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20183
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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy × End date: 2018 × Start date: 2018 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON SIZE OF THE HEART BASED ON VERTEBRAL HEART SCORE IN DOGS AT DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) SWETHA, PANDIKUNTA; KISHORE, P. V.S.(MAJOR); NAGAMALLESWARI, Y; RAGHUNATH, M
    The present study was conducted on 54 clinically healthy dogs of either sex without any cardiac and pulmonary abnormalities. Computed thoracic radiographs available from the recorded data were studied to determine the VHS values in different skull types with one breed as representative sample in each type viz. Brachycephalic (Pug), Mesaticephalic (Labrador retriever) and Dolichocephalic (German shepherd). Dogs in each breed were divided into three age groups viz. group-I (< 6 months), group-II (7-12 months) and group III (>12 months). In Pugs, the gross anatomical size of the heart increased from the age of 6 months to >12 months on left lateral, right lateral and dorsoventral views (p<0.01). There was no significant increase in the gross anatomical size of the heart on manually measured left lateral and right lateral views. Higher VHS values were observed on the right lateral projection than on left lateral projection in both CR and manual methods in all the age groups of all the three breeds. VHS values were not influenced by the age in all the three age groups. There was no significant increase in the gross anatomical size of the heart on left lateral, right lateral and dorsoventral views both by CR and manual measurement. In a comparison of CR and manual methods, the manual VHS values were higher compared to the CR values in both lateral views in Pugs and German shepherd dogs. In Labrador retrievers, the CR VHS values were higher compared to the manual values in both lateral views. There was no significant increase in the gross anatomical size of the heart among the three age groups in the Labrador retrievers and German shepherds. There was no significant variation in the gross anatomical size of the heart up to 12 months of age and at more than 12 months of age the size of the heart was increased markedly in Pugs. In all age groups, the VHS values were highest in Pugs followed by Labrador retrievers and German shepherds, indicating that the size of the heart was larger in Pugs followed by Labrador retrievers and German shepherds. There was no correlation between the body weight and the VHS values among all the three age groups in all the three breeds. In addition to the variations among the three age groups within each breed, variations among the three breeds within the same age group were also found. Group-I showed no variation in all views. Group-II showed no variation on LL, RL and DV views. Group-III showed no variation only in DV view. All haematological and serum biochemical values calculated were within the normal reference range indicating the normal health status of the dogs.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    OTOGENESIS IN THE FETUS OF SHEEP (Ovis aries)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-10) KARUNA SRI, VADDI; NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI(MAJOR); RAJU, N.K.B.; SREENU, MAKKENA; RAMANI PUSHPA, R.N.
    The present study was undertaken to elucidate the developmental changes in ear. The study was conducted on 60 embryos and fetuses of Nellore sheep between 22 to 145 gestational days. Morphogenesis revealed that five aural hillocks appeared at 23 days fused to form the pinna later. External acoustic meatus (EAM) appeared first at 24 days. Hairs were apparent on EAM by 126 days. Pinna was pendulous and elongated at 145 days. Tympanic cavity presented three tiny ossicles malleus, incus and stapes at the epitympanic region by 63 days. Rostral process of malleus and Lenticular bone were absent in sheep. The ossified part of tympanic ring appeared in semi lunar shape by 55 days. Ossification initiated in vestibule and cochlea by 70 days. Histogenesis revealed small cone shaped pinna at 24 days. Pharyngeal cleft modified into EAM by 39 days and canalized by 49 days. Epithelium of pinna was keratinized at 99 days. The meatal plug appeared first in 24 day embryos and formed primary external auditory canal (EAC) between 31 to 39 days. The ceruminous and sebaceous glands were first identified by 80 days. Middle fibrous layer of ear drum was formed at 126 days. Tympanic membrane appeared trilaminar and EAC was completely canalized by 140 days. Meckel’s and Reichert’s cartilages developed as mesenchymal condensation by 23 days. The distal part of Meckel’s cartilage modified into malleus and incus. Blastemal cells of Reichert’s cartilage modified as stapes. Tubo tympanic recess (TTR) differentiated between 24 to 27 days. Ossification initiated in malleus, incus and stapes at 63, 78 and 80 days respectively. Incudo-malleal and incudo-stapedial joints were established as diarthrodial joints by 80 and 85 days respectively. Eustachian tube lined by psedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and Meckel’s cartilage disappeared by 85 days. Ossicular ligaments were differentiated at 104 days. The tympanic cavity comprised of fully grown ossified ossicles as adult by 140 days. Otic placode of inner ear differentiated into the otocyst and acoustico-facial ganglion was formed from otocyst by 22 days. Otocyst underwent extensive modification to form semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea. Endolymphatic duct developed at 23 days. Posterior semicircular duct appeared first than anterior and lateral. The cochlear duct located ventrally within the developing otic capsule during 24 to 27 days. Utriculosaccular chamber (vestibule) differentiated into utricle and saccule with macula utriculi and macula sacculi respectively; Crista ampullaris developed in the ampulla of canal at 31 days. Thickening of epithelium in the cochlear duct formed organ of Corti by 46 days. Cochlea differentiated into scala vestibuli, scala tymapani and scala media at 69 days. The hair cells of organ of Corti matured first in basal turn at 104 days; cochlea was well developed with 21/2 turns indicated the complete inner ear formation as adult in 140 days sheep fetuses.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    COMPARATIVE ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE OVIDUCT OF DOMESTIC FOWL AND WHITE LEGHORN
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-02) TARUN, MODALAVALASA; RAJU, N.K.B(MAJOR); NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI; SREENU, Makkena
    ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on thirty six apparently healthy birds belonging to six birds each in domestic fowl and White leg horn (WLH) layers in each group. The birds were divided into three groups as group I (chick), group II (laying) and group III (non laying). The average lengths and weights of the oviduct in domestic fowl and WLH were measured. In group I chicks the mucosa was lined by simple columnar epithelium throughout the length of oviduct. In both domestic fowl and WLH of II and III groups the infundibulum consisted of anterior funnel and posterior neck regions. In tunica muscularis the outer longitudinal layer was arranged in a peculiar bundles of smooth muscle fibres so that it helps in peristaltic movement of infundibulum in transporting the grasped ova. The tunica mucosa of magnum was projected into the lumen and formed longitudinal folds, primary folds were very high and given several secondary and teritiary folds. The epithelium was pseudostratified ciliated columnar with non ciliated cells. The entire propria submucosa was occupied by densely packed tubular glands. In mucosa of isthmus the epithelium was pseudostratified columnar with secretory goblet cells and non secretory prismatic cells was observed in the birds of group II and group III. The involutionary changes appeared in the tubular glands of the group III as the disintegration of eosinophilic granules and occurrence of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In group II the mucosal folds of the uterus were complex by varying in their size. In larger folds several secondary and tertiary folds were also present and some of these secondary and tertiary folds showed anastomosis. The mucosa of vagina formed numerous primary, secondary and teritiary folds that were elongated and thin in all the birds studied. The luminal epithelium was pseudostratified ciliated columnar and the invaginations of this epithelium served as sperm storage tubules. The inner circular layer was strong which formed vaginal sphincter at the opening of cloaca. The serosa was thick with abundant collagen, reticular fibres and numerous small blood vessels in all the birds studied. The secretory cells of lining epithelium of mucosal folds in infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina showed PAS +ve reaction indicated the presence of mucopolysaccharides in both domestic fowl and WLH of group II. The non secretory cells of the lining epithelium in mucosal folds of oviduct in the birds of both group II and group III showed the glycogen content at the apical regions of the cells. The pyramidal cells of tubular glands in the uterus of domestic fowl and WLH in group III showed a few lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. The intense calcium mineralization was observed at the apical part of secretory cells in the lining epithelium of mucosal folds of the uterus in both the birds of group II.