when compared to group 1(0.061±0.001 1/h) and 3 (0.079±0.004 1/h) birds. This was further reflected in singnificaly increased elimination half-life, t1/2 (15.642±1.085 h) in group 2 when compared with group 1(11.437±0.248 h) and 3 (9.105±0.641 h) birds. This could be attributed to the ability of quercetin to inhibit the hepatic metabolizing enzymes like CYP3A4 and efflux proteins like P-glycoprotein. Slowdown in the metabolic inactivation of enrofloxacin with subsequently lowered elimination from the body might have resulted in increased half-life. AUC0-∞ observed in group 2 (44.437±2.729 μg/ml.h) was significantly higher than that of group 3 (30.393±2.111 μg/ml.h), which indicated that the extent of absorption of enrofloxacin was high when co-administered orally with quercetin compared to enrofloxacin oral administration after short-term quercetin pre-treatment. The area under first moment curve (AUMC) and mean resident time (MRT) recorded in group 2 (1067.707±81.605 μg/ml.h2 and 23.876±1.030 h) was significantly higher than those recorded in groups 1 (654.193±65.964 μg/ml.h2 and 17.077±0.364 h) and 3 (480.580±53.213 μg/ml.h2 and 15.636±1.076 h). The clearance observed in group 2 (0.234±0.016 L/kg/h) was significantly lower when compared to group 3 (0.347±0.030 L/kg/h) but not with group 1(0.282±0.024 L/kg/h). It was observed from the study that enrofloxacin co-administered with quercetin in group 2 has exhibited higher t1/2, AUC0-∞, AUMC and MRT values. On the other hand, short – term treatment with quercetin in group 3 resulted in significantly higher elimination rate constant (β), significantly lower (t1/2), apparently lower Cmax, apparently lower AUC0-t, significantly lower AUC0-∞, significantly lower AUMC, significantly lower MRT and significantly increased ClB when compared to those observed in quercetin co-administrated birds. These results indicate that though co-administration of single dose quercetin increased the half-life, area under curve and mean resident time of enrofloxacin, repeated administration of quercetin actually reduced the above kinetic parameters of enrofloxacin. Hence in the present study, it is possible that increased bioavailability of enrofloxacin with single dose quercetin might have resulted from inhibition of P-gp in the intestine. On the other hand the decreased bioavailability of enrofloxacin with repeated quercetin treatment might have resulted from induction of CYP3A activity. It can be concluded from the present study that single dose co – administration of quercetin enhances the bioavailability of enrofloxacin, while repeated administration of quercetin reduces the same.
Open Access
IN VIVO AND EX VIVO STUDIES ON AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF QUERCETIN ON STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES INDUCED BY CADMIUM IN UTERUS OF MICE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-01) JOSE, GISSA M.; BHARAVI, K(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; RAMA DEVI, V
Uterine abnormalities either hereditary or acquired are the major cause of infertility among reproductive females that leads to recurrent miscarriages, spontaneous abortions, pre-term labour, infertility etc. Cadmium is an important endocrine disruptor and reproductive toxicant causing uterine abnormalities. Quercetin, a powerful antioxidant flavonoid has the ability to scavenge the free radicals and also has heavy metal chelating property, smooth muscle relaxant property and estrogenic effect. The present study evaluated the structural and functional changes caused by cadmium in mice myometrium and also evaluated the ameliorative effect of quercetin on cadmium induced myometrial changes. The study was conducted in four groups. Group I considered as control with apparently healthy animals, group II consisted of animals that received cadmium @ 30ppm in drinking water for 30 days. The group III animals were treated with cadmium @30 ppm in drinking water and simultaneously with quercetin at 50 mg/kg bw orally for 30 days and group IV consisted of animals that received quercetin alone @ 50mg/Kg bw orally. Among each group, estrus was induced in half of the animals with estradiol benzoate whereas other animals were sacrificed when they were on non-estrus stage. After sacrifice uterine horn was isolated to use for functional studies using digital polygraph. The liver and kidney homogenate were used for estimation of tissue antioxidant markers like GSH and SOD and peroxidation marker like TBARS. The mice uterus, liver and kidney were collected for histopathological changes. The increased TBARS level and decreased SOD and GSH levels were observed in both liver and kidney of cadmium treated group compared to control indicating peroxidative damage by cadmium to various tissues of mice and it was reversed back in cadmium along with quercetin treated group compared to cadmium group that showed an antioxidant protective effect of quercetin on cadmium damage. The alerations in histological structure of liver, kidney and uterus in cadmium treated groups were rectified to normal architecture in cadmium along with quercetin treated animals. The mean EC 50 values of oxytocin contractile dose amplitude and frequency response in cadmium treated estrus mice were 9.344x10-13 and 8.864x10-13 respectively and it was significantly lower than control estrus mice. The simultaneous administration of cadmium along with quercetin to estrus mice increases the mean EC50 value of oxytocin induced amplitude of contraction from 9.344x10-13 to 1.306x10-12, but it was not comparable to control indicating protective effect of quercetin. The mean EC50 of oxytocin dose amplitude contractile response in cadmium along with quercetin treated non-estrus mice was lower than control and cadmium. The mean EC50 value of KCl induced amplitude and frequency of contractile response in cadmium along with quercetin treated estrus mice showed a higher value (8.81x10-4 and 8.401x10-4) compared to cadmium group (5.686x10-4 and 5.778x10-4) and also the KCl induced amplitude of contraction showed a significantly higher EC50 value than control group. Hence we can conclude that cadmium produces significant estrogen mimicking effect in estrus myometrium and quercetin was found to have non-uniform effects due to its contradictory actions on myometrium.
Open Access
EFFECT OF PIPERINE ON THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN IN BROILER CHICKENS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-11) NAGARJUNA, NALLAPANENI; DILIP REDDY, G(MAJOR); RAVI KUMAR, P; SATHEESH, K
The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin. It was aimed to study the effect of piperine co-administration and pre-treatment on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in broiler chickens(Vencobb). Adult birds weighing around 2.0 kg were randomly assigned to their equal groups with 10 birds in each. The treatment protocol consisted of single oral dose of enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg b.wt) (group 1), single oral dose of piperine (15 mg/kg b.wt) followed by single oral dose of enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg b.wt) (group 2) and piperine (15 mg/kg b.wt) orally for ten days followed by enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg b.wt) on the 10th day (group 3). Blood samples were collected from either left (or) right tarsal vein at 0 (blank), 0.166, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post dosing and plasma was separated for HPLC analysis. The plasma concentration-time data were analysed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in Cmax among the three groups. Elimination rate constant (β) observed in group 3 birds (0.044±0.0031/h) was significantly (p<0.05) lower when compared to group 1 (0.061±0.001 1/h) and 2 birds (0.066±0.001 1/h), which reflected the elimination half-life, t1/2 in group 3 (16.130±0.898 h), where significantly (p<0.05) higher value was observed when compared to groups 1 (11.437±0.248 h) and 2 (10.510±0.155 h). Tmax recorded in group 2 birds (7.600±0.267 h) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of group 1 (4.550±0.462 h). AUCs (AUC0-t and AUC0-∞) recorded in group 3 (56.551±2.035 µg/ml.h and 66.382±2.973 µg/ml.h) were significantly (p<0.05) high; implying more amount of drug was present for longer time in the body. The AUCs (AUC0-t and AUC0-∞) observed in group 2 (44.073±1.357 µg/ml.h and 46.294±1.457 µg/ml.h) were comparatively higher than group 1 (36.268±3.501 µg/ml.h and 38.104±3.637 µg/ml.h), indicating the effect of piperine in increasing the absorption over period of time. The area under first moment curve (AUMC) and mean resident time (MRT) recorded in group 3 (1711.716±140.298 µg/ml.h2 and 25.379±1.212 h) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those recorded in groups 1 (654.193±65.964 µg/ml.h2 and 17.077±0.364 h) and 2 (808.749±38.688 µg/ml.h2 and 17.391±0.384 h). The increased values indicate that high concentration of enrofloxacin was present in the circulation for longer time in piperine pre-treated birds. The clearance observed in group 3 (0.154±0.008 L/kg/h) was significantly (p<0.05) lower when compared to group 2 (0.218±0.007 L/kg/h) and further the clearance of group 2 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of group 1 (0.282±0.024 L/kg/h). It can be concluded from the study that enrofloxacin administered after pre- treatment with piperine has exhibited higher t1/2, AUC, AUMC, MRT values and lower clearance values. The increase in plasma concentration of enrofloxacin in birds pre-treated with piperine could be attributed to the ability of piperine to enhance the intestinal absorption, to inhibit the metabolism in liver and to inhibit P-glycoprotein mediated drug efflux of during intestinal absorption. The increased AUC and half-life and decreased elimination rate constant could be helpful in designing formulations, that can be used in the treatment of resistant infections.
Open Access
PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL METHIONINE IN METHIONINE DEFICIENCY AND IRON INDUCED STRESS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) SAI GOPAL, T; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANAND KUMAR, A
ABSTRACT: A total of 120 sexed male broiler chicks of Vencobb strain of day-old age were randomly divided into 8 groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on methionine deficient diet and groups 3, 5 and 7 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. Group 2 was maintained as iron added methionine deficient diet and groups 4, 6 and 8 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. All the groups were maintained on iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diet for a period of 6 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, protein profile and lipid profile were carried out at 2"d, 4'h and 6th week. At 5m week phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index and at the end of 6th week histopathological studies were carried out. The methionine deficient and iron added methionine deficient diet groups had a significant (Pe0.05) reduction in body weight, GSH, activity of SOD and catalase, and PHA index, while FCR, and the concentration of TBARS, protein carbonyls and serum creatinine, and the activity of AST were significantly (Pc0.05) increased. Supplementation with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2 respectively in groups 3 and 5 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of methionine deficient diet. Supplementation of herbal methionine at level 2 revealed the performance comparable with synthetic methionine supplementation. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney, spleen and bursa in all groups, while the groups, 5 and 7 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups 3, 5 and 7 revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that deficiency of methionine alone, and iron also induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbal methionine in test offered better performance. The beneficial effects of herbal methionine may be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-stress, hepato-protective principles and biological utilization was as good as synthetic methionine.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL COMPOUNDS AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL OCHRATOXICOSIS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006) SRIKANTH, M.K; SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K(MAJOR)
ABSTRACT: The antioxidant potential of certain polyherbal compounds namely, nephtone and immuplus were assessed for prophylactic and therapeutic management of an experimental model of oxidative stress induced by ochratoxin, at a toxic level of 2.5 ppm in feed. A total of one hundred and fifty sexed male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of day old age were procured for the study. The chicks were randomly divided into ten groups, consisting of fifteen in each group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were maintained as basal diet control, nephtone control and immuplus control, respectively. Group 4 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed throughout 6 wks as toxic control without any treatment. Group 5 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, maintained on basal diet for the next 2 wks (29 -42 days). Group 6 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with nephtone (@ 0.8 ml / 10 birds during first 2 wks; 1.6 ml / 10 birds during third and fourth week; 3.2 ml / 10 birds during the last 2 wks) in water, while group 7 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with immuplus (@ 50 mg / 10 birds for the first 4 wks and subsequently 100 mg / 10 birds during the last 2 wks). Groups 8, 9 and 10 were fed with ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, group 8 was given nephtone, group 9 was kept on immuplus and group 10 on a combination of nephtone + immuplus till the termination of the experiment . Performance parameters were evaluated at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile (GSH-Px, GSH-R, catalase, GSH, and TBARS), biomarkers of hepatic damage (ALT), lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), protein profile (total protein, albumin, globulins and A/G ratio) and immune status (HI titre) were estimated. The activity of TBARS and HI titre were estimated once, at the end of the 6th wk, while the remaining sero-biochemical parameters were evaluated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies on liver, kidney, bursa, thymus and spleen were conducted at the end of the 6th wk. Antioxidant enzyme levels and biochemical parameters were significantly altered and the histopathological studies revealed extensive degeneration, desquamation of tubular epithelium and disrupted tubular architecture with intertubular haemorrhages in the kidney sections of ochratoxin control. Degenerative changes of hepatocytes and marked central vein congestion was also noticed in the liver in the ochratoxin toxic control. These parameters were normal in the controls (groups 1, 2 and 3) and other groups that were given nephtone and immuplus either prophylactically (groups 6 and 7) or therapeutically (groups 8, 9 and 10). Thus, it is concluded that nephtone and immuplus were effective as antioxidants in preventing and countering oxidative stress by facilitating restoration of antioxidant defense mechanism. Hence, their supplementation would reduce the incidence of economic losses due to mycotoxin-induced stress.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CASSIA AURICULATA LINN SEED EXTRACT IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) VENKATA RAO, K.V.; ADILAXMAMMA, K(MAJOR); VENKATESWARLU, U; ESWARA PRASAD, P
Open Access
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES ON UNPROCESSED AND PROCESSED PONGAMIA PINNATA SEED CAKE IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-02) SIRISHA, K; KALA KUMAR, B.D.P(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; MADHAVA RAO, T; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxic and protective effects of unprocessed and processed Pongamia pinnata seed cake in rats, which were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group 1: sham control, group 2: unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake included at the level of 9% in the feed (toxic control) and group 3: processed (solvent extracted-isopropyl alcohol) Pongamia pinnata seed cake (detoxified cake) included at the level of 9% in the feed. Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and on 28th day, organs were collected for estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH in kidney, liver and testes homogenates and estimation of epididymal sperm count from testes collected. Sero-biochemical parameters like ALT, total proteins & globulins, total cholesterol, HDL & LDL cholesterol, creatinine and LDH were estimated at fortnight intervals. Haemotological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV) were also estimated at fortnight intervals. Serum troponins, PHA assay and testicular LDH were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathology of heart, liver, kidney, spleen and testis was also studied at the end. Mean body weight gain, GSH, total proteins and globulins, PHA assay and sperm count were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in toxic control group (group 2), while TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, serum ALT, creatinine, total cholesterol and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. There was no significant difference in TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, mean body weight gain (in the 1st week) in group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Group 2 showed interfibrillar haemorrhages, congestion and edema with disruption of cardiac myofibres in heart, marked degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells and marked dilatation of tubules in kidney, marked central vein congestion and marked bile duct hyperplasia in liver, congestion and thickening of trabecular arteries in spleen and finally marked congestion and edema with disrupted cell wall in seminiferous tubules of testes. Group 3 showed mild lesions in heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testis. From this study, it is concluded that unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake induces toxicity to heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testes, and group 3 showed restoration in all the parameters studied, suggesting reduced toxic potential of processed seed cake.

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