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Subject: Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2012 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES ON UNPROCESSED AND PROCESSED PONGAMIA PINNATA SEED CAKE IN RATS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-02) SIRISHA, K; KALA KUMAR, B.D.P(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; MADHAVA RAO, T; ANJANEYULU, Y
    ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxic and protective effects of unprocessed and processed Pongamia pinnata seed cake in rats, which were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group 1: sham control, group 2: unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake included at the level of 9% in the feed (toxic control) and group 3: processed (solvent extracted-isopropyl alcohol) Pongamia pinnata seed cake (detoxified cake) included at the level of 9% in the feed. Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and on 28th day, organs were collected for estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH in kidney, liver and testes homogenates and estimation of epididymal sperm count from testes collected. Sero-biochemical parameters like ALT, total proteins & globulins, total cholesterol, HDL & LDL cholesterol, creatinine and LDH were estimated at fortnight intervals. Haemotological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV) were also estimated at fortnight intervals. Serum troponins, PHA assay and testicular LDH were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathology of heart, liver, kidney, spleen and testis was also studied at the end. Mean body weight gain, GSH, total proteins and globulins, PHA assay and sperm count were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in toxic control group (group 2), while TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, serum ALT, creatinine, total cholesterol and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. There was no significant difference in TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, mean body weight gain (in the 1st week) in group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Group 2 showed interfibrillar haemorrhages, congestion and edema with disruption of cardiac myofibres in heart, marked degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells and marked dilatation of tubules in kidney, marked central vein congestion and marked bile duct hyperplasia in liver, congestion and thickening of trabecular arteries in spleen and finally marked congestion and edema with disrupted cell wall in seminiferous tubules of testes. Group 3 showed mild lesions in heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testis. From this study, it is concluded that unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake induces toxicity to heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testes, and group 3 showed restoration in all the parameters studied, suggesting reduced toxic potential of processed seed cake.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INTERACTION STUDIES ON GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE WITH GLIMEPIRIDE AND INSULIN IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) Srikanth, M.K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); BHARAVI, K; MADHAVA RAO, T; KONDAL REDDY, K; ANAND KUMAR, A
    ABSTRACT: An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the interaction of Gymnema sylvestre extract with insulin and glimepiride in diabetic Sprague dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 rats in each and blood glucose was estimated to ascertain group differences, if any. Group 1 was kept as normal control. Remaining 6 groups were induced diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin @ 40 mg/kg body weight. After 72 h, rats with blood glucose value of >200 mg/dl were included in the study (n=6). Treatment protocols were initiated 48 hrs post-confirmation of diabetes and continued for 2 months. Group 1: non-diabetic control, group 2: streptozotocin (40 mg/Kg i/p single dose)-induced diabetic (DM) control, group 3: Insulin treatment (4 U/kg b. wt. subcutaneously once daily), group 4: glimepiride treatment (4 mg/kg b. wt. orally once daily), group 5: Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment ( 400 mg/kg b.wt. orally once daily), group 6: Insulin + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily) and group 7: glimepiride + Gymnema sylvestre methanolic leaf extract treatment (once daily). Blood glucose, body weights, sero-biochemical parameters, antioxidant profile in liver, kidney, brain and testis, ATPases, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity and glycogen in liver, electron microscopy and histopathology of various tissues were studied at different time intervals. Also, pharmacokinetic interaction of glimepiride with Gymnema sylvestre extract was assessed. There were significant alterations in blood glucose, body weights and other biochemical parameters in diabetic control group 2 as compared to group 1. All the treated groups revealed significant improvement in all the parameters as compared to group 2, while the combination treatment in groups 6 and 7 was found better as compared to single agent-treated groups 3, 4 and 5. The histological studies revealed marked changes in group 2 in all the organs studied, while groups 3 to 5 revealed moderate changes and groups 6 and 7 revealed either minor changes or no pathologically significant changes. Group 1 was devoid of any histological alterations. The electron microscopy of kidney, pancreas and aorta revealed marked alterations in group 2, while groups 6 and 7 revealed better architecture. The pharmacokinetic study revealed the values of T1/2 (h), Ka (h-1), Ke (h-1) and Tmax (h) of glimepiride were siginificantly varied in Gymnema sylevestre pre-treated rats compared to normal rats administered with glimperide In conclusion, the study revealed that addition of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract to insulin and glimepiride had positive pharmacodynamic interaction in improving the patho-biochemical alterations due to streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats, which was evident from greater improvement in sero-biochemical and organ parameters in the groups that were treated using a combination of Gymnema sylvestre with either insulin or glimepiride as compared to individual agent-treated groups. Important pharmacokinetic parameters did not vary significantly when glimepiride was used in combination with Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of synbiotic (L.casei strain 17 & Fructo- oligosaccharides) on induced colon cancer in rats
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-03) VIKRAM KUMAR, B; KALAKUMAR, B (Major); GOPALA REDDY, A; KONDAL REDDY, K; ANAND KUMAR, A
    ABSTRACT : Microorganisms that favour or help other living beings are called probiotics. Synthesis or fusion of such probiotics with complex carbohydrates such as fructo oligosaccharides is known as synbiotics. These synbiotics are known to mollify the changes that occur in inflammation. The effect of L.casei strain 17 and fructo oligosaccharide on chemical induced colon cancer was studied in Sprague Dawely female rats. A total of 32 rats were divided into 4 groups and treated as follows: Group I- Sham control given normal saline S.C every week for 6 weeks, Group II- DMH control 1,2 dimethyl hydrazine @40mg weekly for 6 weeks S.C. Group III- 1,2 dimethyl hydrazine @40mg weekly for 6 weeks S.C. followed by prebiotic 0.02gm/day and probiotic 109-1011 CFU/day coated with 1% sodium alginate Group IV: 1,2 dimethyl hydrazine @40mg weekly for 6 weeks S.C. along with uncoated synbiotic (Prebiotic-0.02gm/day and Probiotic 109-1011 CFU/day mixed in distilled water) Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and blood collected after sacrifice for haematology and sero-biochemical parameters (total cholesterol, calcium, glucose, proteins). Liver and colons were collected for estimating TBARS, SOD, total proteins, GSH, protein carbonyls and colons were also used for estimation of aberrant crypt foci. Colonocytes were isolated and measured to assess the extent of DNA damage by comet assay. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were increased significantly (p<0.01) in DMH induced group and uncoated synbiotic group, where as in coated synbiotic group they were decreased. In DMH control and uncoated synbiotic group, the comet appeared to be significantly longer in length compared with coated synbiotic group. Haematological parameters were not allied significantly except for certain changes in total platelets, MCV and lymphocytes. Cell architecture and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio were decreased in coated synbiotic treated group in comparison with DMH control and uncoated synbiotic treated groups. Anti oxidants (GSH and SOD) were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in DMH control and uncoated synbiotic treated groups, where as there was restoration in coated synbiotic group, TBARS and protein carboryls were reduced in DMH and uncoated synbiotic treated groups, while they were restored in coated synbiotic group as compared with control group. Thus, it is concluded that coated synbiotics are more effective as antioxidants in preventing and countering oxidative stress by facilitating restoration of antioxidant defenses as well as decreasing DNA damage in colorectal cells. Hence, their supplementation would reduce various stages of colon cancer.