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Open Access
ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON HAIR OF INDIAN SPOTTED DEER (Axis axis), BLACKBUCK (Antelope cervicapra) AND ASIAN ELEPHANT (Elephas maximus)
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-12) VINAYA SHEELA, S; PURUSHOTHAM, G(MAJOR); PRAMOD KUMAR, D; LAKSHMAN, M
ABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken on hair samples of Spotted deer, Black buck and Asian Elephant since they are considered as endangered species. Further the former two species are listed under Indian Wild life Act 1972. Six animals were selected from each species from Nehru Zoological park. Hair samples from six different regions viz., neck, back, lateral abdomen, forelimb, hind limb and tail were collected from each animal and processed for microscopic physical observations, cast technique for scale pattern and for SEM (scanning electron microscope) studies. Microscopic structure of hair of spotted deer and black buck comprised of cuticle, cortex and medulla from without inwards. Hairs of tail and back region of elephant had a cortex, cuticle and whereas all other regions lacked a typical medulla. Color variation was observed between the hairs of different species within an individual and also within an individual hair. Color of hairs collected from six different regions varied from colorless to blackish brown in spotted deer, colorless to dark brown in black buck and from light yellowish brown to dark brown in elephant. Tips of hair shafts in spotted deer were frayed in neck, abdominal and tail regions and were blunt in rest of the regions. In black buck hair tips were frayed in neck region, rounded in hind limb region whereas it was pointed in other regions. In elephant, hair tip was rounded in all regions except in the back and forelimb where hair tips were broken. The cuticle was a translucent colorless outer structure of hair shaft but light brown in hair of neck and back regions in spotted deer and in neck of black buck hair. In elephant hair it was colorless in all regions with light blackish brown margin. Smooth cuticular pattern throughout the length of hair was noticed in most of the regions of three species. Serrated cuticle was seen in the tip of forelimb hair in spotted deer, throughout the length of hair in tail region and mid shaft of forelimb in blackbuck. In back region of elephant it was wavy throughout the length. Cross sectional shape of hair shaft of spotted deer varied from oval to round. It was bean shaped in black buck but was rod shaped in the tip, oval, triangular or round near to base of the shaft in hair of tail region and round in the base of neck. Cross sections of hair in elephant were round. Cortex pattern was smooth throughout the length of hair in spotted deer whereas in black buck it was coarse in the tip and mid shaft of abdomen hair. It was coarse in the hair of all regions in elephant except for tip hairs of neck region. Cortical fusi were present in the proximal part of hair in tail region of spotted deer and back region of blackbuck. No ovoid bodies were observed in hair of spotted deer but were seen towards the base of the shaft of back, hind limb region hair in black buck and in the tip of the hair in abdomen and hind limb hair of elephant. Medulla was lattice type in spotted deer hair whereas it was non lattice type in black buck hair. Vacuolated medulla was evident towards base of the shaft in the hair of tail region in black buck. Medulla was absent in the tip and was tapered towards tip of the shaft in spotted deer and black buck hair. Medulla was not evident in the hair of elephant from all regions except in back and tail hair where multiple medulla was noticed. It was fragmentary or trace like towards tip of the shaft in spotted deer and black buck and its margins were scalloped in spotted deer. Scalloped, irregular and straight medullary margins were present in black buck hair. Wine glass shaped tapered medulla, fragmentary or widened towards base of the shaft were seen in spotted deer and black buck hair. Variation in pigment distribution was evident within individual hair of spotted deer and black buck. In former it was uniform, medial and random while in black buck it was uniform and banded and in elephant it was uniform. A significant difference of mean cortical thickness, medullary diameter, and medullary index of hair between spotted deer and blackbuck was noticed. Shaft diameter of three species differed significantly not only between species and different body regions but also within an individual hair. SEM studies revealed difference in scale pattern in the tip, mid shaft and base of an individual hair in spotted deer and black buck. Imbricate scale pattern with overlapped scales were present in the mid shaft and coronal type in the tip of the shaft. They were faint and distantly placed towards base of the shaft, but were compact in the elephant hair. Margins of the scales were smooth to slightly rippled in mid shaft region and towards the base of the shaft in spotted deer whereas it was smooth in black buck and rippled in elephant hair. Trough on surface of hair was an important feature of blackbuck hair that made it easy to differentiate from that of spotted deer hair. Number of scales per 100 μm length of hair was more at the tip in spotted deer (21.55-22.50) and blackbuck (18.05-20.52). In general scale width was more in the base of the shaft and diameter of mid shaft was more than base. Imbricate scale cast pattern was seen in hairs of spotted deer and black buck towards mid shaft and base. Hair tip showed coronal pattern in spotted deer and black buck. Scale cast imprints were not amenable in shaft of elephant hair which indicates adherence of scales to the shaft surface.
Open Access
GROSS AND MICROANATOMICAL STUDIES OF THE STIFLE JOINT IN PRE AND POSTNATAL STAGES OF THE BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) BHARATH KUMAR, M.L; PRAMOD KUMAR, D; ANJENAYULU, Y; RAJENDRANATH, N
Open Access
GROSS, HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE PANCREAS OF ALBINO RAT (Rattus norvegicus)
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-07) RAYAZ AHMED; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, P (Major); RAJU, N. K. B.; Suresh Kumar, R V
ABSTRACT : The study was conducted on twelve albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). The pancreas was a diffuse lobulated gland and appeared pink in colour. The gland was divided into three parts viz., gastric, splenic and duodenal parts. The pancreas of the rat was covered by a thin capsule, made up of predominantly, collagen fibres. Each acinus showed a single row of pyramidal epithelial cells resting on the basement membrane. The cytoplasm of the acinar cells showed two distinct zones. The basal zone was dense and basophilic, while the apical region contained the numerous fine zymogen granules. Two types of acinar cells were noted in pancreas i.e active and resting type. In active cells the nucleus was spherical, euchromatic and located at the centre, whereas resting cells possessed heterochromatic nucleus and placed close to base of the cell. The duct system of the pancreas consisted of larger interlobular, medium sized intralobular and small intercalated ducts. The endocrine tissue appeared as lightly stained rounded or oval areas between the darkly stained acini. In albino rat three different types of islets were observed. They were small, medium and large islet types. The alpha and pancreatic polypeptide cells occupied the peripheral region in the islet. Whereas, beta cells were mostly present in its interior. Delta cells were distributed randomly throughout the islets and they were long, flattened, irregular in shape and characterized by the presence of small granules. The pancreatic polypeptide cells were found singly or in clusters at the periphery of the islets. The pancreas of rat was supplied by celiac and anterior mesenteric arteries. The blood capillaries in the islets had typically fenestrated endothelium walls and were greatly extended, tortuous or large in calibre as compared with the capillaries of the exocrine pancreas. The lymph vessels were present in the exocrine part, whereas the endocrine portion was devoid of lymph vessels. They were characterized by thin walls and showed fenestrated endothelial cells and devoid of pericytes. The nerve bundles were divided into several thick and thin branches and they formed nervous plexus in pancreas of rat. According to the localization in the organ, the pancreatic nervous plexus were divided in to four types viz., periacinous, periinsular, perivascular and periductal plexuses. The nerve cells were observed either as isolated cells, small ganglia or large sized ganglia in rat pancreas. The isolated nerve cells were generally present in the islets. The ganglionic cells occupied a peripheral position in the islets of Langerhans in rat. The secretory cells of the acini and the epithelial cells of the pancreatic ducts showed strong positive reaction for Periodic acid Schiff. But moderate activity was noted in islets of Langerhans in pancreas of rat. The secretory cells of the acini and islets showed moderate to strong reaction for alcian blue. Further, epithelial cells of the pancreatic ducts showed strong positive reaction for alcian blue. The islets of Langerhans showed strong positive reaction for Best’s carmine. The epithelial cells of the pancreatic ducts also showed strong positive reaction for glycogen in the present study. In rat secretory cells of acini showed mild reaction for Best’s carmine. The secretory acini showed mild reaction for bromophenol blue, whereas islets of Langerhans showed strong reaction.
Open Access
HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE COAGULATING AND PREPUTIAL GLANDS OF ALBINO RAT (Rattus norvegicus)
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2013-11) BINDU, MOTUPALLI; KISHORE, P V S (Major); RAJU, N. K. B; SREENU, MAKKENA; NAGA MALLESWARI, Y
ABSTRACT : The study was undertaken on the light microscopic and ultra structure of the coagulating and preputial glands. These were the two additional paired male accessory sex glands in the rat. For this study 10 albino rats were used. The coagulating glands of either side were located along the inner curvature of the seminal vesicles. Each gland formed a single narrow duct that opened into the urethra alongside the duct of the seminal vesicle. The gland was compound tubular. The secretory units and the ducts were lined by simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium which projected into the lumen and formed folds inside the compartments. The mode of secretion was both merocrine and apocrine. Ultrastructural study revealed secretory cells of different electron density. The cytoplasm also contained the secretory granules and the vacuoles of different sizes towards the luminal side which showed the surface microvilli. A weak PAS positive reaction was observed in the gland. A positive reaction for proteins was observed in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells and in the luminal fluid. No reaction for lipids was observed. A mild acid phosphatase activity was observed in the secretory cells located peripherally. A very weak alkaline phosphatase activity was observed towards the luminal side in the epithelial cells of the secretory units and the ducts. The preputial glands were small and elongated flask shaped structures on either side of the penis in the male. They were compound alveolar glands of the holocrine type. Each acinus increased in size with the continued storage of fatty substances. Small , rounded acini with a layer of flattened peripheral cells, enlarged acini composed of hypertrophied, vacuolated cells and acini with cellular degeneration and a distinct lumen, several of which fused to form large masses of disintegrating cells were also observed. The above states of activity represented the cycle of sebum formation. The gland was not associated with the hair follicle. The main excretory duct emptied into the area between the inner surface of the prepuce and glans penis. Ultrastructural study revealed cells of different sizes in different phases of secretory activity. The cytoplasm contained several small secretory granules and small to large lipid droplets. Well developed endoplasmic reticulum along with numerous golgi complexes were observed. The large cells had spherical nuclei with evenly dispersed euchromatin along with peripheral heterochromatin. A PAS positive reaction was observed in most regions of the gland. It showed only a slight decrease in reactivity but remained almost similar upon treatment with saliva. Fine protein granules were observed in the smaller acinar cells and large sized granules were observed in the central acinar cells approaching degeneration. Abundant lipid droplets were observed throughout the acinar cells. A mild acid phosphatase activity was observed in some of the acinar cells. A weak alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the secretory acini that were in active phase of secretion.