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20101
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Subject: Veterinary Medicine × Author: LAKSHMI RANI, N × End date: 2019 × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CLINICO – DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON OTITIS IN BUFFALOES
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-11) LAKSHMI RANI, N; NALINI KUMARI, K (Maqjor); SYAAMA SUNDAR, N; SURESH KUMAR, R.V; SREENU, MAKKENA; ANAND KUMAR, P
    ABSTRACT: On screening of 2807 buffaloes presented at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Service Complex, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram during the period between January 2009 to July 2010, the incidence of otitis accounted for 4.31 per cent. Of the affected animals 62.80% exhibited unilateral otitis and 37.19% showed bilateral otitis. The incidence of otitis at Agrigold dairy farm, Keesara and Buffalo Research station, Venkata Ramannagudem was recorded as 1.61% and 3.48% respectively. Highest number of cases of otitis were observed in buffaloes of above 3 years of age group (76.86%) and in the winter season (43.80%). The main clinical signs observed in animals with otitis included aural discharge, inspissated pus, excess cerumen, inflammatory changes of pinna, head shaking, otalgia, enlarged lymph nodes, drooping, nodules on the pinna, head tilt and facial paralysis. Few affected animals showed cough, nasal discharge, elevated body temperature, drop in milk yield, emaciation, anorexia and skin lesions. The percent incidence of otitis externa and media was 95.04% and 4.96% respectively. A total of 166 ears from 121 buffaloes were screened for the presence of parasites. The etiological agents identified were parasites (70.48%), bacteria (66.27%) and yeast (62.05%). Among the parasites Railletia auris and Stephanofilaria species were identified from 12.5% and 10.00% of healthy ears. In otitis, Stephanofilaria species, Onchocerca species, Rhabditis species and Railletia auris were obtained from 32.47%, 5.98%, 5.13% and 40.17% of ears respectively. Roll swab cytology revealed the presence of Malassezia in healthy and otitic ears as 47.50% and 50.60% respectively. But in diseased ears cytology revealed Malassezial overgrowth and neutrophilia. The predominant bacteria found in healthy ears were Staphylococcus species (76.20%). Cultural examination revealed isolation of 137 isolates from otitic ears of which Staphylococcus species, Pseudomonas species and Proteus species accounted for 33.57, 26.27 and 16.79 percent respectively. Other bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (11.68%), Klebsiella species (5.84%), Micrococci species (3.65%) and Pasteurella species (2.19%). Malassezia was isolated from 47.50% of healthy ears and 59.04% of otitic ears. Whereas Candida and Aspergillus were obtained from 6.02% and 4.22% of otitic ears respectively. Otitic animals exhibited neutrophilia, eosinophilia and reduced hemoglobin levels when compared to healthy animals. The video-otoscopic findings of 28 animals included unilateral otitis (16 animals), bilateral otitis (12 animals), purulent secretions (34 ears), encrusted exudates (6 ears), ulcerations (21 ears), hyperplastic epithelium (8 ears), meatus stenosis (3 ears) mites (19 ears) and rupture of tympanic membrane in 2 ears. A molecular study of Malassezia isolated from 23 otitic ears and 5 healthy ears through PCR assay revealed M. sympodialis by yielding a product of approximately 580bp size specific for 26S r DNA gene sequence. Enrofloxacin was sensitive in 90.24% of otic samples while clotrimazole in 87.69% of samples. Therapeutic trials were undertaken based on etiology and the animals were divided into 6 groups. It was found that ivermectin (G I a) was 100% effective than closantel (G I b) in treating parasitic otitis. The percent recovery was more in G I a (100% G I a vs 44.44% G I b) with a comparatively less time taken for recovery (recovery rate of 37.5% on 7th day in G I a vs 0 % in G I b). Therapy with ivermectin and enrofloxacin along with or without meloxicam was effective in otitis with parasites and bacteria. However, comparatively better and quick recovery rate was noticed when meloxicam was included. In otitic buffaloes with parasites and yeast, ivermectin and clotrimazole (G III b) was more effective than ivermectin in combination with povidone iodine (G III a). The percent cure was more in G III b vs G III a (100% vs 81.81%) with a comparatively quick recovery (55.56%-7th day, 33.33%-14th day, 11.11%-21st day vs 36.36%-7th day, 27.28%-14th day, 18.18%-21st day). Higher recovery rate was achieved with ivermectin, enrofloxacin, meloxicam and clotrimazole (G IV b) (81.82%) in otitis due to parasite, bacteria and yeast than when povidone iodine (G IV a) was used in place of clotrimazole (66.67%). Bacterial otitis had 100% recovery upon therapy with enrofloxacin and meloxicam while the recovery rate was 83.33% and 66.67% when treated In otitis with bacteria and yeast involvement, both clotrimazole (84.62%) and povidone iodine (83.33%) were effective. It is concluded that parasitic otitis is more common especially with mite infestation. Malassezial overgrowth was also recorded in high percentage of otitic cases. Cytology was a simple, quick and informative diagnostic tool while video-otoscopy revealed more details of the ear. Malassezia sympodialis was detected by PCR studies. Ivermectin and enrofloxacin had superior efficacy in otitis due to parasites and bacteria. During Malassezial involvement though clotrimazole was relatively superior, povidone iodine also exhibited efficacy and was cheaper. Anti-inflammatory agent in the therapeutic regimens hastened the recovery rate.