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CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF ASCITES WITH HEPATIC INVOLVEMENT IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-05) BHAVYA UDUM; SURESH .K (MAJOR); LAKSHMI RANI .N; HARI KRISHNA .N.V.V
The present study was undertaken to record the occurrence, clinical signs, haemato-biochemical, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings as well as to undertake the therapeutic management in ascitic dogs with hepatic involvement. The occurrence of ascites with hepatic involvement among 2356 dogs presented to the small animal medicine ward recorded was 1.02 per cent. Highest occurrence of ascites with hepatic involvement was recorded in Labrador retriever breed, 1-4 years age group and in male dogs. The clinical signs observed in dogs with ascites due to hepatic involvement were abdominal distension, inappetence to anorexia, dullness to depression, dyspnoea, pale mucous membranes, fever, weight loss, vomiting, icterus, melena , limb oedema, diarrhoea , polyuria/polydipsia and petechiae. Diagnosis of ascites with hepatic involvement was done based on clinical signs, haematology, serum biochemistry, ascitic fluid analysis, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings. Haematological examination revealed anaemia with neutrophilic leucocytosis and increased prothrombin time. Mean serum biochemical findings showed elevated ALT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and globulin; non- significant increase in creatinine while the mean values decreased significantly with respect to total protein, albumin, A:G ratio, BUN and glucose. Ascitic fluid analysis revealed transudate predominantly with decrease in total protein and albumin concentration while the SAAG value was >1.1 g/dL. Radiographic examination of ascitic dogs revealed ground glass appearance with loss of serosal details. Ultrasonographic examination revealed anechoic free fluid along with hyper/hypoechoic liver which was normal, enlarged or shrunken; focal fatty infiltration and gall bladder disorders. Therapeutic management was carried out in 18 dogs with ascites due to hepatic involvement by dividing them into 2 groups using two therapeutic regimens. In ascitic dogs with hepatic involvement therapeutic management was done with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and silybin phosphatidyl choline complex in Group I while Group II dogs were treated with silybin phosphatidyl choline complex alone. Dogs of both the groups were treated with antibiotic, diuretic and supportive therapy. Both the regimens were efficacious in the management of ascites with hepatic involvement while the Group I dogs treated with UDCA and silybin phosphatidyl choline complex showed faster clinical recovery.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF RENAL FUNCTION IN DOGS AFFECTED WITH PYOMETRA
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-04) ANURADHA RAVINDRA GANGAVATI; LAKSHMI RANI .N (MAJOR); SURESH .K; SRINIVAS .M
The present study was undertaken to study the renal dysfunction in dogs affected with pyometra. The occurrence of pyometra was observed to be 2.02 per cent among a total of 1383 female dogs presented during the study period. The pyometra dogs were subjected to detailed clinical and haemato-biochemical examination to assess renal function in dogs. In the present study, based on elevated levels of serum creatinine and BUN values, the pyometra dogs were categorized as azotemic (Group I) and non azotemic (Group II). The occurrence of azotemia (Group I) in dogs accounted up to 42.86 per cent whereas 57.14 per cent were non-azotemic (Group II). The occurrence of pyometra with or without azotemia was more in Pomeranian breed with majority of the dogs in the age group of 5-10 years. Clinical examination was performed to assess SIRS in pyometra dogs and revealed 36.84 per cent (Group I) and 63.16 per cent (Group II) of pyometra affected dogs were SIRS positive. Haematological examination revealed decreased haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, lymphocyte count along with leucocytosis. DLC revealed neutrophilia with shift to left. Biochemical examination revealed elevated mean serum creatinine (mg/dL), BUN (mg/dL) and CRP (mg/L), hypoalbuminemia and hypochloremia in pyometra dogs with and without azotemia when compared to healthy control while hyponatremia was observed in azotemic bitches. Urinalysis revealed decreased specific gravity and elevation of UPCR, which showed significant difference (P<0.01) between the two groups. The prominent nephrosonographic features observed in azotemic dogs were irregular contour, indistinct cortico-medullary junction, increased/decreased cortical echogenecity and nephrocalcinosis. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess haemodynamic changes in kidneys revealed that the mean resistive index (RI) and the mean pulsatility index (PI) were significantly (P<0.01) elevated in pyometra dogs than healthy control. Pearson’s correlation did not demonstrate significant correlation between serum creatinine with RI and PI (P>0.05) in the present study. Significant reduction in the mean±SE of serum creatinine (P<0.01) and mean±SE of serum BUN (P<0.05) following ovario-hysterectomy as compared to pre-operative values suggested that renal dysfunction was transient in most of the pyometra dogs.
Open Access
CLINICO - DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES ON ASCITES IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2023-03) DHILEEP KASTHURI; LAKSHMI RANI .N (MAJOR); SURESH .K; SREENU MAKKENA
The present investigation was carried out at VCC, NTR College of veterinary science, Gannavaram and SSVH, Vijayawada from June to December 2022. The overall occurrence of ascites was 1.02 per cent (48/4704). The common causes of ascites included hepatic origin (43.75%), cardiac origin (20.83%), renal origin (12.50%), mixed origin (14.59%), parasitic origin (4.17%) as well as hypoproteinemia and neoplastic origin (2.08 per cent) each. Higher occurrence was seen in dogs aged above seven years (37.50%), male dogs (58.33 %) and Labrador Retriever (39.58%) breed. Higher occurrence of hepatogenic ascites was recorded in dogs aged between 1-4 years (33.33%) while cardiogenic ascites (50.00%) in dogs aged in between 4 to 7 years and nephrogenic ascites in dogs of above 7 years (50.00%). The common clinical signs observed were abdominal distension with fluid thrill on percussion (95.83%), inappetence (47.91%), pale mucous membrane (54.17%), vomiting (41.66%), exercise intolerance (39.58 %), respiratory distress (37.50%), dark yellowish urination (35.41%), melena (33.33%), anorexia (31.25%) ,cough (25.00%) and majority of dogs exhibited grade 2 ascites ( 58.33%).Significantly higher (P<0.01) mean values of pulse and respiratory rate was recorded in cardiogenic ascitic dogs in comparison to other etiologies studied. Haematology revealed significantly (P<0.05) decreased Hb and PCV values in all the ascitic groups, significant (P<0.05) reduction in TEC values in ascitic dogs with hepatic and renal origin whereas ascitic dogs with hepatic origin showed significantly(P<0.05) increased TLC value. Neutrophilic, lymphocytopenia was observed in all ascitic dogs. The biochemical changes observed were hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia in all the ascitic dogs. Significantly(P<0.05) elevated ALT activity was observed in ascitic dogs with hepatic and mixed origin, increased AST activity in mixed origin, and ascitic dogs with hepatogenic, cardiogenic and mixed origin showed significantly(P<0.05) increased ALP activity where as hypoglycemia was noticed in ascitic dogs with hepatic and mixed origin. Elevated serum creatinine, BUN and phosphorous levels were observed in ascitic dogs with renal and mixed origin. Hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia were observed in all the ascitic dogs. The ascitic fluid analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in total protein and albumin concentration (g/dL) and significantly higher mean SAAG value (g/dL) in ascitic dogs with hepatic origin (2.15±0.17) than other study groups. Majority of the fluids recovered on abdominocentesis were transudates (50.00%). Low voltage QRS complex was observed as the major ECG abnormality (25.00%), followed by arrhythmias (12.50%). Radiographically, ground glass appearance of abdomen was observed in majority of dogs (91.42%) and cardiomegaly (34.28%) and pericardial effusion in 11.42 per cent of ascitic dogs. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed presence of anechoic peritoneal fluid in all the dogs (100.00%). Echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion in four dogs (10.00%), mitral regurgitation in 8 dogs (20.00 %) and tricuspid regurgitation in 7 dogs (17.50%). Out of 48 dogs diagnosed with ascites, 16 dogs (33.33%) died. The serum biochemical parameters revealed significant difference (P<0.05) in ALT and serum phosphorus values between survivors and non survivors.
Open Access
CLINICO–DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON DIARRHOEA IN BUFFALO CALVES WITH BACTERIAL INVOLVEMENT
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-05) SURENDRA, BADVEL; Suresh, K(MAJOR); Lakshmi Rani, N; Hari Krishna, N.V.V
The present study was undertaken to record the occurrence, clinical signs, haemato-biochemical findings, antibiotic sensitivity pattern and to assess the therapeutic regimen in diarrhoeic buffalo calves with bacterial involvement presented to the large animal medicine ward, in dairy farms located in and around Gannavaram, Krishna district. Out of 226 calves presented, 81 were affected with diarrhea of which in 42 calves diarrhoea was due to bacterial involvement, while in 37 diarrhoea was due to parasitic infestation Viz., Toxocara spp. in 30 (13.27%) and Eimeria spp. in 7 calves (3.09%) and in 2 calves diarrhoea was tentatively due to rota viral infection (0.88%). The overall occurrence of diarrhoea in buffalo calves with bacterial involvement was 18.58 per cent (42/226) with respect to cases presented and it was 51.68 per cent with respect to 81 diarrhoeic calves screened (42/81). Occurrence of diarrhoea in buffalo calves with bacterial involvement was highest in calves below 10 days age (64.29 %) followed by 10-20 days age (26.19 %) and lowest in calves above 21-30 days of age (9.52 %). Highest occurrence was recorded in male calves (54.76%) when compared to female calves (45.24%). The clinical signs exhibited by diarrhoeic buffalo calves with bacterial involvement were diarrhoea, loss of appetite, dehydration, depression, congested conjunctival mucous membrane, increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, rise in temperature, poor suckling reflex and soiling of perineum and tail with faeces. Clinical observations in diarrhoeic buffalo calves with bacterial involvement revealed non-significant increase in temperature, significant increase in skin elasticity time, capillary refill time and eye ball recession depth. Faecal sample of diarrhoeic buffalo calves with bacterial involvement was subjected for isolation, identification and cultural examination. Bacterial isolates up on cultural examination and biochemical tests revealed that highest per cent isolated was Escherichia coli alone (59.52%), followed by mixed infection with Escherichia coli +Klebsiella spp. (14.30%), Klebsiella spp. alone (9.52%), Escherichia spp. + Pseudomonas spp. (7.14%), Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. (4.76% each). Antibiotic sensitivity test of E. coli isolates showed highest sensitivity to ceftriaxone, amoxicillin clavulanic acid, amikacin and ciprofloxacin in the descending order. ABST of Klebsiella spp. isolates showed highest sensitivity to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. Pseudomonas spp. isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and Salmonella spp. isolates showed highest sensitivity to amikacin, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. Haemato-biochemical findings revealed significant increase in haemoglobin, PCV, TLC, TEC, DLC, neutrophilia and significant lymphocytopenia. Significant increase in serum total protein and potassium while significant decrease in glucose, sodium and chloride levels were recorded. Therapeutic trial was conducted in 24 diarrhoeic buffalo calves affected with colibacillosis by dividing them in 3 groups using three different antibiotic regimens Viz., parenteral amoxicillin sulbactam, ceftriaxone tazobactam and amikacin along with rehydration and supportive therapy in common for all the groups and all the antibiotics were effective in the treatment of colibacillosis while ceftriaxone tazobactam was found to be more efficacious followed by amoxicillin sulbactam and amikacin.
Open Access
CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE PARVOVIRAL ENTERITIS IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-04) LIKITHA SRI, BAGATHI; Ramesh, P(MAJOR); Suresh, K; Srinivas, M
The present study was undertaken to record the occurrence, to study the symptomatology and haemato-biochemical changes and to evaluate suitable therapeutic protocol in the dogs affected with CPV. A total of 3019 dogs were presented during the period from July 2021 to December 2021, of which 328 dogs had the symptoms suggestive of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and in particular CPV with an overall occurrence of 10.86 per cent. Among 328 cases of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis, 40 dogs were screened by rapid one step immunochromatographic antigenic assay confirming CPV in 36 dogs in which detailed investigation was taken up. CPV was mostly observed in males, irregularly vaccinated, non-descript dogs of 3-6 months of age group of dogs with the symptoms of foul smelling diarrhoea (with or without blood), dehydration, inappetance/anorexia and vomiting, cutaneous/ erythematous lesions and pale mucosa or congested mucosa. Haemato-biochemical examination in dogs affected with CPV revealed that, there was a significant decrease in the mean haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count and lymphocyte count whereas a significant increase in the neutrophils was recorded. While serum biochemical parameters revealed a significant decrease in the albumin, sodium and potassium were recorded. In the therapeutic trial conducted as a part of present study 3 (I, II and III) Groups of dogs with CPV enteritis were selected with nine dogs in each. Double antibiotic therapy along with symptomatic and supportive therapy was commonly given for all the dogs. Double antibiotic therapy (Group I), double antibiotic with colloid (Group II) and in Group III double antibiotic therapy and colloid and Anti Parvovirus Chicken Antibodies were administered. Treatment adopted in all the groups was found to be effective for treating CPV enteritis in dogs with a significant improvement in all the groups. But based on the faster resolution of vomiting and diarrhoea, shorter recovery period and improvement in the haemato-biochemical parameters, treatment with Anti Parvovirus Chicken Antibodies was found to be superior.
Open Access
CLINICO DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE DISTEMPER IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-04) AKHILA MOHAN, N.J; LAKSHMI RANI, N(MAJOR); SURESH, K; SRINIVAS, M
Out of 3905 dogs, 72 dogs with one or more symptoms suggestive of canine distemper were screened and 44 dogs were confirmed as canine distemper with an occurrence of 1.13 percent. Canine distemper was more prevalent in unvaccinated Nondescript (52.28%) dogs aged between 1 to 5 years (61.36%) with higher occurrence in males (59.09%). The canine distemper infected dogs revealed clinical manifestations such as nervous signs (97.72), respiratory signs (68.18%), ocular signs (63.63%), cutaneous signs (52.25%) and GI signs (38.63%). 90.90 percent of the dogs showed mixed form of infection. The percent accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of rapid CDV antigen test kit on the basis of PCR as gold standard was 40.38, 31.82 and 87.50, respectively. Hemoglobin (g/dl), Packed Cell volume (%) and Total Erythrocyte Count (x106/cc.mm) declined significantly (P<0.01) in canine distemper infected dogs. Significant difference was noticed in serum total protein (g/dl), sodium (mmol/L), potassium (mmol/L), calcium (mg/dl) and chloride (mmol/L) between healthy and infected dogs. Arrythmia (72.72%), ST segment depression (56.81%) and atrial fibrillations (45.45%) were the main electrocardiographic abnormalities recorded. Other abnormalities include increased P wave amplitude and duration, increased QRS amplitude, deep Q wave, peak T wave and ST segment elevation.Radiography of the infected dogs revealed interstitial and mixed pattern of lung lobes suggesting pneumonia. All the dogs were treated with intravenous or intramuscular administration of cefotaxim @20mg/kg BW once daily, oral administration of phenobarbital @3mg/kg BW twice daily and vitamin C once daily. Symptomatic and supportive therapy was adopted according to the clinical manifestations of the dogs. During the period of study, 56.52 percent showed recovery while 34.78 percent were died and 8.70 percent was euthanized due to poor prognosis. Out of recovered animals, 13.04 percent recovered by 7 days, 17.39 percent recovered by 14 days and 26.09 percent recovered after 14 days with persistent nervous signs.
Open Access
CLINICO - DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON PYODERMA IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-03) NAGAVENI, CHEKURI; Suresh, K (MAJOR); Lakshmi Rani, N; Sreenu, Makkena
The present study was undertaken to record the occurrence of pyoderma and also to study the clinical symptomatology, haemato-biochemical findings, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and to assess the therapeutic regimen in dogs affected with pyoderma. The occurrence of dermatological disorders among 1443 cases presented to the small animal medical ward recorded was 24.67 (356) per cent of which suggestive of pyoderma constituted 10.60 (153/1443) per cent of the total cases and 42.98 per cent of the total dermatological disorders. The type wise occurrence of pyoderma in the present study revealed highest occurrence of 79.73 % for superficial pyoderma followed by surface (14.86 %) and least for deep pyoderma (5.41%). Occurrence of pyoderma in relation to age group, breed and gender revealed highest occurrence in 1-3 years old dogs, Labrador Retriever breed and Non descriptive breed and male dogs. The clinical signs observed in dogs affected with surface pyoderma were alopecia, pruritus, erythema, hot spots whereas in superficial pyoderma the signs include alopecia, pruritus, erythema, pustules, papules, epidermal collarettes, scales, crusts, plaques and moth-eaten appearance while in deep pyoderma alopecia, pruritus, nodules, exudation and cellulitis. Diagnosis of pyoderma was done based on the clinical signs, cytology, isolation and identification of bacteria. Isolation and Identification of different bacteria by cultural examination and biochemical tests revealed that highest percent isolated was Staphylococcus spp. alone followed by mixed colonies of Staphylococcus spp.+ Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp.+ Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp.+ Klebsiella spp.+ Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. + Escherichia coli and least isolated was Staphylococcus spp. +Escherichia coli + Pseudomonas spp. Antibiotic susceptibility test conducted on whole culture and pure cultures revealed highest susceptibility with amikacin followed by cefpodoxime, ciprofloxacin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, cefadroxil, cephalexin and resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin and cotrimoxazole. Underlying factors noticed in dogs affected with pyoderma were tick infestation, lice infestation, flea infestation, demodicosis and Malassezia dermatitis. Haemato biochemical findings revealed significant decrease in mean values of haemoglobin, lymphocytes and albumin. The mean values of TLC, neutrophils and globulin increased significantly whereas non significant increase in eosinophils, monocytes and total protein values were noticed. Therapeutic trial conducted by using three different antibiotics viz., cefpodoxime proxetil, amoxycillin clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin were proved to be efficacious in the treatment of superficial pyoderma in dogs.
Open Access
STUDIES ON DISEASES OF TRANSITION PERIOD IN BUFFALOES WITH SPECIFIC EMPHASIS ON HYPOCALCEMIA
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-05) FHANI SANKARA SREEKANTH, KATRAGADDA; Suresh, K (MAJOR); Lakshmi Rani, N; Devi Prasad, V
The present study was undertaken to study the occurrence of diseases during transition period in buffaloes, to study the association between hypocalcemia and other transitional diseases and to suggest therapeutic protocol for hypocalcemia in buffaloes. Upon screening of 273 buffaloes presented with various ailments during transition, 91 buffaloes were affected with transitional diseases (33.33 %) of which 81.32 per cent were affected with single disease and 18.68 per cent were affected with multiple diseases. In the present study among the transitional diseases, hypocalcemia was most commonly encountered disease followed by uterine torsion, mastitis, retention of placenta, dystocia, uterine prolapse, metritis, ketosis, vaginal prolapse udder edema and abortions. Majority of the conditions were highly prevalent during 1st week of postpartum period and in third parity. Haematological examination revealed decreased values of hemoglobin and PCV in hypocalcemia, dystocia, ketosis and abortions while leucocytosis was seen in uterine torsion, mastitis, metritis and udder edema. DLC revealed neutrophilia in dystocia, ketosis, udder edema and abortions while lymphocytosis was seen in mastitis and retention of placenta. Biochemical examination revealed highly significant decrease in mean calcium levels in hypocalcemia, uterine torsion, mastitis, retention of placenta, dystocia, uterine prolapse, vaginal prolapse and udder oedema while in abortions it was significantly higher. The serum phosphorus values were significantly decreased in hypocalcemia, dystocia, and uterine prolapse. The mean serum magnesium values were significantly elevated in hypocalcemia. Highly significant reduction in mean glucose accompanied by highly significant elevation in BHBA values was recorded in ketosis. The mean serum protein values were significantly decreased in uterine torsion, metritis, vaginal prolapse, udder edema and abortions. Significant reduction in albumin value was noted in hypocalcemia, uterine torsion, retention of placenta, metritis, vaginal prolapse and abortions. Symptoms recorded in hypocalcemia include inappetence/ anorexia, decreased rumination, dullness, decreased milk yield, disinclination to move, bloat, dry muzzle, sternal recumbency with head turned toward flank, constipation, stiffness of hind legs and lateral recumbency. In buffaloes affected with hypocalcemia in 53.33 per cent it was seen alone without any association while in 46.67 per cent it was associated with other disease/ diseases. Hypocalcemia was seen in association with dystocia, mastitis, uterine prolapse, retention of placenta, vaginal prolapse, metritis and ketosis. Therapeutic trial was conducted in 16 buffaloes affected with hypocalcemia alone by making them into two groups with 8 buffaloes in each group using two therapeutic regimens viz., ionic calcium alone orally in standing animals and I/V calcium boro gluconate on the day of presentation followed by ionic calcium orally for the next two consecutive days in animals exhibiting sternal recumbency. In both the groups responded to therapy with the regression of clinical signs and improvement in haemato bio chemical parameters.
Open Access
CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON BACTERIAL RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN BUFFALO CALVES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-05) SANDEEP RAJU, PUPPALA; Vaikunta Rao, V (MAJOR); Lakshmi Rani, N; Srinivas, M
The study revealed that occurrence of Bacterial respiratory disease in buffalo calves was 22.50 per cent. Cultural isolation and identification of nasal discharges from diseased calves revealed Pasteurella spp, E.coli, Streptococci spp, Klebsiella spp, Staphylococci spp and Pseudomonas spp. The Pasteurella spp was also identified from blood smears of clinical cases. The most predominant clinical signs observed were anorexia, pyrexia, depression, nasal and ocular discharges, congested conjunctival mucous membrane, cough and open mouth breathing. The prominent physical examination findings were tachypnoea, tachycardia, crackles, wheezes and dyspnoea. Haematological study showed anemia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Serum biochemical parameters showed hike in ALT, ALP, TP and fall in albumin. Thoracic radiography revealed consolidation of lungs. Therapeutic efficacy was proved to be superior in buffalo calves treayed with Ceftiofur sodium when compared to Cefoperazone. Combination of Ceftiofur sodium, Meloxicam and Chlorpheneramine maleate was found to be effective for the treatment of bacterial respiratory disease in buffalo calves caused by Pasteurella spp.

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