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20164
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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy × End date: 2016 × Start date: 2016 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDY ON PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADRENAL GLAND OF SHEEP (Ovis aries)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-10) RAJ SEKHAR, U; RAJU, N.K.B(MAJOR); JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, P; DHANA LAKSHMI, N
    ABSTRACT: The present work was conducted to observe the histomorphogenesis and histochemical changes in adrenal parenchyma. A total of 63 healthy embryos and foetuses irrespective of their sex were collected from pregnant sheep slaughtered from local slaughter houses of Tirupati and were divided into three groups as per their estimated approximate age. The adrenal glands attained a harvestable size around 46-47 days of gestation. At this age, the adrenals were rounded and pin head shaped and pink in colour and in later stages of development the right adrenal was pyramidal and left adrenal was bean shaped. The left adrenal was heavier, thicker and longer than the right adrenal gland in all groups. The primordium of the adrenal was first noted in 38 days old embryo and was placed cranial to metanephron and ventral to aorta. At 54 days of gestation, thick connective tissue capsule was observed. Collagen fibres, reticular fibres and nerve fibres were noticed in the capsule. However, elastic fibres were not noticed in adrenal gland through out the gestation. The mean thickness of the capsule in group II was 69.196μm ± 12.97 and in group III was 96.003μm ± 16.99 respectively. At 54 days of gestation, zona glomerulosa was formed. At 75 days of gestation, two zones were observed in the cortex i.e, outer zona glomerulosa and inner zone fasciculata. The zona reticularis is not distinctly seen in all the age groups. The thickness of the cortex increased steadily with the age of the foetus. The migration of medullary cells through the capsule was noticed at 60 days of gestation. At 100 days of gestation distinct medulla was observed in the centre of the gland. The chromaffin granules number and their size increased as the age advanced. Noradrenaline and adrenaline producing cells were also observed in the medulla. A large medullary vein was noticed in the centre of the gland. Histochemical studies of adrenal gland revealed that glycogen content was more in cortical cells especially in glomerulosa cells. The capsule showed intense positive reaction for PAS whereas cortex and medulla showed moderate to weak PAS reaction. In the present study, an intense reaction for acid mucopolysaccharides was observed in cortical trabeculae. The reaction for acid mucopolysaccharides was very weak or even absent in adrenal parenchyma. The capsule and medulla were completely devoid of lipids whereas cortex showed moderate reaction. The capsule and cortex showed intense reaction and medulla showed moderate reaction for alkaline phosphatase. The capsule and cortex showed weak to moderate reaction and medulla showed intense reaction for acid phosphatase in all the age groups.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ON PANCREAS IN SHEEP FOETUS (Ovis aries)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) SWETHA, NANDAGARI; NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI(MAJOR); RAJU, N.K.B.; HARIKRISHNA, N.V.V
    ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on the prenatal development of pancreas in sheep foetuses of age 37 to 122 days of gestation. Morphologically pancreas was undifferentiated from 37 days (0.7CRL) to 43 days (3.7CRL) old foetuses. At 38 days of gestation (CRL- 1.5 Cm) histologically dorsal pancreatic lobe was present towards the duodenum and the ventral lobe towards liver. In the pancreatic primordia, ductules were also present, lined by single to double layered cuboidal cells by leaving a wide lumen and few endocrine cells were differentiated in 44 days. During 51 to 52 days of gestation, round bulb like acini without lumen were closely adhered to the ductules. At 55 days, the developing lobules were located towards the periphery of the pancreatic parenchyma. In 61 days, initiation of the interlobular septa with collagen and reticular fibres and islet groups with blood cells were observed in the parenchyma. Nerve fibres were evidently surrounding the forming lobules and also in the interlobular connective tissue in 74 days of foetal pancreas. In 80-84 days , duct system was clearly noticed in the developing exocrine part, intralobular and interlobular ducts lined by cuboidal cells. During 87 to 90 days, developing islets of varying sizes were noticed at the periphery of lobules as well as in the interlobular connective tissue and were separated from the acini by a thin connective tissue capsule At 90 days the apical surface of acinar cells contained cytoplasmic granules and centroacinar cells were distinctly appeared in some lobules with euchromatic nucleus. At 122 days of gestation, lobules were more obvious divided by a thick connective tissue septa and cluster of endocrine cells were surrounded by blood islands which might be the future sinusoids. Histochemical studies revealed that the acinar cells in the lobule expressed moderate reaction for some neutral mucopolysaccharides. Some of the differentiated acini at periphery of the lobule expressed the reaction in 80 to 90 days. Few cells present at the terminal portions of exocrine acini of pancreas were immunologically reactive to insulin antibody. These cells appeared to be beta (β) cells at 90 days. In 122 days immunologically reacted cells against insulin antibody were present between exocrine portions within the lobule.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON THE PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF TESTIS IN SHEEP (Ovis aries)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) BASAVAIAH, MAACHEPALLI; NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI(MAJOR); RAJU, N.K.B; RAGHUNATH, M
    ABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken to elucidate the developmental changes in the testis. The study was conducted on 38 embryos and foetuses of sheep collected from local abattoirs from 37 to 122 days (0.7 to 41 cm CRL) were collected and divided into three age groups basing on gestation periods. In group I, at 42 days of gestation, testes were located in between the metanephric kidneys medially and mesonephros laterally in the lumbar region and scrotal bud was first observed in the inguinal region. At 59 days of gestation, the testes were located at caudal pole of kidney. At 94 days of age, the descent of testes into the scrotum was completed. At 122 days of gestation, testes were located in the scrotal sac. At 44 days of gestation, testes were oblong in shape but testes were changed to oval at 46 days of foetal life later became elongated at 60 days of gestation. The genital ridge was first observed between the mesonephoros and primitive gut in 37 day old sheep foetus. At 39 days of gestation, the gonadal anlages protruded into the coelomic cavity as paired oval-shaped structures on either side of the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut medial to the mesonephros. At 44 days of gestation, mesenchymal cells beneath the germinal epithelium were transformed to tunica albugenia. Sex cords were first appeared at 44 days foetal testes. The dark small cells were modified to form Sertoli cells and were first observed at 46 days of gestation. At 69 days, the lumenization was observed in more number of seminiferous tubules. At 94 days, very few tubules were closely adherent with the endothelial cells and formed blood testes barrier. At 46 days of foetal life, the interstitial endocrine cells gradually modified to form isolated Leydig cells. At 44 days of gestation, the central area of the testis was devoided of sex cords and tailored as mediastinum testis. In group III, the mediastinum consisted of densily packed collagen and reticular fibres in between the rete tubules. At 73 days of gestation, the density of cell clusters in the area of mediastinum testes was increased. Vacuolation was observed in the central area of cell clusters resulted in the initiation of the lumen formation in rete testis. Histochemical studies of testes revealed that in group III at 122 days of gestation, intense positive reaction in the capsule, basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and blood capillaries was identified for mucopolysaccharides. Intense positive reaction was identified in the capsule, basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and blood capillaries for glycogen at 122 days. In group II and III mild reaction for lipids in the capsule was recorded.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ON PANCREAS IN SHEEP FOETUS (Ovis aries)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2016-12) SWETHA, NANDAGARI; NAGAMALLESWARI, YAMANI (MAJOR); RAJU, N. K. B; HARIKRISHNA, N.V.V
    ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on the prenatal development of pancreas in sheep foetuses of age 37 to 122 days of gestation. Morphologically pancreas was undifferentiated from 37 days (0.7CRL) to 43 days (3.7CRL) old foetuses. At 38 days of gestation (CRL- 1.5 Cm) histologically dorsal pancreatic lobe was present towards the duodenum and the ventral lobe towards liver. In the pancreatic primordia, ductules were also present, lined by single to double layered cuboidal cells by leaving a wide lumen and few endocrine cells were differentiated in 44 days. During 51 to 52 days of gestation, round bulb like acini without lumen were closely adhered to the ductules. At 55 days, the developing lobules were located towards the periphery of the pancreatic parenchyma. In 61 days, initiation of the interlobular septa with collagen and reticular fibres and islet groups with blood cells were observed in the parenchyma. Nerve fibres were evidently surrounding the forming lobules and also in the interlobular connective tissue in 74 days of foetal pancreas. In 80-84 days , duct system was clearly noticed in the developing exocrine part, intralobular and interlobular ducts lined by cuboidal cells. During 87 to 90 days, developing islets of varying sizes were noticed at the periphery of lobules as well as in the interlobular connective tissue and were separated from the acini by a thin connective tissue capsule At 90 days the apical surface of acinar cells contained cytoplasmic granules and centroacinar cells were distinctly appeared in some lobules with euchromatic nucleus. At 122 days of gestation, lobules were more obvious divided by a thick connective tissue septa and cluster of endocrine cells were surrounded by blood islands which might be the future sinusoids. Histochemical studies revealed that the acinar cells in the lobule expressed moderate reaction for some neutral mucopolysaccharides. Some of the differentiated acini at periphery of the lobule expressed the reaction in 80 to 90 days. Few cells present at the terminal portions of exocrine acini of pancreas were immunologically reactive to insulin antibody. These cells appeared to be beta (β) cells at 90 days. In 122 days immunologically reacted cells against insulin antibody were present between exocrine portions within the lobule.