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EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF KARANJ (Pongamia glabra) CAKE IN CHICKEN
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-03) KRISHNA, DAIDA; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETHAM, V; SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAJU, M.V.L.N.
ABSTRACT: In order to find out the feasibility of feeding karanj (Pongamia glabra vent) cake to broiler chicken, different chemical detoxification methods were tried at laboratory scale. Based on karanjin content, cost effectiveness and adoptability, alkali (2% NaOH, w/w), alkali & acid (1% NaOH, w/w & 1% HCl w/v) and alcoholic (3% IPA, w/v) treatment of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) were selected for bulk processing and bioassay in broilers. Such SKC and processed karanj cakes were incorporated in broiler diets at graded levels to evaluate the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient retention (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, total ash), immune response (CMI to PHA-P; HI to ND vaccine), serum biochemical (protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase activity) and carcass characteristics (ready to cook yield and weights of liver, gizzard, giblet, pancrease, abdominal fat, kidney, spleen, thymus and bursa), histopathological changes (liver, intestine, kidney), if any, and returns over feed cost per kg weight gain and gain/loss over control diet. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH and HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 914, 933, 927 and 924g/kg dry matter; 56, 42, 47 and 47g/kg ether extract, 33, 58, 46 and 40 g/kg total ash, 23, 13, 15 and 16 g/kg calcium, 5.2, 6.8, 8.9 and 5.0g/kg total phosphorus, 58.0, 54.1, 54.8 and 54.8 g/kg crude fiber respectively. The SKC and processed SKC in order contained 299, 290, 292 and 311 g/kg CP and 17.2, 16.9, 16.9 and 18.3 g/kg lysine and 2.1, 2.2, 2.1, 2.3 g/kg methionine on dry matter basis. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH & HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 0.17, 0.10, 0.08 and 0% karanjin, 1.33, 1.50, 1.66 and 1.55% total tannins, 1.33, 1.63, 1.80 and 2.27 phytate and trypsin inhibitors 10.67, 10.39, 9.82 and 7.64 TIU/mg, respectively. In experiment 1 Karanj cake was included in diet on isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis at graded (30, 60 & 90 g/kg) levels and fed to a total of 390 day-old commercial broiler chickens from day 1 to 42days of age. The data revealed that, inclusion of IPA treated karanj cake at 3% maintained similar body weight gain compared to the soybean meal control group. At 6 and 9%, the IPA treated cake improved the performance compared to the SKC fed group, which was intermediate to the control and the karanj cake groups. Processing of karanj cake with NaOH or NaOH & HCl yielded marginal improvement in body weight of chicken. Feed conversion ratio with IPA treated SKC was comparable to control even at 6% inclusion level. Liver, gizzard and giblet weight was higher in the SKC fed groups than the control. Immune response parameters were not affected; dry matter and ether extract digestibility decreased at 9% of SKC, while NaOH or IPA treatment significantly improved the parameters, while concentration of serum protein or cholesterol were not affected due to treatments. Economics of feeding of karanj cake based diets indicated that IPA treatment increased returns over feed cost than that of SKC diet. Experiment 2 was undertaken to evaluate the response of broilers fed SKC and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) treated SKC each at 6% with or without supplementation of protease (4000 U/kg) or phytase (400 U/kg) or liver tonic (0.1%) in diet, in a 3 x 4 factorial manner. The soybean meal based control diet was also fed with or without supplementation of the additives. The experiment was conducted with a total of 360 day-old broiler chickens. Each experimental diet was fed adlibitum to 6 replicates of 5 birds each from day old to 42 days of age. The body weight gain in the control, 6% SKC and 6% IPA treated SKC were not affected with supplementation of protease, phytase or liver tonic. The higher body weight gain was recorded in control followed by 6% IPA and 6% SKC with supplementation of enzymes (or) liver tonic. However, feed conversion ratio was low in control followed by 6% IPA treated SKC and 6% SKC fed groups. The carcass parameters (ready to cook yield, pancreas and abdominal fat) were not influenced. The relative weight of giblet was higher in the SKC fed compared with IPA or control groups. Immune responses, concentration of protein and activity of alkaline phosphatase were not influenced, while serum cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) affected but no specific trend could be attributed. Experiment 3 was conducted in White Leghorn Layer chicken by using detoxified karanj cakes. The results revealed that, the percent hen day egg production ranged between 96.14 to 98.62% and was not affected significantly (P<0.05) either by the type of karanj cake or levels of inclusion indicating that there were no deleterious effects at low level of inclusion (upto 6%) in comparison to control. The feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in terms of feed intake and egg mass also remained within the normal range suggesting that there were no palatability problems, due to the inclusion of SKC. The egg quality and shell quality parameters observed in the study were well within the standard values and unaffected. Based on result of Experiment 1, it is concluded that, 3% IPA treated SKC could be safely incorporated in broiler chicken diet. Based on Experiment 2 results, it can be concluded that, supplementation of enzymes / liver tonic could not alleviate the toxic effects of solvent extracted karanj cake or Isopropyl alcohol treated karanj cake at 6% level in the diet. Experiment 3 results, suggest that SKC can be incorporated up to 6% in layer diets. The SKC treated with either NaOH, NaOH & HCl or Ca(OH)2 had no extra beneficial effect. The data suggest that commercial layer birds can utilize the treated or untreated SKC better than broilers.
Open Access
EFFECT OF MICROBIAL PROTEASES AND CRITICAL AMINO ACIDS MODULATION ON THE DIETARY REQUIREMENT OF PROTEIN IN COMMERCIAL BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-11) SRILATHA, T; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETHAM, V; RAMA RAO, S.V.; RAMANA REDDY, Y
ABSTRACT: Protein is the second largest nutrient which determines the feed cost of poultry production. By optimizing the nutrient allowances of dietary crude protein (CP) through supplementation of the most critical amino acids and supplementation of microbial proteases in at sub-optimal concentrations of dietary CP we can reduce the cost of feeding besides minimizing environmental pollution from broiler farming. To fulfill these objectives, a total of 5 experiments were conducted including an in vitro protein digestibility of compounded broiler feeds. All experiments were conducted with commercial broilers reared in battery brooders from 1 to 42 d of age. The primary objective of the Experiment 1 was to find out the optimum concentrations of CP in broiler diet during different phases i.e., pre starter (0-10d), starter (11-21d) and finisher (22-42d). Two levels of CP during pre starter (23 and 21%) and starter (21 and 19%) phases and three levels in finisher phase (19.5, 18 and 16.5%) were tested. The experimental design includes 2 x 2 x 3 levels of CP during pre-starter, starter and finisher phases respectively. The concentrations of lysine, threonine and tryptophan were maintained at the same ratio considering the ideal amino acid ratio (Baker 1996), except methionine which was maintained at 45, 45 and 38% of lysine during pre starter, starter and finisher phases, respectively. The results showed that the broilers fed low levels of CP ( 21 and 19 %) showed significantly higher body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI), and better feed efficiency as compared to the diets with high levels of CP during pre-starter and starter phases (23 and 21%, respectively). The birds fed on higher (19.5%) level of protein in the finisher phase showed higher body weight gain and best feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the lower levels (16.5 and 18%). Carcass characters were not influenced by the variation in dietary CP level tested except the abdominal fat weight which was significantly higher in broiler fed low CP diet either all through 1 to 42 d of age or the lower levels of CP during starter and finisher phases compared to those fed higher levels of CP during all three phases. The results showed that the broilers fed low CP had significantly higher protein digestibility compared to the high CP fed birds. Experiment 2 was conducted to test the feasibility of further reducing the dietary CP below the optimum levels determined in Experiment 1, by modulating the levels of critical amino acids without affecting the broiler performance. The control diet (CD) formulated to contain optimum requirements of CP 21, 19 and 19.5% during pre-starter, starter and finisher phases, respectively. The optimum CP levels were further reduced by 1.5% in the basal diet (BD) during all the 3 phases (19.5, 17.5 and 18%, respectively), Four different concentrations of critical amino acids (lysine-Lys, methionine-Met, threonine-Thr and tryptophan-Try) were added to the diet containing sub-optimal levels of CP by maintaining constant ratio in relation to the dietary Lys level as detailed in Experiment 1. In addition to these levels, a diet with CP recommended by NRC was maintained. A diet with CP levels being followed by the broiler industry was maintained (23, 21 and 19.5% in PS, S and F diets respectively) as the reference diet (RD). The performance of broilers fed the CD (21, 19 and 19.5% CP, in PS, S and F, respectively) was similar to those fed the RD or NRC diet. Reduction of CP content by 1.5% (19.5 and 17.5%) than the CD decreased the performance as compared to those fed on CD during pre-starter and starter phases. But the reduced CP during finisher phase (18%) supported the BWG, which was statistically similar to those fed the CD. Increasing levels of critical amino acids (Lys, Met, Thr and Try) in the BD resulted in progressive and significant reduction in the performance. Broilers fed diet with sub-optimal CP had significantly higher abdominal fat compared to those fed with CD, RD and NRC diet. Supplementation of critical amino acids to the sub-optimal protein diet did not influence the abdominal fat deposition. Effect of supplementing three variants of protease (acid, neutral and alkaline) on in vitro digestibility of CP was tested with various graded concentrations of the enzyme in the Experiment 3.Results showed that the individual proteases at 66.66 u/g soybean meal / meat and bone meal had shown maximum protein digestibility. In the maize-soy bean based diets supplemented with alkaline protease had higher protein digestibility. Highest protein digestibility was observed in groups containing 2:1:1 (33.33:16.66:16.66 u/g diet) and 1:1:2 (16.66:16.66:33.33 u/g diet), acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases, respectively. In maize-soya – meat and bone meal based diet, supplementation with acidic (66.98%), alkaline (64.66%) and neutral (60.20%) proteases significantly improved the protein digestibility compared to the control group. Highest protein digestibility was observed in groups containing 2:1:1 (33.33:16.66:16.66 u/g diet) and 1:1:1 (22.22:22.22:22.22 u/g diet), acid, neutral and alkaline proteases, respectively. Based on the in vitro protein digestibility coefficients, 3 effective levels of proteases (2000, 4000 and 6000u/kg) were selected. These effective combinations and concentrations of proteases were supplemented to low CP maize-soybean based diet (1:1:2 and 2:1:1) in Experiment 4 and low CP maize-soybean-meat cum bone meal based diet in Experiment 5 (1:1:1 and 2:1:1) to find out the possibility of reducing the dietary CP (1.5%) below the optimum levels. The results of Experiment 4 showed that the broilers fed high protein diet (CD) had significantly higher BWG and FI as compared to those fed sub optimal CP diets (BD). The feed efficiency was not affected due to the treatments employed. Proteases (acid, neutral and alkaline) supplementation to the BD had no effect on the performance. The relative weight of abdominal fat was significantly (P<0.05) higher in low CP fed birds compared to those fed the CD, but proteases supplementation to BD did not influence the abdominal fat content. The results of Experiment 5 showed that the broilers fed CD had significantly higher BWG compared to those fed BD. Supplementation of proteases to the BD significantly improved the BWG and feed efficiency during 1-21 and 1-28 d of age, but not during the latter phase (35 and 42 d of age) of growth. The broilers fed on CD had significantly higher ready to cook and breast yields compared to those fed the BD or BD the protease supplementation. The relative weight of abdominal fat was significantly reduced in broilers fed with 1:1:1 (acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases) at 4000 u protease / kg diet as compared to BD. In conclusion, the overall picture of study suggested that the dietary CP levels could be reduced below NRC recommended levels by 2-4% in pre-starter, starter diets and to an extent of 0.5% in finisher diet provided that levels of critical amino acids are closely looked after. Addition of proteases to low protein diets did not influence the growth performance of broilers fed maize-soybean meal based diet but it had a significant positive effect on in young chicken fed on maize-soybean meal based-meat and bone meal based diets.
Open Access
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIC ACIDS (in vitro and in vivo) ON THE EXCLUSION OF ANTIBIOTIC (Virginiamycin) FROM DIETS AND ENHANCEMENT OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHOROUS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-08) VIJAYA LAKSHMI, K; Raja Sekhar Reddy, A(MAJOR); Ravinder Reddy, V; Shyam Sundar, G; Naga Lakshmi, D; Reddy, Y.N
ABSTRACT : Antibiotics are used in poultry feeds for antimicrobial effect, and also for growth promotion, but are now banned because of drug resistance and residual effects through egg and meat consumption. As feed acidifiers, organic acids (C1-C7) are associated with antimicrobial activity and growth promotion, and therefore considered as valuable replacers for antibiotics. However, the studies conducted so far on organic acids projected variable results, primarily due to pKa values and molecular weights that determine the antimicrobial and growth promoting effects. In order to examine the expression of organic acids, a series of trials in vitro and in vivo were under taken with closely (Propionic acid -PA and Butyric acid-BA) and remotely related (Lactic acid -LA and Citric acid-CA) acids to decipher information on their utility in broiler chicken. PA and BA with relatively high pKa and low molecular weight, were expected to possess higher antimicrobial effect and hence, their inclusion levels were kept low (0.1% - 0.3%) in diets, and conversely for LA and CA (1-3%). In vitro experiments exhibited growth inhibition of E.coli (serotype O: 109 at 106CFU/ml) with all levels of PA and BA (0.1, 0.2 or 0.3%) and, LA and CA (1, 2 or 3%) inclusion in diets compared to the control. The antimicrobial effect was more pronounced at pH 4 within 5 h, which continued up to 24 h, and the vice versa at pH 7.4, indicating a complimentary effect between the organic acids and low pH in reducing the E.coli count. Oral administration of E.coli culture into the crop at 21d of age reduced body weight, FCR and livability of broilers at 42 d, which was effectively corrected by organic acids. These organic acids significantly reduced the bacterial load in duodenal digesta by 3.6 -7.7% compared to antibiotic and control diets, the maximum decline was observed with PA. The in vivo trials with PA or BA inclusion in diets significantly (P<0.05) enhanced broiler body weights (8-10%), FCR, tibia weight, tibia length, breast muscle, intestinal growth, immune response, lymphoid organ weights, and reduced abdominal fat (7.5%) compared to AB and control diet. PA or BA at 0.2% level was either more effective or equivalent to 0.3% level and hence, the former can be used in broiler diets. Organic acids stimulated the growth of small intestine, increased villi length, crypt width and improved goblet cell activity (duodenum), the maximum being with BA, which enhanced nutrient absorption and growth over antibiotic and control diets. Similarly, LA or CA at 2% level improved body weight (9.6-10.9%) and FCR (7.75 - 8.9%) compared to AB and control diets. LA produced higher meat yield (3.1%), breast meat (9.7%) and small intestine weight (45%) compared to control, and decreased abdominal fat. LA or CA in diets maintained significantly low pH in the crop (4.45), proventriculus (3.15) and gizzard (2.38) than the AB diet implying better absorption of nutrients from the gut, due to acidification. The histological studies of duodenum revealed a moderate mono nuclear cell infiltration in duodenal villi and intense activity of goblet cells due to dietary acidification. Further, the feeding trials involving different levels of Ca: P (0.9:0.45%; 0.7:0.35%; 0.5:0.25%) with organic acids, antibiotic and control diets revealed a complementary effect between moderately low level of Ca: P (0.7:0.35%) and organic acids measured in terms of broiler growth, FCR and leg scores, serum Ca: P concentrations and protein deposition in breast muscle that were on par with Ca: P at 0.90:0.45%. Diets with Ca: P at 0.90:0.45% level and BA produced maximum Ca retention in tibia, while PA influenced higher P retention. The extent of decline in bone measures and mineralization due to low Ca: P (0.5:0.25%) was considerably reduced by the intervention of organic acids compared to AB and control diets. The influence of organic acids was also reflected from the sustained higher serum Ca (21%) and P (32.1%), besides that in bone (Ca>4.6% and P>10.5%) compared to antibiotic and control diets. The apparent digestibility of nutrients, particularly that of protein, Ca and P was higher with acidified diets. Interestingly, the digestibility of protein, Ca and P was inversely related to the levels of Ca: P in diet. Organic acids in combination with Ca and P at 0.9:0.45% level supported more protein accretion and less fat deposition in breast muscle and liver tissue. LA and CA in diets enhanced breast meat yield (5.6%), reduced abdominal fat (18.7%) and serum cholesterol (11%) compared to the control diet. It can be concluded that individually all organic acids (Propionic, Butyric, Lactic and Citric acids) effectively sanitized the upper GI tract from E.coli, better than antibiotics, and significantly enhanced broiler performance at 35 and 42 d of age. The ideal inclusion levels of PA or BA (0.2-0.3%) were low compared to LA and CA (2-3%), primarily due to pKa values and molecular weights. Organic acids maintained suitable environment in the intestine and stimulated its morphological and histological growth, which supported higher nutrient absorption, broiler growth, breast meat with more percentage of protein, less water and low fat content and higher Ca and P retention. The antibiotics can be effectively replaced from feed with organic acids.
Open Access
Studies On Improving The Productivity Of Desi Ducks By Introduction Of Khaki Campbell Germplasm And Development Of Suitable Package Of Practices
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1999-08) Nageswara rao, Alluri; Ravindra reddy, V(MAJOR); Eshwaraiah; Joji reddy, K; Satyanarayana, A
Open Access
STUDIES ON NUTRITIVE VALUE AND UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL MEAL (Elaeis guineensis) FOR CHICKEN
(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2011-01) SHAKILA, S; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P (Major); SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V; RAVI, A
ABSTRACT : A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and utilization of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) meal on the performance of broilers and layers. Palm kernel meal (PKM) contained 15.32, 1.75, 14.39, 4.35 and 64.19 per cent crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, total ash and nitrogen free extract respectively on dry matter basis. The palm kernel meal contained 1892 K.cal/kg of metabolizable energy. Among the minerals, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and potassium were 0.49, 0.68, 0.064, 0.58 and 0.48 g/kg where as copper, magnesium, zinc and iron were 15.47, 63.20, 18.45 and 469.5 mg/kg respectively on dry matter basis present in palm kernel meal. The critical amino acids like lysine, methionine, glycine and arginine were 0.44, 0.29, 0.72 and 1.96 per cent respectively on dry matter basis present in palm kernel meal. The first experiment was conducted with palm kernel meal at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent either alone or in combination with enzymes in nine dietary treatments to study the performance of broilers. The body weight gain was not significantly affected in broilers during starter, finisher and overall periods although better weight gain was noticed in the groups fed palm kernel meal at 7.5 per cent with enzymes supplementation (T7) compared to control (T1) group throughout the experimental period. The feed intake was not affected among different dietary treatments, groups during all the growth periods. However, the feed intake was apparently more in broilers fed 15 per cent palm kernel meal without enzymes (T8 group) compared to control group (T1). The feed efficiency was not significantly affected during starter phase, but it was affected significantly (P<0.01) among different groups during finisher and entire period. Better feed efficiency and the feed cost per kg live weight gain was less in broilers fed 7.5 per cent palm kernel meal with enzymes (T7 group) compared to all other groups. The different inclusion levels of palm kernel meal either alone or in combination with enzymes in broiler diets did not influence the carcass traits, total serum protein, serum alkaline phosphatase and antibody titres for Newcastle disease vaccination compared to control group. In the second experiment, palm kernel meal was included in layer diets at 0, 3.5, 7.5, 11.25 and 15.0 per cent to replace de-oiled rice bran (DORB) by 0, 25,50, 75 and 100 per cent respectively with or without enzymes supplementation. Each diet was tested in quadruplicate groups of 6 layers each and a total of 216 layers were used in the experiment. This study was carried out for 10 laying periods of 28 days each in cages. The performance of layers in terms of hen-day egg production and feed efficiency were influenced significantly (P<0.01) whereas feed intake and body weights were not affected by the inclusion of palm kernel meal in the diets upto 15 per cent with or without enzymes supplementation. Furthermore, the egg weight, shell thickness, albumen index, yolk index, haugh unit, total serum protein, serum alkaline phosphatase and antibody titres for Newcastle disease were not affected. The income over feed cost per dozen eggs was higher in layers fed ration containing palm kernel meal at 7.5 per cent along with enzymes than all other treatments. Mortality and causes thereof were found to be independent of dietary treatments both in broilers and layers. It is inferred that palm kernel meal could be incorporated upto 10 and 15 per cent without enzymes in broilers and layer diets respectively without affecting their performance. However, palm kernel meal with enzymes at 7.5 per cent was proved to be better in terms of economic production of broilers and layers.

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