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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CANINE MALASSEZIAL INFECTIONS AND ITS THERAPY(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-10) VENKATRAMAIAH, A; NALINI KUMARI, K(MAJOR); ALAHA SINGARI, N; Venkata Reddy, TABSTRACT : The incidence of Malassezial infections in three veterinary hospitals in Andhra Pradesh was studied during a total period of seven months. An over all incidence rates of 80.82% of Malassezia associated otitis and 7.14% of Malassezia dermatitis were recorded during the study period. The incidence of Malassezia associated otitis was 83% in Tirupati, 82% in Kakinada and 60% in Vijayawada. The incidence of Malassezia dermatitis was 11.90% in Tirupati and 10.45% in Kakinada and there was significant difference (P<0.01) between the incidence of Malassezia associated otitis and dermatitis. It was observed that Malassezial infection in the form of otitis was more common than in the form of dermatitis. Age wise incidence of Malasseziosis revealed that dogs upto twenty four months age group were more prone to Malassezia associated otitis and dermatitis. Sex wise analysis revealed that gender has got no significant influence on the incidence of Malassezial infections. Breeds of Dachshund, Labrador, Lhasa Apso, German shepherd and Pomeranians were more prone to Malassezial infections. Symptoms such as ear discharges of purulent or waxy nature, bad odour, head shaking, ear scratching, pain on palpation of ear, matting of hair intruding the ear canal and hair present at the base of the pinna and scales on the pinna were seen in Malassezia associated otitis. Alopecia, pruritus and erythema over ventral abdomen, neck, medial aspects of fore legs and mandibular region, poor hair coat, lichenification of ear were seen in Malassezia dermatitis. Roll smear cytology was made use of in the diagnosis of Malassezia associated otitis while tape impression smear for Malassezia dermatitis. In cases selected for therapy, Malassezia were seen in association with bacteria and neutrophils in eight cases and with only bacteria in eight more cases. Tape impression smears from dermatological cases revealed only Malassezia yeasts. Antifungal and antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried to all the otitis cases selected for therapy as bacteria was observed in all these cases along with the yeast organisms. Only antifungal sensitivity test was conducted in dermatological cases as only yeast but not bacteria could be found in tape impression smears. All the samples from Malassezia associated otitis were sensitive to Ketoconazole, Fluconazole, Miconazole, Itraconazole, Clotrimazole, Amphotericin-B and Nystatin. All samples (100%) from dermatological cases were sensitive to Ketoconazole and Clotrimazole, 75% were sensitive to Fluconazole, Itraconazole and Nystatin and 62.50% to Amphotericin-B. Antibiotic sensitivity test results of otitis cases revealed that all the samples were sensitive to Enrofloxacin, 88% showed sensitivity to Ciprofloxin and Gentamicin, 75% to Cephalexin and Cephadroxil, 69% to Chloramphenicol and 62.5% to Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid. Dogs with Malassezia associated otitis were divided into two groups (I and II) with eight cases in each of them. Similarly, eight cases of Malassezia dermatitis (Group III) were treated separately. Therapy of Malassezia associated otitis was carried with Clotrimazole ear drops, Ketoconazole shampoo bath and oral Enrofloxacin in group I and Clotrimazole ear drops, Selenium sulfide shampoo bath and oral Enrofloxacin in Group II. Dogs with Malassezia dermatitis were subjected to Miconazole shampoo therapy and in one case with lichenification, oral Ketoconazole was given besides Miconazole shampoo bath. It was observed that cases treated with Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole and Enrofloxacin recovered comparatively faster. Treatment with Miconazole shampoo was found to be successful in seven cases with mild symptoms of Malassezia dermatitis. However, one case with lichenification of ears responded well only after oral Ketoconazole therapy. It is concluded that Clotrimazole ear drops in combination with Ketoconazole was comparatively more efficacious in the treatment of Malassezia associated otitis. Mild cases of Malassezia dermatitis could be treated with Miconazole shampoo therapy.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL -BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON POST-PARTURIENT ANOREXIASYNDROME IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-08) MANIKYA REDDY, P; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); PADMAJA, K; SADASIVARAO, KThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL AFLATOXICOSIS WITH REFERENCE TO EPIZOOTIOLOGY, CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC FEATURES IN FINISHER SWINE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1980) DHANVANTARI, D; NARAYANA RAO, P.L(MAJOR); KRISHNA SWAMY, S; SUBBA RAO, NThesisItem Open Access EPlZOOTIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CALF MORTALITY AMONG CROSSBREDS AND BUFFALOES IN CERTAIN ORGANISED FARMS IN PARTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1980) NARAYANA RAO, PlNISETTl; NARAYANA RAO, P.L(MAJOR); KRISHNA SWAMY, K; SUBBA RAO, NThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF VOMITING IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-11) VIJAYA LAKSHMI, M; Tirumala Rao, D.S(MAJOR); Satish Kumar, K; Narasimha Reddy, YABSTRACT : The present study was under taken to investigate the prevalence, clinical findings, haemato biochemical parameters, endoscopic appearance, therapy and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs in dogs with vomiting. A total of 125 dogs screened, 50 were selected for the present study and subjected to detailed physical, clinical and laboratory investigation. Vomiting was mostly observed in Pomeranian breed and the prevalence was higher in male pups of 0 – 6 months of age. Dietary abnormalities were found to be the causative for vomiting in majority (40%) cases followed by renal failure (22), hepatic disorder (18), haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (16), parasitic infestation (2) and foreign bodies (2), respectively. TEC, PCV and DLC values were decreased in vomiting dogs. There is no significant difference in DLC findings in dogs with vomiting. All the affected dogs showed increase in TEC, PCV and TLC but found to be decreased significantly following therapy. Hb was decreased in vomiting dogs but increased significantly following therapy. Among biochemical parameters, serum ALT and creatinine found to be normal but decrease in serum Glucose, Sodium, Potassium and increase in serum Total Protein, Albumin, BUN were noticed. After therapy a significant improvement was noticed. The therapeutic efficacy, based on response to treatment, was observed to be comparatively higher in Group II (100 %) than Group I (60 %) on day 4 of therapy. Based on faster resolution of vomiting and improvement in the haemato biochemical parameters after treatment with Inj. Ringers Lactate solution 500 ml, I/V twice in a day for 3 days and Inj. Ondensetron @ 1mg / kg body weight I/V for 3 consecutive days was found to be superior when compared to Inj. Metoclopramide in controlling vomiting.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF DIARRHOEA IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-11) VASANTHA KUMARI, P; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Tirumala Rao, D.S; Narasimha Reddy, YABSTRACT : Based on the results obtained from faecal sample analysis (microscopic, cultural and immune chromatographic assays) of the 185 diarrhoeic dogs, they were classified as suffering with parasitic, bacterial, viral and dietary etiology. The prevalence of diarrhoea due to parasitic, bacterial, viral and dietary causes was recorded as 35.14%, 21.08%, 10.81% and 32.97%, respectively. Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara canis, Dipyllidium caninum and mixed infestation of Ancylostoma caninum and Dipyllidium caninum were the different endoparasitic ova and E.coli spp., Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella spp., were the different bacteria detected on the fecal sample analysis. On immuno chromatographic one step detection of parvo viral antigen test, 39 samples revealed positive for parvo viral enteritis giving prevalence of 21.08%. The prevalence of diarrhoea due to various etiology was highest in German shepherd and least in Great Dane (parasitic), Pomeranian (bacterial), Dachshund (viral) and Spitz (dietary). The prevalence was highest in pups between 0-6 months (parasitic and viral), 6 months - 4 years (bacterial and dietary). Males of various breed were at highest risk compared to females. Dehydration, yellowish foul smell faeces, inappetance, tarry coloured foul smelling faeces were the common manifestations of parasitic diarrhoea in dogs. Moderate dehydration, anorexia and blood mixed loose feaces and foul adour brownish – black feaces were noticed in dogs with infectious diarrhoea. Whereas, inappetence, mild dehydration with mucous coated faeces were recorded in dogs with dietary diarrhoea. The temperature, pulse and respiration rates were increased in infectious diarrhoea. There was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in total erythrocyte count of groups Ia, IIa and IIIa dogs on day '0' (before treatment) when compared to apparently healthy dogs. These values significantly increased (p<0.01) among all respective group dogs. Similarly there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in total erythrocyte count after treatment between groups Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb and IIIa, IIIb dogs, respectively. There was significant increase (p<0.01) in total leucocyte count of groups Ia, IIa and IIIa dogs before treatment when compared to apparently healthy. There was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in haemoglobin concentration of diarrhoeic dogs before treatment when compared to apparently healthy ones. These values significantly increased (p<0.01) among respective groups following therapy. There was a significant increase (p<0.01) in PCV count of group Ia, Ib; IIa, IIb; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb dogs before treatment when compared to apparently healthy. These values significantly decreased (p<0.01) among respective groups following therapy. Similarly, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) in PCV after treatment between group Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb. Neutrophils were significantly (p<0.01) increased in dogs of group Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb and IVa, IVb and decreased in IIIa, IIIb; Lymphocytes were significantly (p<0.01) decreased in group Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb and increased in IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb; Eosinophils were significantly (p<0.01) increased in dogs of groups Ia, Ib; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, and decreased in group IIa, IIb and IVb and the Monocytes were significantly (p<0.01) increased in group Ia, Ib; IIIa, IIIb and subsequently decreased in groups IIa, IIb and IVa, IVb dogs on day 0. Similarly, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) in Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils and Monocytes after treatment between groups Ia, Ib; IIa, IIb; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb. There was a significant (p<0.01) decrease in serum sodium, potassium, total proteins and albumin levels in all these groups before treatment when compared to apparently healthy. These values significantly increased (p<0.01) among all the groups following therapy. Similarly, there was a significant difference in these parameters after treatment between groups Ia, Ib; IIa, IIb; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb. Group Ia dogs which received broad spectrum anthelmintic drug, Tab. Eazypet (Praziquantel 50mg, Pyrantel pamoate 144mg and Fenbebdazole 500mg) @ 1 tab/10kg body weight, single dose orally, showed slow and sustained improvement. Nine out of ten dogs of this group showed optimal clinical improvement and changes in haematobiochemical parameters by day 4 and one dog recovered beyond the therapeutic period (day 6). Where as, the group Ib dogs, that were supplemented with parenteral fluid (Ringers Lactate, I/V, once a day for 3 days), along with anthelmintic drug, showed marked improvement by day 4. Seven out of ten dogs belonging to group IIa, that were treated with Inj Petromax (Amoxicillin Sodium – 200mg, Sulbactam Sodium -100mg) @ 10mg/kg body weight I/M once a day for 3 days improved clinically. Whereas, all the ten dogs of group IIb that received fluid therapy in addition to the drug received by group IIa dogs, showed marked improvement by day 3. Out of ten dogs of group IIIa that received Inj. Amikacin (Amikacin 250mg) @ 10mg/kg body weight I/M once a day for 3 days. Diarrhoea was noticed till day 2 (2 dogs) and 3 (4 dogs) with inappetance for 2 days (6 dogs). Whereas, all the ten dogs of group IIIb showed faster recovery from day 2 and complete clinical recovery following three days therapeutic trial. All the dogs that received additional fluid therapy in addition to tab. Petpro (Microbial Culture (9strains), total viable count @ 2×109 CFU excipient.qs) recovered fully when compared to seven out of ten dogs belonging to group IVa that were given only petpro. Hence, it may be concluded from the present results that dogs belonging to Groups Ib, IIb, IIIb and IVb, that had received fluid supplementation in addition to the specific drugs showed faster and marked improvement with respect to clinical signs and haemato biochemical parameters when compared to those dogs of the Groups Ia, IIa, IIIa and IVa received only specific drugs.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-08) SRIKALA, D; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Tirumala Rao, D.S; Sadasiva Rao, KABSTRACT : Out of a total 10,172 dogs presented to the small animal medical ward of Veterinary Hospital, Bhoiguda, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 47 were found hypothyroid. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism in dogs was 0.46 per cent and it was 30.92 per cent among dogs exhibiting clinical manifestations suggestive of impaired thyroid function. The highest prevalence was recorded in Labrador Retriever (25.53 per cent) aged between 5-10 yrs (61.70 per cent) and spayed females (40.43 per cent) and lowest in Daschund and Pug (2.13 per cent), less than 5 yrs (6.83 per cent) and uncastrated males (12.77 per cent). The common clinical manifestations were bilateral alopecia (82.98 per cent), rat tail appearance (72.34 per cent), puppy like coat (17.02 per cent), dry and lustreless coat (68.08 per cent), secondary skin disorders (76.60 per cent), exercise intolerance (78.72 per cent), dyspnoea at rest (25.53 per cent), obesity (68.08 per cent), lethargy in (74.47 per cent), corneal lipidosis (10.64 per cent), goitre and lameness (10.64 per cent), pale mucosa (19.25 per cent), anaemia (27.6 per cent), nervous signs (25.53 per cent) and cyanosis and myxedema (8.51 per cent). The primary disorders associated with hypothyroid dogs were related to skin and coat in 76.60 per cent, and were mainly of Malassezia pachydermatis or Demodex canis or pyoderma. Further, certain systemic disorders such as cardiovascular, nervous system, diabetes mellitus, renal and musculoskeletal disorders were also recorded. Severely affected hypothyroid dogs were presenting the severe signs related to both skin and coat and reduced metabolic rate. Whereas, dogs presented with only skin and coat abnormalities were considered mild and those presented with predominant skin and coat and mild to moderate reduced metabolic rate associated signs were diagnosed as moderately affected ones. Out of 23 dogs in group I, alleviation of clinical signs occurred in 21 following 30-35 days of treatment with levothyroxine. The remaining two dogs presenting goitre, cyanosis and myxedema, severe nervous signs, pale mucosae and corneal lipidosis died after 10 and 15 days of initiation of therapy. Whereas, group II dogs treated with levothyroxine and carnitine showed clinical improvement from day 15 and complete alleviation of signs were recorded by day 30. No death was recorded in this group of dogs. All the hypothyroid dogs revealed normocytic, normochromic and non-regenerative anaemia with non-significantly different parameters except PCV. Similarly, there was hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia with elevated levels of CKMB, LDH, ALP and TSH with significantly low levels of TT4, fT4 and T3. The thyroid lobes of the affected dogs were heterogenous, had an irregular thick capsule, ill-delineated abnormal shape, smaller size and were hyper echoic compared with sternothyroid muscles on day 0. Whereas, the mean length, width, height and volume of the hypothyroid lobes were significantly decreased when compared to apparently healthy dogs. No significant difference was noticed with these findings following therapy. The mean pre treatment values of LVEdD and LVEsD of both the groups were significantly increased (p<0.01) when compared with the mean values of healthy dogs. These dimensions after therapy were found to be significantly (p<0.05) different from the findings recorded prior to the treatment. The other dimensions viz., LVPWd, LVPWs, IVSd, IVSs, and EPSS of group I and II, were also different significantly (p<0.05) from that of healthy dogs. Following therapy (on day 45) there was a non-significant difference in these values. With respect to ejection fraction and fractional shortening, a significantly low (p<0.01) levels were noticed in all the hypothyroid dogs. However, a significant (P<0.05) increase was recorded in these values on day 45 post therapy. Whereas, no specific difference in severity and intensity of turbulence and mosaic pattern of colour flow was noticed on pulse wave and colour flow Doppler of mitral valve in all the dogs before and after treatment. There was no significant difference in various haematological parameters such as TEC, Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC between the groups I and II. A significant difference was noticed in the values of CKMB and LDH (P<0.01) and cholesterol, triglycerides, total thyroxine, free thyroxine, triodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone (P<0.05) of group II dogs on day 45 after treatment as compared with group I. Whereas, no significant difference was noticed with the values of ALT and ALP in between the groups on day 45. The different abnormalities associated with thyroid gland morphology and texture that revealed during thyroid lobe ultrasonography such as irregular thick capsule, ill delineated, abnormal shape, smaller size, echogenic difference and thyroid lobe volume were not significantly different between theThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON POSTPARTURIENT INDIGESTION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HEPATIC DISORDERS AND PRODUCTION DISEASES IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-06) PADMAJA, K; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); AMEER HAMZA, P; SADASIVA RAO, K; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present investigation on Postparturient Indigestion (PPI) was undertaken to study the incidence, clinical and biochemical findings, therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs and to evolve a suitable comprehensive therapeutic and prophylactic measures for prevention of PPI in buffaloes associated with hepatic disorders and production diseases. Out of 320 recently calved (zero to two months after calving) buffaloes with the history of reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield presented at Ambulatory Clinic, Mylardevpally, Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar and a few peri urban dairy farms located in and around Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 90 (28.13%) buffaloes were found suffering with PPI. On detailed clinical examination and urine analysis of cases of PPI, it was observed that 43 (47.78%) buffaloes had hepatic insufficiency, 27 (30 %) had production diseases and 20 (22.22 %) had PPI alone. Out of 43 buffaloes of hepatic insufficiency, 23 (25.56 %) had hepatic insufficiency alone, 20 (22.22 %) had hepatic insufficiency and production diseases, 10 (11.11 %) had hepatic insufficiency with sub clinical hypocalcaemia and 10 (11.11 %) had hepatic disorders with sub clinical ketosis. Out of 27 buffaloes with incidence of PPI in relation to production diseases, 14 (15.56 %) had sub clinical hypocalcaemia and 13 (14.44 %) had sub clinical ketosis. Based on the urine analysis, 90 PPI animals were divided into five groups IIa, IIb, III, IV and V. These five groups were subdivided into two each viz., IIa1, IIa2, IIb1, IIb2, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Va and Vb for conducting therapeutic trials. Ten apparently healthy postparturient buffaloes (Group I) were subjected to clinical observations and biochemical investigations, and they served as healthy control group. The most common and consistent symptom observed in buffaloes suffering with PPI was reduction in feed intake and decreased milk yield. Scanty dung was observed in few cases. Milk samples of all the 90 cases of PPI were found negative for ketones before and after treatment. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of PPI animals before and after treatment, which indicated that PPI had no significant effect on the above parameters. All the animals during the treatment regained the appetite and milk yield was increased. Ruminal motility was increased significantly (P<0.01). Urine analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. The buffaloes with PPI were administered different therapeutic regimens. Animals belonging to group IIa were low in urinary calcium and hence, 450 ml of Calboral i/v and 300 g of Calup gel P.O was administered for two days in groups IIa1 and IIa2, respectively. Significant improvement was observed in both the groups. Based on the ANOVA results and comparative means, the treatment of group IIa2 was more effective. The group IIb animals were found positive for urinary ketones hence, Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v was administered for two days. In addition, Laurabolin 100 mg i/m single dose and Ketonex boli 4 per day P.O for three days was given to groups IIb1 and IIb2, respectively. The mean serum glucose and calcium levels increased significantly at 1% (P<0.01) and 5 % (P<0.05), in groups IIb1 and IIb2, respectively. However, the mean serum GGT and total bilirubin levels decreased significantly (P<0.01) in group IIb2. Though there was an improvement in both the groups, the comparative means of serum glucose of healthy, group IIb1 and IIb2 revealed that the treatment given to group IIb2 was more effective. Group III animals were positive for urinary bile pigments. Hence, Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v was administered for one day. In addition, Livadex forte 10 ml i/m and Toxol 10 ml i/m for three days was given in groups IIIa and IIIb, respectively. The mean serum glucose and total protein levels were increased significantly (P<0.01) in group IIIa animals. There was a significant (P<0.01) decrease in serum AST values, in groups IIIa and IIIb, whereas the mean GGT values decreased significantly (P<0.01) in group IIIb animals. The comparative means of serum AST and GGT of healthy, group IIIa and IIIb revealed that the efficacy of both the treatments was same. Animals belonging to group IV were positive for urinary bile pigments. In addition, IVa was low in calcium, IVb was positive for ketone bodies in urine. The animals of IVa were administered Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v, Tribivet 10 ml i/m for three days and 300 g of Calup gel P.O for two days. Group IVb animals were administered Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v for three days, Laurabolin 100 mg i/m single dose and 2 boli of Zigbo P.O. for five days. The mean serum glucose, total protein, albumin and calcium increased significantly (P<0.01) in group IVa animals, whereas the mean serum AST, GGT and total bilirubin decreased significantly (P<0.01). In group IVb animals, the mean total protein, albumin, calcium and phosphorous levels increased significantly (P<0.01), whereas the mean serum AST, GGT and cholesterol levels decreased significantly (P<0.01). Both the treatments were equally effective since the levels of serum AST and GGT were significantly (P<0.01) decreased after therapy. 73 Group V animals were normal in terms of urine analysis. However, rumen liquor analysis revealed alkaline indigestion with mean pH of 8.00±0.00. They were administered Rintose 0.50 g per kg b wt i/v and Anistamin 10 ml i/m for one day. Besides, bolus Ecotas 2 per day P.O. for four days and bolus Rumentas 4 per day (2 boli BID) P.O. for three days were given in groups Va and Vb, respectively. The mean values of serum calcium and albumin increased significantly (P<0.01) in group Va animals. The comparative means of serum glucose and calcium of healthy, group Va and Vb revealed that the efficacy of treatment provided to group Va was more effective. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the treatment of PPI in buffaloes, hepatoprotective and liver stimulant drugs along with i/v administration of glucose, oral calcium preparation and a combination of probiotics and prebiotics are recommended. Urine analysis can be considered as a diagnostic tool for early detection of PPI in buffaloesThesisItem Open Access ADVANCED STUDIES ON DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF VOMITING IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-05) SURESH, KAMINENI; ALAHA SINGARI, N(MAJOR); NALINI KUMARI, K; SURESH KUMAR, R.V; ESWARA PRASAD, PABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to study the prevalence of vomiting, its causative factors, other associated symptoms, haemato biochemical changes, ultrasonographic findings, endoscopic appearance and efficacy of antiemetic drugs in afebrile dogs with vomiting. A total 135 (8.67%) afebrile vomiting dogs out of 1558 were selected during the study period. Vomiting was mostly observed in Pomeranian breed and the prevalence was higher in male pups below 6 months of age. Dietary abnormalities were found to be the causative factors for vomiting in majority (45.93%) cases followed by renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, parasitic infection, foreign bodies, pyometra, Diabetes ketoacidosis and tumors. Apart from vomiting anorexia, depression to lethargy, loss of weight and dehydration of varying degrees were the clinical signs evident in all dogs. In addition haematemesis and anaemia in renal failure, hepatic disorders and gastric ulcers; abdominal pain due to the presence of foreign bodies and tumors; polyuria and oliguria in renal failure; emaciation, icterus, polydipsia and ascitis in hepatic disorders; diarrhoea, melena and anaemia in parasitic infection and polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and cataract in Diabetes ketoacidosis were the other characteristic signs. High PCV, Hb and TEC counts in dietary abnormalities, foreign bodies and Diabetic ketoacidosis; increased TLC in renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, pyometra and tumors; increase in neutrophils in renal failure, hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers, pyometra and tumors and high eosinophil count in parasitic infestation and gastric ulcers were prominent in dogs with vomiting. Hyponatremia due to presence of foreign bodies and Diabetic ketoacidosis; hypokalemia and hypochloremia in all cases; increased ALT levels in hepatic disorders; hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia in hepatic disorders, gastric ulcers and tumors; high globulin levels in pyometra; hyperglycemia in Diabetic ketoacidosis and elevated BUN and creatinine levels in renal failure were the characteristic biochemical alterations noted in dogs with vomiting. Gas filled intestines with plication in gastro enteritis, prominent kidney opacity in renal failure; ground glass appearance in ascites; foreign bodies in the oesophagus, stomach and intestines; uterine distension in pyometra and intra abdominal neoplasm were the radiographic abnormalities detected in the present study. Generalized mucosal oedema along with foam and several streaks of bile tinged fluid in most cases of gastritis along with haemorrhages, erosions, large ulcers, shallow ulcers and hyperemic gastric mucosa were revealed on endoscopy. Hyperechoic cortex, loss of detail of CMJ, hyperechoic medulla and thickened urinary bladder wall in renal failure; hyperechogenecity, hepatomegaly, anechoic ascitic fluid and cholecystitis in hepatic disorders and enlargement of uterus and uterine horns in pyometra were the abnormalities recorded on ultrasonography. In the therapeutic trial conducted as a part of present study 3 (I, II and III) groups of dogs with vomiting due to dietary abnormalities and 2 (IV and V) groups with renal failure were selected with 12 dogs in each. Ringers lactate was given twice daily and Vitamin B1, B6 and B12 once in a day for all dogs. Metoclopramide (Group I), Ondansetron (Group II) and Ondansetron and potassium chloride twice daily (Group III), Metoclopramide and Amoxicillin and cloxacillin (Group IV) and Ondansetron and Amoxicillin and cloxacillin (Group V) were the drugs employed. Though there was significant improvement in all the groups, based on the faster resolution of vomiting and improvement in the haemato biochemical parameters, treatment with Ondansetron and potassium chloride was found to be superior when compared to other two combinations in vomiting due to dietary abnormalities and Ondansetron was found to be superior when compared to Metoclopramide in controlling vomiting due to renal failure.