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Subject: Veterinary Anatomy × End date: 2012 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON HAIR OF INDIAN SPOTTED DEER (Axis axis), BLACKBUCK (Antelope cervicapra) AND ASIAN ELEPHANT (Elephas maximus)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-12) VINAYA SHEELA, S; PURUSHOTHAM, G(MAJOR); PRAMOD KUMAR, D; LAKSHMAN, M
    ABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken on hair samples of Spotted deer, Black buck and Asian Elephant since they are considered as endangered species. Further the former two species are listed under Indian Wild life Act 1972. Six animals were selected from each species from Nehru Zoological park. Hair samples from six different regions viz., neck, back, lateral abdomen, forelimb, hind limb and tail were collected from each animal and processed for microscopic physical observations, cast technique for scale pattern and for SEM (scanning electron microscope) studies. Microscopic structure of hair of spotted deer and black buck comprised of cuticle, cortex and medulla from without inwards. Hairs of tail and back region of elephant had a cortex, cuticle and whereas all other regions lacked a typical medulla. Color variation was observed between the hairs of different species within an individual and also within an individual hair. Color of hairs collected from six different regions varied from colorless to blackish brown in spotted deer, colorless to dark brown in black buck and from light yellowish brown to dark brown in elephant. Tips of hair shafts in spotted deer were frayed in neck, abdominal and tail regions and were blunt in rest of the regions. In black buck hair tips were frayed in neck region, rounded in hind limb region whereas it was pointed in other regions. In elephant, hair tip was rounded in all regions except in the back and forelimb where hair tips were broken. The cuticle was a translucent colorless outer structure of hair shaft but light brown in hair of neck and back regions in spotted deer and in neck of black buck hair. In elephant hair it was colorless in all regions with light blackish brown margin. Smooth cuticular pattern throughout the length of hair was noticed in most of the regions of three species. Serrated cuticle was seen in the tip of forelimb hair in spotted deer, throughout the length of hair in tail region and mid shaft of forelimb in blackbuck. In back region of elephant it was wavy throughout the length. Cross sectional shape of hair shaft of spotted deer varied from oval to round. It was bean shaped in black buck but was rod shaped in the tip, oval, triangular or round near to base of the shaft in hair of tail region and round in the base of neck. Cross sections of hair in elephant were round. Cortex pattern was smooth throughout the length of hair in spotted deer whereas in black buck it was coarse in the tip and mid shaft of abdomen hair. It was coarse in the hair of all regions in elephant except for tip hairs of neck region. Cortical fusi were present in the proximal part of hair in tail region of spotted deer and back region of blackbuck. No ovoid bodies were observed in hair of spotted deer but were seen towards the base of the shaft of back, hind limb region hair in black buck and in the tip of the hair in abdomen and hind limb hair of elephant. Medulla was lattice type in spotted deer hair whereas it was non lattice type in black buck hair. Vacuolated medulla was evident towards base of the shaft in the hair of tail region in black buck. Medulla was absent in the tip and was tapered towards tip of the shaft in spotted deer and black buck hair. Medulla was not evident in the hair of elephant from all regions except in back and tail hair where multiple medulla was noticed. It was fragmentary or trace like towards tip of the shaft in spotted deer and black buck and its margins were scalloped in spotted deer. Scalloped, irregular and straight medullary margins were present in black buck hair. Wine glass shaped tapered medulla, fragmentary or widened towards base of the shaft were seen in spotted deer and black buck hair. Variation in pigment distribution was evident within individual hair of spotted deer and black buck. In former it was uniform, medial and random while in black buck it was uniform and banded and in elephant it was uniform. A significant difference of mean cortical thickness, medullary diameter, and medullary index of hair between spotted deer and blackbuck was noticed. Shaft diameter of three species differed significantly not only between species and different body regions but also within an individual hair. SEM studies revealed difference in scale pattern in the tip, mid shaft and base of an individual hair in spotted deer and black buck. Imbricate scale pattern with overlapped scales were present in the mid shaft and coronal type in the tip of the shaft. They were faint and distantly placed towards base of the shaft, but were compact in the elephant hair. Margins of the scales were smooth to slightly rippled in mid shaft region and towards the base of the shaft in spotted deer whereas it was smooth in black buck and rippled in elephant hair. Trough on surface of hair was an important feature of blackbuck hair that made it easy to differentiate from that of spotted deer hair. Number of scales per 100 μm length of hair was more at the tip in spotted deer (21.55-22.50) and blackbuck (18.05-20.52). In general scale width was more in the base of the shaft and diameter of mid shaft was more than base. Imbricate scale cast pattern was seen in hairs of spotted deer and black buck towards mid shaft and base. Hair tip showed coronal pattern in spotted deer and black buck. Scale cast imprints were not amenable in shaft of elephant hair which indicates adherence of scales to the shaft surface.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS AND STERNUM OF BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-09) BHAGYA LAKSHMI, J; JAGAPATHI RAMAYYA, P(MAJOR); Chandrasekhara Rao, T.S; Sri Latha, Ch
    ABSTRACT : The study was made on 46 embryos with their age ranging from 41 to 280 days (2.8 to 91.6 cm CVRL) to study the ossification centres in bones of vertebral column, ribs and sternum. The vertebrae, sternum and ribs of buffalo were developed by endochondral ossification. Three different stages were observed during their development i.e stage of mesenchyme, chondrification and ossification. In general the cervical vertebrae were developed from three principal centres of ossification i.e one for the centrum and two for the neural arches. Atlas showed total three ossification centres viz., 2 for neural arches and one separate ossification centre for ventral arch. The ossification centres of neural arches of the atlas were largest among the cervical vertebrae. Axis showed total four ossification centres viz., one each for neural arches, one for body and one separate ossification centre for odontoid process. The locus of ossification for neural arches and body of axis were appeared first at 64 days of gestation in buffalo. Ossification centre for odontoid process was noted first time in anterior cartilaginous mass of axis at 114 days of gestation. Thoracic vertebrae developed from four ossification centres viz., two for neural arches, one for the centrum and separate ossification centre was noted for dorsal spinous process.. The lumbar vertebrae were developed from three ossification centres viz., one each for the neural arches and one separate ossification centre for body of the vertebrae. The transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae developed from neural arches as lateral outgrowth. Sacral vertebrae showed 3 ossification centres for each vertebra i.e one each for neural arches and one for centrum. The first four coccygeal vertebrae developed each from three centres of ossification i.e one for the centrum and two for the neural arches, whereas the more caudal of the group developed from only one centre of ossification. The cartilaginous precursor of sternum was identified first histologically at 54 days as the bilateral cores of cartilage cells. The locus of ossification in the sternal segments was central, unpaired and continued to the area of 7th sternal segment. The 2nd sternebra was the last segment to show ossification and this segment has appeared for first the time at 143 days of gestation. Ossification was first noted in the shaft of the ribs from 2nd to 6th at 59 days and at 64 days all ribs i.e from 1 to 13 showed ossification.The secondary ossification centres have appeared in heads of first 6 pairs of ribs at 155 days and tubercular facets were identified at 181 days radiographically in ribs. In one specimen, the incidence of supernumerary ribs (14th pair) was also noted in the present study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Gross And Histological Studies On The Uropygial Gland Of The Domestic Duck (Anas Boachae Domesticus)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1999-10) Sunanda, K; Chandra Sekhara Rao, Y.S(MAJOR); Nagamalleswari, Y; Nisar Ahmed, M
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Histolological And Histochemical Studies Of Kidney And Ureters Of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1999-08) Sreeranjini, A.R; Iyyangar, M.P(MAJOR); Pramod Kumar, D; Hara Gopal, V
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    The Study Of Histological And Histochemical Structure Of Pancreas In Indian Goat
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1998-12) Pavan Kumar, C.j; Gopinath, S(MAJOR); Pramod Kumar, D; Raghavender, K.B.P
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Microanatomical Studies On The Pancreas Of The Domestic Duck (Anas boscas domesticus)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1998-04) Madhavi, Gopi reddy; Chandra sekhara rao, T.S(MAJOR); Pramod kumar, D; Rao, N.V
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Microanatomical Studies On The Liver Of The Domestic Duck (Anas boscas domesticus)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1998-03) Santhi Lakshmi, M; Chandra sekhara rao, T.S(MAJOR); Pramod kumar, D; Rao, K.V
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Gross,Histological And Histochemical Studies On The Tongue Of Adult Indian Goat(Capra Hircus)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1997-12) Jagapathi Ramayya, P; Iyyangar, M.P(MAJOR); Gopinath, S; Satyanarayana Chetty, M
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Gross, Histological And Histochemical,Studies On The Spleen Of Adult Indian Goat (Capra Hircus)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1997-12) Kanthi Bhushan Raju, N; Iyyangar, M.P(MAJOR); Gopinath, S; Satyanarayana Chetty, M