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Subject: Veterinary Medicine × End date: 2012 × Start date: 2012 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC ASPECTS OF CERTAIN COMMON DERMATOSES IN DOGS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANINE ATOPIC DERMATITIS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-12) JYOTHI, JATAVATH; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Nagaraj, P; Chandrashekhar Reddy, K; Madhava Rao, T
    ABSTRACT : The present study was carried out in a total of 214 dogs that were presented with the history and signs of skin and coat abnormalities. These cases when subjected to thorough clinical examination and skin samples analysis, mange, atopy, malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, pyoderma, dermatophytosis and mixed infection associated dermatoses was recorded in 23.83 per cent, 21.50 per cent, 15.89 per cent, 12.62 per cent, 10.75 per cent, 8.41 per cent and 7.00 per cent dogs, respectively. The breed wise prevalence of mange was highest in GSD and lowest in Saint Bernard and that of canine atopic dermatitis was the highest in Dalmatian and lowest in Pug. Similarly, GSD and Doberman and Golden retriever; Labrador and Cocker spaniel, Golden retriever and Daschund; Spitz and Mongrel; GSD and Spitz and Doberman; GSD and Golden retriever were recorded as highest and lowest prevalence for malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, pyoderma, dermatophytosis and mixed infestation, respectively. Dermatoses associated with mange, atopic dermatitis, malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, Pyoderma, Dermatophytosis and mixed infestation were 31.37 per cent, 52.17 per cent, 26.47 per cent, 29.62 per cent, 39.13 per cent, 50.00 per cent and 46.67 per cent, respectively among the dogs between 1-3 years. Whereas, the prevalence of the same among 3-7 years and above 7 years were 52.94 and 15.68, 26.09 and 21.74, 44.12 and 29.41, 33.33 and 37.03, 21.74 and 39.13, 27.78 and 22.22 and 33.33 and 20.00 per cent, respectively. The prevalence of dermatoses in relation to gender of affected dogs revealed a highest rate in males (mange, pyoderma, dermatophytosis) in contrast to females (malasseziosis, atopic dermatitis, hypothyroidism and mixed infestation). All the cases included in the present study that were suspected for certain common dermatoses revealed similar manifestations such as pruritus, alopecia, erythema, papules, pustules, excoriations, scabs, crusts, scales and change in pigmentation. Few were also presented with rat tail appearance (hypothyroidism), urticaria, severe erythema of face, interdigits, otitis externa (atopy), greasy and offensive body odour (malasseziosis, pyoderma). Some of these cases were also presented with mixed ectoparasites like ticks, lice and fleas. Out of a total of 214 dermatoses dogs, 51 cases revealed positive for mites particularly Sarcoptes scabiei and Demodex canis. Tape impressions revealed blue colored footprint shaped yeast organisms that confirmed the diagnosis for malasseziosis. Ringworm infection suspected sample revealed positive for Trichophyton spp and Microsporum spp. Glass impression smears that were stained with gram’s stain were found positive for Staphylococcus spp thus, confirming pyoderma. Few of the cases suspected for fungal dermatosis showed a fluorescent apple green coloured areas where the lesions were present confirming Microsporum spp. Whereas, 27/214 dogs revealed significantly (P<0.05) elevated levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides along with low thyroid profile, thus confirming the hypothyroid associated dermatosis. Following intradermal injection of various allergens, 38 dogs were found sensitive for cockroach male, followed by Parthenium, cockroach female, common dust, Aspergillus fumigatus, dust mites and Trichoderma, respectively which was manifested as an erythematous swelling similar to a bee sting with a sharp ridge at the peripheral margin within 15 minutes. The severity was recorded as +, ++, +++ and ++++ if the area was within 3 cm, 3-4 cm, 4-4.5 cm and more than 4.5cm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex canis, Malassezia pachydermatis and Trichophyton spp. Based on intra dermal allergic skin test, dogs of various breed, age and sex that were presented with erythema, pruritus and alopecia and diagnosed for canine atopic dermatitis were proportionately divided into 3 groups such as Group I, II and III with 15 in each and subjected for therapeutic trail. All the 15 dogs of Group I showed clinical improvement from day 7 with complete clinical recovery within 20 days of treatment. and the same among GII dogs started from day 10 with complete recovery among all the affected cases by day 30. Whereas, clinical improvement among group III dogs was gradual and slow from day 15 with complete clinical recovery by the end of therapeutic period (day 30) among only 11 cases. Among all the dogs of Group I, following therapy with topical tacrolimus spray twice daily, apart from clinical improvement from day 7, a significant improvement in hypersensitive reaction towards all the allergens was also noticed on day 10. Similarly among group II cases that received oral tacrolimus, twice daily, along with clinical improvement from day 7, a non significant improvement in hypersensitive reaction against intra dermal allergic skin test was noticed on day 10. However, a significantly (P<0.05) decreased hypersensitive zone was recorded on day 20. Whereas, improvement in group III cases was non-significant on day 20 but significantly different on day 30. However, there was a significant difference (P< 0.05) with respect to these parameters between group I, group II and III dogs, respectively.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN DOGS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-01) ABHISHEK KALUNDIA; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Tirumala Rao, D.S; Chandrashekhar, E.L
    ABSTRACT: The prevalence of chronic gastritis in dogs that was associated with drug induced, dietary cause/food allergy, bacterial, systemic causes, foreign body and due to anatomical defect was recorded as 14.92, 14.92, 16.42, 17.91, 12.69, 12.69 and 10.45 per cent, respectively. Prevalence of chronic gastritis of various causes mentioned above, in relation to breed, was recorded highest among German shepherds and Labradors respectively, and lowest in Daschunds, Cocker spaniels, Spitz, Golden retrievers, Mongrels and Dobermans respectively. With respect to age, highest prevalence was recorded in dogs aged between 1-7 years (drug induced, bacterial, foreign body and anatomical anomalies), following upto 1yr (parasitic, food allergy, foreign body and anatomical defect) compared to the chronic gastritis in dogs under 12 months (drug induced and systemic causes). The prevalence of chronic gastritis in relation to gender of affected dogs revealed a highest rate in males in contrast to females. Except in bacterial gastritis, temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of vomiting dogs of various etiology remained in normal range. Dehydration, vomiting with mucous, fresh blood, partially digested blood, blood clots, coffee colored, bile, undigested food were the significant clinical manifestations. Whereas, icterus and pruritus was recorded in systemic disease and dietary indiscretion associated chronic gastritis in dogs. Significantly decreased TEC, Hb, with elevated PCV and TLC was common hematological abnormalities among all the chronic gastritis affected dogs. Except neutrophilia and monocytosis among bacterial gastritis in dogs, no difference was noticed with other dogs. Similarly, elevated levels of ALT and ALP with decreased TP and albumin were recorded among the vomiting dogs of both the subgroups of groups II, III and IV. Further, hyponatremia, hypokalemia and hypochloremia were the common electrolyte abnormalities in all the gastritis affected dogs. Megaesophagus, lower esophageal stricture / stenosis, foreign body obstruction and esophageal diverticulum were the significant radiographic abnormalities. A thickened gastric wall, thickened rugal folds, and loss or decreased definition of the normal gastric wall layers were identified ultrasonographically in dogs with chronic gastritis. Reddening, roughening, petechiation, haemorrhage, perforations, increased granularity or friability, constrictions, erosions, ulcers and mass lesions and rugal and mucosal thickening or hypertrophy along the mucus lining of cardiac, fundus and pylorus were significant endoscopic abnormalities. Culture studies of biopsy samples from stomach revealed negative result but the same sample on rapid urease test revealed positive results for Helicobacter spp. Histopathologically, eosinophilic, lymphoplasmacytic (lymphocyte and plasma cell dominated), ulceration, granulomatous (macrophage dominated), pyogranulomatous (neutrophils and macrophages), fibrosis were specific findings. Following therapy for 5 days with respective regimens, the specific signs, hematological, biochemical and other findings improved significantly among both the subgroup dogs of the group I(drug induged gastritis), II( dietary induced gastritis), III (helicobacter associated) and IV (gastritis due to other systemic causes) dogs that were treated for varied etiology. However, relatively faster clinical recovery and early improvement with respect to various hemato-biochemical parameters were observed among the sub group ‘b’ dogs of I, II, III and IV group dogs. However, with respect to various endoscopic abnormalities like ulcerations, erosions, hypertrophic, thick gastric mucosa that were noticed in chronic gastritis affected dogs before the onset of therapy did not showed complete recovery (except clinical improvement) by the end of day 5 except healing and absence of ulcers and erosions (fig. 69 to 70). Whereas, Helicobactor associated gastritis in dogs that were found positive for rapid urease test also showed clinical improvement by absence of vomiting and normal appetite by day 5. However, complete recovery without presence of the specific bacteria was only noticed after two weeks.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICO – BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON COLIBACILLOSIS IN BUFFALO CALVES
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2012-06) PRAFUL CHAND, K; Syaama Sundar, N(MAJOR); Suresh, K; Sreenu, MAKKENA; Subramanyam, K.V
    ABSTRACT: The prevalence of colibacillosis was 37.91 while it was 40.00, 44.27 and 27.60 per cent at Campus Hospital, Veterinary Dispensaries and organized dairy farms respectively. The prevalence percentage of colibacillosis out of total diarrhoeic calves screened was 21.57, 13.07, 2.61 and 1.88 in age groups of upto 3 days, 4-7 days, 8-14 days and 15-30 days respectively. A highly significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in the prevalence of colibacillosis between the different age groups. The prevalence was higher in calves which were deficient in floor space, deprived of colostrum and male calves. Out of the 153 diarrhoeic calves screened, E. coli alone was isolated from 28.10 % calves. E. coli as mixed bacterial infection (9.8%); endoparasites (21.57%); parasites in combination with bacteria (24.18%) and unknown etiology of diarrhoea (16.33%) were the other causes. The antibacterial drug sensitivity test by disc-diffusion method revealed that more number of isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone (86.67%) followed by ofloxacin (73.33%), gentamicin (70.00%), enrofloxacin (63.33%) and chloramphenicol (56.67%). There was a significant increase (P<0.01) in temperature, pulse, respiration in colibacillosis calves. The mean hemoglobin (gm/dL) value in apparently healthy calves was recorded to be 11.21±0.19 while the same in diarrhoeic calves was 13.26±0.21, 13.47±0.10 and 13.38±0.16 gm/dL in Group I, II and III respectively. The mean PCV (%) in healthy calves was 33.00±0.66 and the same in colibacillosis calves of Group I, II and III was recorded as 41.40±0.70, 40.80±0.64 and 42.00±0.69% respectively. There was significantly high level of hemoglobin and PCV in all the groups and the values returned to normal levels in a period of 5 days after therapy. The mean serum glucose (mg/dL) in healthy calves was 73.13±1.81 while the same was 43.33±1.38, 42.40±1.18 and 40.06±1.32 mg/dL in Group I, Group II and Group III colibacillosis calves respectively. The mean total protein (gm/dL) value in normal healthy calves was 7.15±0.09 and the corresponding values in Group I, Group II and Group III colibacillosis calves were 9.03±0.16, 9.21±0.22 and 9.66±0.14 (gm/dL) respectively. A significantly higher pre treatment level of serum protein (gm/dL) was noted in all the buffalo calves and declined to normal levels close to healthy control in a period of 5 days following therapy. The colibacillosis calves were randomly divided into three groups and therapeutic trails were undertaken. On the whole in Group I out of 15 affected calves clinical recovery was noticed in 9 (60.00%) calves in a period of 4-5 days. Two calves of Group I (13.33%) died. In Group II, 12 (80.00%) calves showed clinical recovery with a mortality rate of 6.67% (1 calf) and the duration of time for recovery being 3-4 days. In Group III all the 15 calves recovered with 100% efficacy within 2-3 days and no mortality was recorded in this group. A significant (P<0.05) difference was noticed among 3 treatment groups with regard to recovery rate. Ceftriaxone treated (Group III) calves recovered in shortest period (2-3 days) while, ofloxacin treated (Group II) calves took 3-4 days for recovery and gentamicin treated (Group I) calves showed recovery after 4-5 days with 100, 80 and 60% recovery rates. On the basis of the present study it may be inferred that early initiation of therapy with the most sensitive antibiotic like ceftriaxone in combination with oral rehydration solution, activated charcoal and kaolin pectin suspension will result in quick and prompt recovery with reduction in morbidity and mortality in colibacillosis affected buffalo calves.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICO – BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON COLIBACILLOSIS IN BUFFALO CALVES
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2012-06) PRAFUL CHAND, K; Syaama Sundar, N; Suresh, K; Sreenu, Makkena
    ABSTRACT : The prevalence of colibacillosis was 37.91 while it was 40.00, 44.27 and 27.60 per cent at Campus Hospital, Veterinary Dispensaries and organized dairy farms respectively. The prevalence percentage of colibacillosis out of total diarrhoeic calves screened was 21.57, 13.07, 2.61 and 1.88 in age groups of upto 3 days, 4-7 days, 8-14 days and 15-30 days respectively. A highly significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in the prevalence of colibacillosis between the different age groups. The prevalence was higher in calves which were deficient in floor space, deprived of colostrum and male calves. Out of the 153 diarrhoeic calves screened, E. coli alone was isolated from 28.10 % calves. E. coli as mixed bacterial infection (9.8%); endoparasites (21.57%); parasites in combination with bacteria (24.18%) and unknown etiology of diarrhoea (16.33%) were the other causes. The antibacterial drug sensitivity test by disc-diffusion method revealed that more number of isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone (86.67%) followed by ofloxacin (73.33%), gentamicin (70.00%), enrofloxacin (63.33%) and chloramphenicol (56.67%). There was a significant increase (P<0.01) in temperature, pulse, respiration in colibacillosis calves. The mean hemoglobin (gm/dL) value in apparently healthy calves was recorded to be 11.21±0.19 while the same in diarrhoeic calves was 13.26±0.21, 13.47±0.10 and 13.38±0.16 gm/dL in Group I, II and III respectively. The mean PCV (%) in healthy calves was 33.00±0.66 and the same in colibacillosis calves of Group I, II and III was recorded as 41.40±0.70, 40.80±0.64 and 42.00±0.69% respectively. There was significantly high level of hemoglobin and PCV in all the groups and the values returned to normal levels in a period of 5 days after therapy. The mean serum glucose (mg/dL) in healthy calves was 73.13±1.81 while the same was 43.33±1.38, 42.40±1.18 and 40.06±1.32 mg/dL in Group I, Group II and Group III colibacillosis calves respectively. The mean total protein (gm/dL) value in normal healthy calves was 7.15±0.09 and the corresponding values in Group I, Group II and Group III colibacillosis calves were 9.03±0.16, 9.21±0.22 and 9.66±0.14 (gm/dL) respectively. A significantly higher pre treatment level of serum protein (gm/dL) was noted in all the buffalo calves and declined to normal levels close to healthy control in a period of 5 days following therapy. The colibacillosis calves were randomly divided into three groups and therapeutic trails were undertaken. On the whole in Group I out of 15 affected calves clinical recovery was noticed in 9 (60.00%) calves in a period of 4-5 days. Two calves of Group I (13.33%) died. In Group II, 12 (80.00%) calves showed clinical recovery with a mortality rate of 6.67% (1 calf) and the duration of time for recovery being 3-4 days. In Group III all the 15 calves recovered with 100% efficacy within 2-3 days and no mortality was recorded in this group. A significant (P<0.05) difference was noticed among 3 treatment groups with regard to recovery rate. Ceftriaxone treated (Group III) calves recovered in shortest period (2-3 days) while, ofloxacin treated (Group II) calves took 3-4 days for recovery and gentamicin treated (Group I) calves showed recovery after 4-5 days with 100, 80 and 60% recovery rates. On the basis of the present study it may be inferred that early initiation of therapy with the most sensitive antibiotic like ceftriaxone in combination with oral rehydration solution, activated charcoal and kaolin pectin suspension will result in quick and prompt recovery with reduction in morbidity and mortality in colibacillosis affected buffalo calves.