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ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADRENAL GLAND OF SHEEP (Ovis aries)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-10) RAJ SEKHAR, U; RAJU, N.K.B(MAJOR); JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, P; DHANA LAKSHMI, NABSTRACT: The present work was conducted to observe the histomorphogenesis and histochemical changes in adrenal parenchyma. A total of 63 healthy embryos and foetuses irrespective of their sex were collected from pregnant sheep slaughtered from local slaughter houses of Tirupati and were divided into three groups as per their estimated approximate age. The adrenal glands attained a harvestable size around 46-47 days of gestation. At this age, the adrenals were rounded and pin head shaped and pink in colour and in later stages of development the right adrenal was pyramidal and left adrenal was bean shaped. The left adrenal was heavier, thicker and longer than the right adrenal gland in all groups. The primordium of the adrenal was first noted in 38 days old embryo and was placed cranial to metanephron and ventral to aorta. At 54 days of gestation, thick connective tissue capsule was observed. Collagen fibres, reticular fibres and nerve fibres were noticed in the capsule. However, elastic fibres were not noticed in adrenal gland through out the gestation. The mean thickness of the capsule in group II was 69.196μm ± 12.97 and in group III was 96.003μm ± 16.99 respectively. At 54 days of gestation, zona glomerulosa was formed. At 75 days of gestation, two zones were observed in the cortex i.e, outer zona glomerulosa and inner zone fasciculata. The zona reticularis is not distinctly seen in all the age groups. The thickness of the cortex increased steadily with the age of the foetus. The migration of medullary cells through the capsule was noticed at 60 days of gestation. At 100 days of gestation distinct medulla was observed in the centre of the gland. The chromaffin granules number and their size increased as the age advanced. Noradrenaline and adrenaline producing cells were also observed in the medulla. A large medullary vein was noticed in the centre of the gland. Histochemical studies of adrenal gland revealed that glycogen content was more in cortical cells especially in glomerulosa cells. The capsule showed intense positive reaction for PAS whereas cortex and medulla showed moderate to weak PAS reaction. In the present study, an intense reaction for acid mucopolysaccharides was observed in cortical trabeculae. The reaction for acid mucopolysaccharides was very weak or even absent in adrenal parenchyma. The capsule and medulla were completely devoid of lipids whereas cortex showed moderate reaction. The capsule and cortex showed intense reaction and medulla showed moderate reaction for alkaline phosphatase. The capsule and cortex showed weak to moderate reaction and medulla showed intense reaction for acid phosphatase in all the age groups.ThesisItem Open Access ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON HAIR OF INDIAN SPOTTED DEER (Axis axis), BLACKBUCK (Antelope cervicapra) AND ASIAN ELEPHANT (Elephas maximus)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-12) VINAYA SHEELA, S; PURUSHOTHAM, G(MAJOR); PRAMOD KUMAR, D; LAKSHMAN, MABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken on hair samples of Spotted deer, Black buck and Asian Elephant since they are considered as endangered species. Further the former two species are listed under Indian Wild life Act 1972. Six animals were selected from each species from Nehru Zoological park. Hair samples from six different regions viz., neck, back, lateral abdomen, forelimb, hind limb and tail were collected from each animal and processed for microscopic physical observations, cast technique for scale pattern and for SEM (scanning electron microscope) studies. Microscopic structure of hair of spotted deer and black buck comprised of cuticle, cortex and medulla from without inwards. Hairs of tail and back region of elephant had a cortex, cuticle and whereas all other regions lacked a typical medulla. Color variation was observed between the hairs of different species within an individual and also within an individual hair. Color of hairs collected from six different regions varied from colorless to blackish brown in spotted deer, colorless to dark brown in black buck and from light yellowish brown to dark brown in elephant. Tips of hair shafts in spotted deer were frayed in neck, abdominal and tail regions and were blunt in rest of the regions. In black buck hair tips were frayed in neck region, rounded in hind limb region whereas it was pointed in other regions. In elephant, hair tip was rounded in all regions except in the back and forelimb where hair tips were broken. The cuticle was a translucent colorless outer structure of hair shaft but light brown in hair of neck and back regions in spotted deer and in neck of black buck hair. In elephant hair it was colorless in all regions with light blackish brown margin. Smooth cuticular pattern throughout the length of hair was noticed in most of the regions of three species. Serrated cuticle was seen in the tip of forelimb hair in spotted deer, throughout the length of hair in tail region and mid shaft of forelimb in blackbuck. In back region of elephant it was wavy throughout the length. Cross sectional shape of hair shaft of spotted deer varied from oval to round. It was bean shaped in black buck but was rod shaped in the tip, oval, triangular or round near to base of the shaft in hair of tail region and round in the base of neck. Cross sections of hair in elephant were round. Cortex pattern was smooth throughout the length of hair in spotted deer whereas in black buck it was coarse in the tip and mid shaft of abdomen hair. It was coarse in the hair of all regions in elephant except for tip hairs of neck region. Cortical fusi were present in the proximal part of hair in tail region of spotted deer and back region of blackbuck. No ovoid bodies were observed in hair of spotted deer but were seen towards the base of the shaft of back, hind limb region hair in black buck and in the tip of the hair in abdomen and hind limb hair of elephant. Medulla was lattice type in spotted deer hair whereas it was non lattice type in black buck hair. Vacuolated medulla was evident towards base of the shaft in the hair of tail region in black buck. Medulla was absent in the tip and was tapered towards tip of the shaft in spotted deer and black buck hair. Medulla was not evident in the hair of elephant from all regions except in back and tail hair where multiple medulla was noticed. It was fragmentary or trace like towards tip of the shaft in spotted deer and black buck and its margins were scalloped in spotted deer. Scalloped, irregular and straight medullary margins were present in black buck hair. Wine glass shaped tapered medulla, fragmentary or widened towards base of the shaft were seen in spotted deer and black buck hair. Variation in pigment distribution was evident within individual hair of spotted deer and black buck. In former it was uniform, medial and random while in black buck it was uniform and banded and in elephant it was uniform. A significant difference of mean cortical thickness, medullary diameter, and medullary index of hair between spotted deer and blackbuck was noticed. Shaft diameter of three species differed significantly not only between species and different body regions but also within an individual hair. SEM studies revealed difference in scale pattern in the tip, mid shaft and base of an individual hair in spotted deer and black buck. Imbricate scale pattern with overlapped scales were present in the mid shaft and coronal type in the tip of the shaft. They were faint and distantly placed towards base of the shaft, but were compact in the elephant hair. Margins of the scales were smooth to slightly rippled in mid shaft region and towards the base of the shaft in spotted deer whereas it was smooth in black buck and rippled in elephant hair. Trough on surface of hair was an important feature of blackbuck hair that made it easy to differentiate from that of spotted deer hair. Number of scales per 100 μm length of hair was more at the tip in spotted deer (21.55-22.50) and blackbuck (18.05-20.52). In general scale width was more in the base of the shaft and diameter of mid shaft was more than base. Imbricate scale cast pattern was seen in hairs of spotted deer and black buck towards mid shaft and base. Hair tip showed coronal pattern in spotted deer and black buck. Scale cast imprints were not amenable in shaft of elephant hair which indicates adherence of scales to the shaft surface.ThesisItem Open Access PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS AND STERNUM OF BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-09) BHAGYA LAKSHMI, J; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, P(MAJOR); Chandrasekhara Rao, T.S; Sri Latha, ChABSTRACT : The study was made on 46 embryos with their age ranging from 41 to 280 days (2.8 to 91.6 cm CVRL) to study the ossification centres in bones of vertebral column, ribs and sternum. The vertebrae, sternum and ribs of buffalo were developed by endochondral ossification. Three different stages were observed during their development i.e stage of mesenchyme, chondrification and ossification. In general the cervical vertebrae were developed from three principal centres of ossification i.e one for the centrum and two for the neural arches. Atlas showed total three ossification centres viz., 2 for neural arches and one separate ossification centre for ventral arch. The ossification centres of neural arches of the atlas were largest among the cervical vertebrae. Axis showed total four ossification centres viz., one each for neural arches, one for body and one separate ossification centre for odontoid process. The locus of ossification for neural arches and body of axis were appeared first at 64 days of gestation in buffalo. Ossification centre for odontoid process was noted first time in anterior cartilaginous mass of axis at 114 days of gestation. Thoracic vertebrae developed from four ossification centres viz., two for neural arches, one for the centrum and separate ossification centre was noted for dorsal spinous process.. The lumbar vertebrae were developed from three ossification centres viz., one each for the neural arches and one separate ossification centre for body of the vertebrae. The transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae developed from neural arches as lateral outgrowth. Sacral vertebrae showed 3 ossification centres for each vertebra i.e one each for neural arches and one for centrum. The first four coccygeal vertebrae developed each from three centres of ossification i.e one for the centrum and two for the neural arches, whereas the more caudal of the group developed from only one centre of ossification. The cartilaginous precursor of sternum was identified first histologically at 54 days as the bilateral cores of cartilage cells. The locus of ossification in the sternal segments was central, unpaired and continued to the area of 7th sternal segment. The 2nd sternebra was the last segment to show ossification and this segment has appeared for first the time at 143 days of gestation. Ossification was first noted in the shaft of the ribs from 2nd to 6th at 59 days and at 64 days all ribs i.e from 1 to 13 showed ossification.The secondary ossification centres have appeared in heads of first 6 pairs of ribs at 155 days and tubercular facets were identified at 181 days radiographically in ribs. In one specimen, the incidence of supernumerary ribs (14th pair) was also noted in the present study.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ON PANCREAS IN SHEEP FOETUS (Ovis aries)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) SWETHA, NANDAGARI; NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI(MAJOR); RAJU, N.K.B.; HARIKRISHNA, N.V.VABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on the prenatal development of pancreas in sheep foetuses of age 37 to 122 days of gestation. Morphologically pancreas was undifferentiated from 37 days (0.7CRL) to 43 days (3.7CRL) old foetuses. At 38 days of gestation (CRL- 1.5 Cm) histologically dorsal pancreatic lobe was present towards the duodenum and the ventral lobe towards liver. In the pancreatic primordia, ductules were also present, lined by single to double layered cuboidal cells by leaving a wide lumen and few endocrine cells were differentiated in 44 days. During 51 to 52 days of gestation, round bulb like acini without lumen were closely adhered to the ductules. At 55 days, the developing lobules were located towards the periphery of the pancreatic parenchyma. In 61 days, initiation of the interlobular septa with collagen and reticular fibres and islet groups with blood cells were observed in the parenchyma. Nerve fibres were evidently surrounding the forming lobules and also in the interlobular connective tissue in 74 days of foetal pancreas. In 80-84 days , duct system was clearly noticed in the developing exocrine part, intralobular and interlobular ducts lined by cuboidal cells. During 87 to 90 days, developing islets of varying sizes were noticed at the periphery of lobules as well as in the interlobular connective tissue and were separated from the acini by a thin connective tissue capsule At 90 days the apical surface of acinar cells contained cytoplasmic granules and centroacinar cells were distinctly appeared in some lobules with euchromatic nucleus. At 122 days of gestation, lobules were more obvious divided by a thick connective tissue septa and cluster of endocrine cells were surrounded by blood islands which might be the future sinusoids. Histochemical studies revealed that the acinar cells in the lobule expressed moderate reaction for some neutral mucopolysaccharides. Some of the differentiated acini at periphery of the lobule expressed the reaction in 80 to 90 days. Few cells present at the terminal portions of exocrine acini of pancreas were immunologically reactive to insulin antibody. These cells appeared to be beta (β) cells at 90 days. In 122 days immunologically reacted cells against insulin antibody were present between exocrine portions within the lobule.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF TESTIS IN SHEEP (Ovis aries)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) BASAVAIAH, MAACHEPALLI; NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI(MAJOR); RAJU, N.K.B; RAGHUNATH, MABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken to elucidate the developmental changes in the testis. The study was conducted on 38 embryos and foetuses of sheep collected from local abattoirs from 37 to 122 days (0.7 to 41 cm CRL) were collected and divided into three age groups basing on gestation periods. In group I, at 42 days of gestation, testes were located in between the metanephric kidneys medially and mesonephros laterally in the lumbar region and scrotal bud was first observed in the inguinal region. At 59 days of gestation, the testes were located at caudal pole of kidney. At 94 days of age, the descent of testes into the scrotum was completed. At 122 days of gestation, testes were located in the scrotal sac. At 44 days of gestation, testes were oblong in shape but testes were changed to oval at 46 days of foetal life later became elongated at 60 days of gestation. The genital ridge was first observed between the mesonephoros and primitive gut in 37 day old sheep foetus. At 39 days of gestation, the gonadal anlages protruded into the coelomic cavity as paired oval-shaped structures on either side of the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut medial to the mesonephros. At 44 days of gestation, mesenchymal cells beneath the germinal epithelium were transformed to tunica albugenia. Sex cords were first appeared at 44 days foetal testes. The dark small cells were modified to form Sertoli cells and were first observed at 46 days of gestation. At 69 days, the lumenization was observed in more number of seminiferous tubules. At 94 days, very few tubules were closely adherent with the endothelial cells and formed blood testes barrier. At 46 days of foetal life, the interstitial endocrine cells gradually modified to form isolated Leydig cells. At 44 days of gestation, the central area of the testis was devoided of sex cords and tailored as mediastinum testis. In group III, the mediastinum consisted of densily packed collagen and reticular fibres in between the rete tubules. At 73 days of gestation, the density of cell clusters in the area of mediastinum testes was increased. Vacuolation was observed in the central area of cell clusters resulted in the initiation of the lumen formation in rete testis. Histochemical studies of testes revealed that in group III at 122 days of gestation, intense positive reaction in the capsule, basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and blood capillaries was identified for mucopolysaccharides. Intense positive reaction was identified in the capsule, basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and blood capillaries for glycogen at 122 days. In group II and III mild reaction for lipids in the capsule was recorded.ThesisItem Open Access Gross And Histological Studies On The Uropygial Gland Of The Domestic Duck (Anas Boachae Domesticus)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1999-10) Sunanda, K; Chandra Sekhara Rao, Y.S(MAJOR); Nagamalleswari, Y; Nisar Ahmed, MThesisItem Open Access Histolological And Histochemical Studies Of Kidney And Ureters Of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1999-08) Sreeranjini, A.R; Iyyangar, M.P(MAJOR); Pramod Kumar, D; Hara Gopal, VThesisItem Open Access The Study Of Histological And Histochemical Structure Of Pancreas In Indian Goat(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1998-12) Pavan Kumar, C.j; Gopinath, S(MAJOR); Pramod Kumar, D; Raghavender, K.B.PThesisItem Open Access Microanatomical Studies On The Pancreas Of The Domestic Duck (Anas boscas domesticus)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1998-04) Madhavi, Gopi reddy; Chandra sekhara rao, T.S(MAJOR); Pramod kumar, D; Rao, N.V