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Subject: Veterinary Medicine × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS IN BUFFALOES
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2003-11) ANJAIAH, KATTA; NALINI KUMARI, K (Major); ALAHA SINGARI, N; VENKATA REDDY, T
    ABSTRACT : In the present study, an investigation was carried out to know the incidence of subclinical ketosis in buffaloes for which from two organised dairy farms and unorganized local herds in and around Tirupati, a total of 304 urine samples were subjected to Ross test besides obtaining a detailed anamnesis. The study revealed an overall incidence of subclinical ketosis to be 10.85%. However the incidence in organised herds and unorganized local herds was found to be 5.30 per cent and 15.12 percent respectively showing only an insignificant difference (P > 0.05). The highest incidence of subclinical ketosis was recorded in the age group of 6-9 years (19.10%) followed by 3-6 (10.78 percent), 9 and above (5.26%) and 0-3 (2.7per cent) years but not differing statistically (P<0.05) significantly. Variation in the incidence of subclinical ketosis in relation to breed of the animal was found to be insignificant (P>0.05), although Murrah breed showed higher incidence (12.03%) compared to non-descriptive breed (7.95%). Subclinical ketosis was highest in animals yielding 10kgs and above (12.5%) followed by 5-10 (10.76%) and 0-5 kg (7.5%) but only with an insignificant difference. Maximum number of subclinical ketotic buffaloes were recorded in first month of lactation (16.67%) followed by 2nd (12.79%), 4th and above 4 months (9.16%) and third month (7.84%) without exhibiting any statistically significant (P< 0.05) difference. The highest incidence of subclinical ketosis in respect to lactation number was recorded in 4th lactation (16.21 per cent) followed by third (13.33 per cent), sixth lactation and above (12.5 per cent), fifth (9.75 per cent), 2nd (6.7 per cent) and first lactation (6.1 per cent), but differing only insignificantly. All the urine samples subjected to the test using keto-diastix strips and all the milk samples subjected to Ross test gave negative reaction. Three groups, each consisting of eight animals were subjected to clinico-biochemical and therapeutic studies. Clinical examination of these animals did not reveal any abnormality except for a slight decrease (ranging from 0.5 to 1.5kg) in the milk yield. Therapy was carried out with a combination of glucose (20% 500ml ; i/v, 2 days) and 10 mg of intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide (group II) and fructose (group III) while eight animals served as untreated control (group I). Following therapy, complete restoration of milk yield was attained in both the groups by day 6, but the increase in milk yield was insignificant by day 2 in group II while it was significant (P <0.05) in group III. The urinary ketone bodies in animals of group I continued to persist during the study period while they were cleared in the animals of group II within 3 (3 animals) to 4 (5 animals) days and in group III within 2 (7 animals) to 3 (1 animal) days of therapy. The blood ketones were significantly (P < 0.05) higher (ranging from 6.83 mg/dl to 9.93mg/dl) on D0 of study period in 3 groups, and these continued to increase further significantly (P < 0.05) by day 6 (15.32 ± 0.43 mg/dl) in group I. In both the treated groups the blood ketones decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by day 1. The mean blood ketone body level was nearer to the level of healthy control in group II (2.80 ± 0.16) and was even at a lesser level in group III (1.64 ± 0.1 mg/dl) by day 6. The blood ketones in group III were at a significantly (P < 0.05) lower level than in group II during study period. Hypoglycemia (ranging from 44.10 ± 1.77 to 46.90 ± 0.71 mg/dl) observed in all the 3 groups on Day 0 increased significantly (P < 0.05) in group I (35.57 ± 1.12mg/dl by day 6). In both the treated groups the serum glucose level continued to increase significantly (P < 0.05) during the study period and was at significantly higher level in group II on day 2 and 6. All the groups revealed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher serum cholesterol levels of 125.94±1.99,127.18±1.78and126.97 ±1.55mg/dl on day 0. In group I animals the mean serum cholesterol level significantly (P < 0.05) increased by day 2 (133.13 ± 1.97) and 6 (138.29 ± 2.52mg/dl) of study period. But in the animals of group II and III the serum cholesterol levels decreased steadily during the study period and reached a level of 10.68 ± 2.06mg/dl and 107.75 ± 1.20mg/dl respectively by day 6. The serum AST levels which were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in all the lactating buffaloes of three groups on day 0 increased further significantly (P < 0.05) by day 6 in group I (52.03 ± 1.36 RFU/ml) and decreased in group II (38.63 ± 1.53 RFU/ml) and III (36.81 ±1.60 RFU/ml) by day 6. The mean serum cholesterol (days 1, 2 and 6) and AST (days 2 and 6) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group III. The cost benefit analysis of treating subclinical ketosis in different groups revealed a benefit of Rs. 305.00/- and Rs. 376.25/- in groups II and III respectively for each buffaloe in the short term of one month by treating subclinical ketosis by taking into account the benefit of increased milk yield and cost of diagnostic tests, diagnostic strips, doctor's visiting fee and the treatment cost. It was concluded that the incidence of subclinical ketosis in buffaloes was insignificantly higher in unorganised local herds and a combination therapy of Glucose + Triamcinolone and fructose, both are highly effective in subclinical ketotic buffaloes, as all the animals recovered in both the groups. However, comparative therapeutic efficacy revealed that fructose was more efficacious based on early significant increase of milk yield, early disappearance of ketone bodies from urine deep decline in the blood ketones and higher net benefit value (cost benefit analysis).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON ANEMIA IN CALVES
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2003-10) KANTHI KIRAN, GIRADA; NALINI KUMARI, K; ALAHA SINGARI, N; VENUGOPAL NAIDU, K
    ABSTRACT : In the present study, an investigation was carried out on the incidence of anemia in the calves of white cattle for which blood samples collected from 105 calves (from those presented at different veterinary hospitals and of the calves from organized dairy farms) were processed for haemoglobin and packed cell volume after carrying out thorough clinical examination of the calves. All those animals showing haemoglobin of less than 8 g/dl and PCV of less than 25 per cent were considered as frankly anemic. Out of the 105 calves, 26 were found to be anemic with an incidence of 24.67%. The incidence of anemia was found to be highest in 0-4 months calves (30%) followed by 4-8 (27.91%) and 8-12 months (15.63%), while the incidence was 22.73, 25 and 25.64 per cent in HF cross, Jersey cross and non-descriptive breeds of calves respectively. Coccidiosis, tick infestation, a diet of milk and certain obscure factors were found to be the causes of anemia in 53.85%, 30.77%, 7% and 7% of cases respectively. Anemic calves after being treated for the primary etiology of anemia were divided into three groups, each consisting of 6 animals for studying therapeutic aspects of anemia. Calves of group I served as untreated control while that of group II and III were treated for anemia with blood transfusion and haematinics respectively. In these animals clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters were assessed before and at regular intervals up to 20 days after initiation of therapy. Another 6 apparently healthy calves free of any detectable ailment served as healthy control. The calves of healthy control group were subjected to clinical and haematobiochemical tests once. The clinical symptoms observed in anemic calves were dullness, depression, moderate anorexia and slightly pale conjunctival mucous membranes. In calves of group I there was only slight improvement in the appetite and general activity, while considerable improvement was observed by day one in blood transfusion group and by day one of completion of hematinic therapy in group III. The conjunctival mucous membrane turned pink by day ten, one and five in the groups I, II and III respectively. There was no significant change in body temperature of group I calves while a significant decrease was observed in groups II and III. The mean pulse and respiratory rates which were found to be high in all three groups during anemia significantly decreased during the period of study. The decrease in these rates in the hemainic group was more. The mean haemoglobin, PCV, TEC, MCV and MCH were found to be significantly (P < 0.01) low during anemia. In calves of group I though all these parameters were found to have increased significantly (P < 0.01), the per cent increase was considerably low when compared with treated groups. All these hematological parameters showed a significant (P < 0.01) increase by day I in both the treated groups of II and III. However, in group II calves, the values started declining after day 3 to day 20, where as in group III calves there was a gradual and sustained increase till the end of the study period. The mean plasma glucose, total protein albumin and serum iron which were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased during anemia showed a significant (P < 0.01) increase in all the groups during study period. And the per cent increase of mean serum iron by the end of the study was highest in hematinic group. Blood transfusion proved to be expensive, requiring technical expertise and in the calves treated with transfusion TEC and plasma albumin reached the healthy control values. In hematinic group hematology and plasma iron reached the levels of healthy control and this form of therapy was worked out to be cheaper without a need for technical skill. It was noticed that elimination of primary etiology of anemia alone could not bring about desirable response, in the calves thus necessitating therapy for anemia. Based on the above results it is concluded that anemia in calves was commonly associated with internal and external parasitism and hematinic therapy can be undertaken when the haemoglobin is around 7g/dl for bringing about an adequate and persistant clinical and hematobiochemical response. As blood transfusion brought about immediate clinical and hemato-biochemical improvement (though hematological improvement was transient), it may be more useful in critical anemia with a much less haemoglobin though expensive.