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  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAF MEAL (MOLM) ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS IN HOT HUMID CLIMATE
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) MURALI, LAKHINANA; NAGA RAJA KUMARI, K (MAJOR); NARENDRA NATH, D; SRINIVAS KUMAR, D
    The present study was carried out to study the effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on performance of broilers in hot humid climate. Ross broilers of 180 numbers at day old were distributed randomly to six dietary groups each with five replicates of 6 birds each and were maintained under uniform managemental conditions. During the experiment, Moringa oleifera leaf meal was included at 0% (T1; negative control), control + Vit-E,Se,Vit-C(T2;positive control), 1.5% (T3), 3%(T4), 4.5% (T5) and 6% (T6) levels by marginal adjustment of other feed ingredients. All the rations were made iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous as per BIS (2007) Chemical analysis indicated that MOLM contained 25.13% CP, 12.68% CF, 8.42% EE, 3.25% calcium and 0.49% phosphorus. Significantly (p<0.01) higher body weights were observed in birds fed with MOLM. The body weight gain was significantly higher (p<0.01) in 3.0% MOLM and lower in negative control. The overall feed intake decreased significantly (p<0.01) with increase in level of MOLM (0 to 6.0%) present in the diet compared with the control. While better (p<0.01) FCR was reported at 3.0% level of MOLM inclusion. Serum cholesterol was significantly decreased (p<0.01) and serum protein (p<0.05) and serum globulin were significantly (p<0.01) increased with increasing MOLM in diets whereas, albumin and A/G ratio were not affected by level of MOLM in diets. The haematological parameters of broilers revealed that inclusion of Moringa leaf meal from 0 to 6.0% in the diet had no effect (p>0.05) on PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC and H/L ratio and also on HI titers. The carcass traits like live weight, carcass weight and ready to cook yield were significantly (p<0.01) higher in birds fed with 3.0% MOLM group. On other hand, inclusion of MOLM from 0 to 6.0% in diet had no effect (p>0.05) on dressing percentage, liver heart, gizzard and giblet weights and proximate composition of meat The meat quality parameters of broilers revealed that inclusion of MOLM upto 6% level had no effect on pH, ERV, WHC and sensory evaluation of the meat, except colour of the meat. Colour of the meat significantly (p<0.01) decreased at 6.0% level of MOLM present in the diet. The feed cost / kg gain was lowest (p<0.01) in broilers fed with 3.0% MOLM as compared with other treatment groups. The study indicated that the feed cost /kg gain was Rs 58.13 (T1), 52.66 (T2), 51.17 (T3), 46.78 (T4), 49.75 (T5) and 50.05 (T6). It is concluded that MOLM can be safely incorporated up to 3% level in the diet without any adverse effect on performance of broilers.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF BORON ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-11) SAI CHAITANYA, VADLAMUDI; Narendra Nath, D (MAJOR); Naga Raja Kumari, K; Srinivas Kumar, D
    Japanese quails are small domesticated poultry species having weak legs which are more prone to bone breakage and leg problems due to deficiencies of minerals and vitamins. Several studies suggested that mineral boron (B) plays a vital role in bone mineralization especially macro mineral Calcium (Ca) which leads to reduction in the vitamin D deficiency leg problems associated with vitamin D deficiency. A biological trial was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of boron (B) in the form of boric acid (BA) in quail diets on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemistry, bone morphometry, bone mineralization and cost economics of Japanese quail. One hundred and fifty day old quail chicks were distributed randomly in to five treatments with three replicates containing ten birds each and fed with five experimental diets T1 (Basal diet), T2 (Basal diet supplemented with 15ppm boric acid), T3 (Basal diet supplemented with 30ppm boric acid), T4 (Basal diet supplemented with 45ppm boric acid) and T5 (Basal diet supplemented with 60ppm boric acid). Basal diets were formulated with locally available feed ingredients like maize, soybean meal, DORB and fish meal as per the nutrient requirements of poultry (NRC, 1994). The mean body weights of Japanese quail fed with boric acid at 0ppm (T1), 15ppm (T2), 30ppm (T3), 45ppm (T4) and 60ppm (T5) levels showed non-significant difference among the treatment groups. Japanese quail fed with diets containing boric acid at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60ppm levels showed non significant difference in mean cumulative body weight gain among the treatment groups. Mean feed consumption and mean feed efficiency were not affected by dietary supplementation of boric acid. Carcass traits like mean dressing percentage, mean weights of liver, heart and gizzard were not influenced by supplementation of boric acid in the Japanese quail diet. Mean serum calcium levels showed significant (p<0.05) increase among the treatment groups from 0 ppm boric acid (T1) to 60 ppm boric acid (T5). No significant difference was observed in mean serum phosphorus and mean serum alkaline phosphatase levels among the treatment groups. Mean tibia ash, mean tibia calcium and mean tibia phosphorus levels showed non significant difference among the treatment groups but numerical increase was noticed from T1 (0 ppm) to T5 (60 ppm). Mean tibia proximal width, mean tibia distal width, mean tibia mid shaft width, mean tibia weight and mean tibia length had no significant difference among the treatments. But numerical increase was noticed in mean tibia weight from 0 ppm boric acid (T1) to 60 ppm boric acid (T5). Mortality was low irrespective of the dietary treatments. In this study the cause of death in experimental birds was not related to effect of supplementation of boric acid in the diets. The feed cost per Kg live weight gain had no significant difference among the treatment groups. However the birds fed with diet supplemented with 60 ppm boric acid showed lower cost of production per Kg live weight gain.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF PALM KERNEL MEAL (PKM) WITH AND WITHOUT ENZYME ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) MAHAMMAD ALI, MULLA; Narendra Nath, D(MAJOR); Naga Raja Kumari, K; Eswara Rao, B
    An experiment was conducted to study the effect of palm kernel meal (PKM) usage in quail diets on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemistry and cost economics of Japanese quail. One hundred and eighty day old quail chicks were distributed randomly in to six treatments with three replicates containing ten birds each. Fed with six experimental diets T1 (Basal diet), T2 (Basal diet containing 15% PKM), T3 (Basal diet containing 20% PKM), T4 (Basal diet + enzyme), T5 (Basal diet containing 15% PKM + Enzyme) and T6 (Basal diet containing 20% PKM + Enzyme). Basal diets were formulated with commonly available feed ingredients like maize, soybean meal, fish meal PKM and animal fat as per the nutrient requirements of poultry (NRC, 1994). Japanese quail fed with diets containing PKM without enzyme at 15% levels showed significantly higher body weight than 20% PKM but significantly not differed with the respective control. The body weight of 20% PKM dietary group was not significantly differed with control group at the end of five weeks of age. The body weight of Japanese quail fed with PKM with enzyme at 0 (T4), 15 (T5) and 20% (T6) level showed non-significant difference and also showed no significant difference with their respective without enzyme treatment groups. Japanese quail fed with diets containing PKM without and with enzyme at 0, 15 and 20% showed non-significant difference in cumulative body weight gain among treatment groups. Feed consumption was not influenced by incorporation of PKM. Feed efficiency was not significantly different among 0% (T1), 15% (T2) and 20% (T3) PKM without enzyme dietary groups. Similarly no significant difference was observed among 0 (T4), 15 (T5) and 20% (T6) PKM with enzyme groups. There was no significant difference observed between the corresponding enzyme and without enzyme treatment groups. Palm kernel meal alone or in combination with enzyme in Japanese quail diets did not influence the carcass traits like dressing per cent, weights of liver, heart and gizzard. Serum cholesterol levels (mg/dl) in 20% PKM without enzyme (T3) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher among the treatment groups. No significant difference was observed in serum cholesterol levels between the corresponding enzyme and without enzyme treatment groups at 0, 15% PKM levels but at 20% (T3) PKM without enzyme showed significantly high cholesterol level than corresponding level with enzyme (T6). Serum protein (g/dl) level had shown no significant difference in Japanese quail fed with PKM at 0, 15 and 20% PKM with and without enzyme in diet. Mortality was low irrespective of the dietary treatments. In this study the cause of death in experimental birds was not related to effect of incorporation of PKM with and without enzyme. The feed cost per kg live weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in Japanese quail fed with 15, 20% PKM with and without enzyme than control. Significantly lower feed cost/kg live weight gain was observed in 15% PKM with enzyme group among the treatment groups.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL FED WITH SHRIMP WASTE MEAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FISH MEAL IN DIETS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-02) VINAY KUMAR, G; NARENDRA NATH, D(MAJOR); SHAKILA, S; RAMANA, J.V
    ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted tostudy the effect of shrimp waste meal usage in quail dietsas an alternative to fish meal on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemistry, organoleptic properties of meat and cost economics of Japanese quail. Three hundred day old quail chicks distributed randomly to four treatments with three replicates containing twenty five birds each and fed with four experimental diets T1 (Basal diet), T2 (Basal diet containing 5 % SWM), T3 (Basal diet containing 7.5 % SWM), T4 (Basal diet containing 10 % SWM).Basaldiets were formulated with commonly available feed ingredients like maize, soyabean meal, fish meal and SWM as per the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (NRC, 1994). Japanese quail fed with diets containing SWM (T2, T3 and T4)showed no significant difference in the final body weight compared to control (T1). Birds fed with diets containing SWM (T2, T3 and T4)showed no significant difference in body weight gaincompared to T1. Significantly (P< 0.01) higher feed consumption was observed in Japanese quail fed with diets containing 10% SWM (T4) compared to birds fed with diets containing 0% SWM (T1)and 5% SWM (T2)but comparable with birds fed with diet containing 7.5% SWM (T3)and no significant differences in feed consumption were found among control (T1), T2 and T3 group birds. Significantly (P<0.01) better feed efficiency was observed in birds fed with 5% SWM (T2) and control (T1) dietscompared to T4 group birds.No significant differences in feed efficiency were observed among birds fed with diets containing SWM at 0% (T1), 5% (T2)and 7.5% (T3). Carcass traits like weight of giblets (liver, heart and gizzard), dressing percentages were not affected by experimental diets in Japanese quail. Serum cholesterol levels (mg/dl) in Japanese quail fed with diets containing SWM at 5% (T2) and 7.5% (T3) were significantly low (P< 0.05) compared to control (T1) and T4but there was no significant difference between T1 andT4 group birds.No significant difference was found in serum cholesterol levels between T2 and T3 group birds. Serum total protein (g/dl) level has shown no significant differences in Japanese quail fed with diets containing SWM at 5% (T2), 7.5%(T3)and 10% (T4) levels compared to control group (T1). Organoleptic properties of meat like color, odor and flavour were not affected by SWMinclusion in experimental diets. Mortality is low and was not related to the effect of supplementation of SWM as an alternative to fish meal in quail diets as revealed by post mortem findings. The cost of production per kg live weight gain (Rs.) over feed cost in Japanese quail fed with diets containing SWM (T2, T3 and T4)was significantly (P< 0.05) low compared to control (T1). The feed cost per kg live weight gain was lowest (Rs. 65.13) in 5% SWM (T2) and highest (Rs. 68.63) in control (T1). Feed cost per kg live weight gain was apparently low in 10% SWM (T4)and 7.5% SWM (T3) groups compared to control (T1). The results of present study revealed that the shrimp waste meal can safely be incorporated up to 7.5% level in quail diets for betterperformance.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF KARANJ (Pongamia glabra) CAKE IN CHICKEN
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-03) KRISHNA, DAIDA; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETHAM, V; SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAJU, M.V.L.N.
    ABSTRACT: In order to find out the feasibility of feeding karanj (Pongamia glabra vent) cake to broiler chicken, different chemical detoxification methods were tried at laboratory scale. Based on karanjin content, cost effectiveness and adoptability, alkali (2% NaOH, w/w), alkali & acid (1% NaOH, w/w & 1% HCl w/v) and alcoholic (3% IPA, w/v) treatment of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) were selected for bulk processing and bioassay in broilers. Such SKC and processed karanj cakes were incorporated in broiler diets at graded levels to evaluate the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient retention (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, total ash), immune response (CMI to PHA-P; HI to ND vaccine), serum biochemical (protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase activity) and carcass characteristics (ready to cook yield and weights of liver, gizzard, giblet, pancrease, abdominal fat, kidney, spleen, thymus and bursa), histopathological changes (liver, intestine, kidney), if any, and returns over feed cost per kg weight gain and gain/loss over control diet. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH and HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 914, 933, 927 and 924g/kg dry matter; 56, 42, 47 and 47g/kg ether extract, 33, 58, 46 and 40 g/kg total ash, 23, 13, 15 and 16 g/kg calcium, 5.2, 6.8, 8.9 and 5.0g/kg total phosphorus, 58.0, 54.1, 54.8 and 54.8 g/kg crude fiber respectively. The SKC and processed SKC in order contained 299, 290, 292 and 311 g/kg CP and 17.2, 16.9, 16.9 and 18.3 g/kg lysine and 2.1, 2.2, 2.1, 2.3 g/kg methionine on dry matter basis. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH & HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 0.17, 0.10, 0.08 and 0% karanjin, 1.33, 1.50, 1.66 and 1.55% total tannins, 1.33, 1.63, 1.80 and 2.27 phytate and trypsin inhibitors 10.67, 10.39, 9.82 and 7.64 TIU/mg, respectively. In experiment 1 Karanj cake was included in diet on isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis at graded (30, 60 & 90 g/kg) levels and fed to a total of 390 day-old commercial broiler chickens from day 1 to 42days of age. The data revealed that, inclusion of IPA treated karanj cake at 3% maintained similar body weight gain compared to the soybean meal control group. At 6 and 9%, the IPA treated cake improved the performance compared to the SKC fed group, which was intermediate to the control and the karanj cake groups. Processing of karanj cake with NaOH or NaOH & HCl yielded marginal improvement in body weight of chicken. Feed conversion ratio with IPA treated SKC was comparable to control even at 6% inclusion level. Liver, gizzard and giblet weight was higher in the SKC fed groups than the control. Immune response parameters were not affected; dry matter and ether extract digestibility decreased at 9% of SKC, while NaOH or IPA treatment significantly improved the parameters, while concentration of serum protein or cholesterol were not affected due to treatments. Economics of feeding of karanj cake based diets indicated that IPA treatment increased returns over feed cost than that of SKC diet. Experiment 2 was undertaken to evaluate the response of broilers fed SKC and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) treated SKC each at 6% with or without supplementation of protease (4000 U/kg) or phytase (400 U/kg) or liver tonic (0.1%) in diet, in a 3 x 4 factorial manner. The soybean meal based control diet was also fed with or without supplementation of the additives. The experiment was conducted with a total of 360 day-old broiler chickens. Each experimental diet was fed adlibitum to 6 replicates of 5 birds each from day old to 42 days of age. The body weight gain in the control, 6% SKC and 6% IPA treated SKC were not affected with supplementation of protease, phytase or liver tonic. The higher body weight gain was recorded in control followed by 6% IPA and 6% SKC with supplementation of enzymes (or) liver tonic. However, feed conversion ratio was low in control followed by 6% IPA treated SKC and 6% SKC fed groups. The carcass parameters (ready to cook yield, pancreas and abdominal fat) were not influenced. The relative weight of giblet was higher in the SKC fed compared with IPA or control groups. Immune responses, concentration of protein and activity of alkaline phosphatase were not influenced, while serum cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) affected but no specific trend could be attributed. Experiment 3 was conducted in White Leghorn Layer chicken by using detoxified karanj cakes. The results revealed that, the percent hen day egg production ranged between 96.14 to 98.62% and was not affected significantly (P<0.05) either by the type of karanj cake or levels of inclusion indicating that there were no deleterious effects at low level of inclusion (upto 6%) in comparison to control. The feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in terms of feed intake and egg mass also remained within the normal range suggesting that there were no palatability problems, due to the inclusion of SKC. The egg quality and shell quality parameters observed in the study were well within the standard values and unaffected. Based on result of Experiment 1, it is concluded that, 3% IPA treated SKC could be safely incorporated in broiler chicken diet. Based on Experiment 2 results, it can be concluded that, supplementation of enzymes / liver tonic could not alleviate the toxic effects of solvent extracted karanj cake or Isopropyl alcohol treated karanj cake at 6% level in the diet. Experiment 3 results, suggest that SKC can be incorporated up to 6% in layer diets. The SKC treated with either NaOH, NaOH & HCl or Ca(OH)2 had no extra beneficial effect. The data suggest that commercial layer birds can utilize the treated or untreated SKC better than broilers.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON NUTRITIVE VALUE AND UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL MEAL (EZaeis guineensis) FOR COMMERCIAL EGG TYPE CHICKS AND GROWERS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) SIVAIAH, K; SHAKILA, S(MAJOR); SUDHAKARA REDDY, P; RAVI, A
    ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and utilization of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) meal on the performance of commercial egg type birds during chick and grower phases. Palm kernel meal (PKM) contained 14.1,1.7,16.2,4.1 and 63.9 per cent crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, total ash and nitrogen free extract respectively on dry matter basis and 1986 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. Five experimental diets were formulated using palm kernel meal at 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 and 14.0% during chick and 0, 10.5,21, 31.5 and 42% during grower phases to replace de-oiled rice bran at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% respectively. Each experimental diet was tested with 40 layer chicks and the total number of birds used in the experiment was 200. The experiment was carried out for 20 weeks. The body weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) different in chicks and growers, although better weight gain was noticed in the groups fed the diet containing palm kernel meal at 7.0(C3) and 2 1 .0(G3) per cent levels during chick and grower phases respectively. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.0 1) increased in birds fed different experimental diets during the chick and grower phases. It was the highest in chicks fed rations containing 14(C5) and 42(G5) per cent palm kernel meal during chick and grower phases respectively. The feed efficiency was significantly (P<0.0 1 ) reduced during chick phase at all levels of palm kernel meal inclusion whereas during grower phase it was comparable among treatments except in birds fed rations containing 21%(G3) , in which it was significantly (P<0.01) better than in other treatments. The feed cost during chick phase was significantly (Pc0.01) higher in birds fed palm kernel meal containing rations(C2- C5) than in C1 fed birds; whereas during grower phase it was lower (PC0.01) in birds fed with GZ,G 3,G 4a nd GSt han GId iet. Inclusion of palm kernel meal at different levels had no significant effect on first egg weight, age at first egg and hen - day egg production and also on serum alkaline phosphatase levels in commercial layer birds during chick and grower phases. Two birds died during growing phase and the cause of death was not related to dietary treatments. It is inferred that palm kernel meal could be incorporated upto 7 and 42 per cent during chick and grower phases respectively to replace DORB without affecting the performance of commercial egg type birds.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF MICROBIAL PROTEASES AND CRITICAL AMINO ACIDS MODULATION ON THE DIETARY REQUIREMENT OF PROTEIN IN COMMERCIAL BROILERS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-11) SRILATHA, T; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETHAM, V; RAMA RAO, S.V.; RAMANA REDDY, Y
    ABSTRACT: Protein is the second largest nutrient which determines the feed cost of poultry production. By optimizing the nutrient allowances of dietary crude protein (CP) through supplementation of the most critical amino acids and supplementation of microbial proteases in at sub-optimal concentrations of dietary CP we can reduce the cost of feeding besides minimizing environmental pollution from broiler farming. To fulfill these objectives, a total of 5 experiments were conducted including an in vitro protein digestibility of compounded broiler feeds. All experiments were conducted with commercial broilers reared in battery brooders from 1 to 42 d of age. The primary objective of the Experiment 1 was to find out the optimum concentrations of CP in broiler diet during different phases i.e., pre starter (0-10d), starter (11-21d) and finisher (22-42d). Two levels of CP during pre starter (23 and 21%) and starter (21 and 19%) phases and three levels in finisher phase (19.5, 18 and 16.5%) were tested. The experimental design includes 2 x 2 x 3 levels of CP during pre-starter, starter and finisher phases respectively. The concentrations of lysine, threonine and tryptophan were maintained at the same ratio considering the ideal amino acid ratio (Baker 1996), except methionine which was maintained at 45, 45 and 38% of lysine during pre starter, starter and finisher phases, respectively. The results showed that the broilers fed low levels of CP ( 21 and 19 %) showed significantly higher body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI), and better feed efficiency as compared to the diets with high levels of CP during pre-starter and starter phases (23 and 21%, respectively). The birds fed on higher (19.5%) level of protein in the finisher phase showed higher body weight gain and best feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the lower levels (16.5 and 18%). Carcass characters were not influenced by the variation in dietary CP level tested except the abdominal fat weight which was significantly higher in broiler fed low CP diet either all through 1 to 42 d of age or the lower levels of CP during starter and finisher phases compared to those fed higher levels of CP during all three phases. The results showed that the broilers fed low CP had significantly higher protein digestibility compared to the high CP fed birds. Experiment 2 was conducted to test the feasibility of further reducing the dietary CP below the optimum levels determined in Experiment 1, by modulating the levels of critical amino acids without affecting the broiler performance. The control diet (CD) formulated to contain optimum requirements of CP 21, 19 and 19.5% during pre-starter, starter and finisher phases, respectively. The optimum CP levels were further reduced by 1.5% in the basal diet (BD) during all the 3 phases (19.5, 17.5 and 18%, respectively), Four different concentrations of critical amino acids (lysine-Lys, methionine-Met, threonine-Thr and tryptophan-Try) were added to the diet containing sub-optimal levels of CP by maintaining constant ratio in relation to the dietary Lys level as detailed in Experiment 1. In addition to these levels, a diet with CP recommended by NRC was maintained. A diet with CP levels being followed by the broiler industry was maintained (23, 21 and 19.5% in PS, S and F diets respectively) as the reference diet (RD). The performance of broilers fed the CD (21, 19 and 19.5% CP, in PS, S and F, respectively) was similar to those fed the RD or NRC diet. Reduction of CP content by 1.5% (19.5 and 17.5%) than the CD decreased the performance as compared to those fed on CD during pre-starter and starter phases. But the reduced CP during finisher phase (18%) supported the BWG, which was statistically similar to those fed the CD. Increasing levels of critical amino acids (Lys, Met, Thr and Try) in the BD resulted in progressive and significant reduction in the performance. Broilers fed diet with sub-optimal CP had significantly higher abdominal fat compared to those fed with CD, RD and NRC diet. Supplementation of critical amino acids to the sub-optimal protein diet did not influence the abdominal fat deposition. Effect of supplementing three variants of protease (acid, neutral and alkaline) on in vitro digestibility of CP was tested with various graded concentrations of the enzyme in the Experiment 3.Results showed that the individual proteases at 66.66 u/g soybean meal / meat and bone meal had shown maximum protein digestibility. In the maize-soy bean based diets supplemented with alkaline protease had higher protein digestibility. Highest protein digestibility was observed in groups containing 2:1:1 (33.33:16.66:16.66 u/g diet) and 1:1:2 (16.66:16.66:33.33 u/g diet), acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases, respectively. In maize-soya – meat and bone meal based diet, supplementation with acidic (66.98%), alkaline (64.66%) and neutral (60.20%) proteases significantly improved the protein digestibility compared to the control group. Highest protein digestibility was observed in groups containing 2:1:1 (33.33:16.66:16.66 u/g diet) and 1:1:1 (22.22:22.22:22.22 u/g diet), acid, neutral and alkaline proteases, respectively. Based on the in vitro protein digestibility coefficients, 3 effective levels of proteases (2000, 4000 and 6000u/kg) were selected. These effective combinations and concentrations of proteases were supplemented to low CP maize-soybean based diet (1:1:2 and 2:1:1) in Experiment 4 and low CP maize-soybean-meat cum bone meal based diet in Experiment 5 (1:1:1 and 2:1:1) to find out the possibility of reducing the dietary CP (1.5%) below the optimum levels. The results of Experiment 4 showed that the broilers fed high protein diet (CD) had significantly higher BWG and FI as compared to those fed sub optimal CP diets (BD). The feed efficiency was not affected due to the treatments employed. Proteases (acid, neutral and alkaline) supplementation to the BD had no effect on the performance. The relative weight of abdominal fat was significantly (P<0.05) higher in low CP fed birds compared to those fed the CD, but proteases supplementation to BD did not influence the abdominal fat content. The results of Experiment 5 showed that the broilers fed CD had significantly higher BWG compared to those fed BD. Supplementation of proteases to the BD significantly improved the BWG and feed efficiency during 1-21 and 1-28 d of age, but not during the latter phase (35 and 42 d of age) of growth. The broilers fed on CD had significantly higher ready to cook and breast yields compared to those fed the BD or BD the protease supplementation. The relative weight of abdominal fat was significantly reduced in broilers fed with 1:1:1 (acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases) at 4000 u protease / kg diet as compared to BD. In conclusion, the overall picture of study suggested that the dietary CP levels could be reduced below NRC recommended levels by 2-4% in pre-starter, starter diets and to an extent of 0.5% in finisher diet provided that levels of critical amino acids are closely looked after. Addition of proteases to low protein diets did not influence the growth performance of broilers fed maize-soybean meal based diet but it had a significant positive effect on in young chicken fed on maize-soybean meal based-meat and bone meal based diets.
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF ENCAPSULATION OF FEED ENZYMES ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-09) SRINATH, K; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETAM, V; REDDY, M.R; KONDAL REDDY, K
    ABSTRACT: The effect of feeding encapsulated enzymes in corn soya pelleted diets on the performance of broilers was studied. The enzyme supplementations like phytase, xylanase and cocktail (cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, mannanase, glucanase, amylase, and protease) available in market were procured, encapsulatecUcoated with sodium alginate and included to corn-soya diet at recommended doses. The feed was then pelleted at 80°C in a steam conditioner of 0.6 MPa for 10 s. The enzyme combinations were offered to nine groups, each consist of 30 male broiler chicks (Vencobb) from day old to 6 weeks of age. The chicks were raised on wire floor electrically heated battery brooders; feed and water were provided ad libitum. The performance of broilers in terms of body weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, livability, dressing yield, relative length of small intestine in centimeters, proventriculus weight, abdominal fat weight and relative weights of giblets. Lymphoid organs such as thymus, bursa and spleen weights, which were expressed as percentage of live body weight, were also In the present study broilers showed significantly (P(0.05) increased body weight gains on supplementation of uncda nd coated ~eto corsn-soya diet during finisher phase (4-6 weeks) and overall period (0-6 weeks) than the control diet. Coated enzyme supplemented diets yielded significantly (P<0.05) increased body weight gains over their respective uncoated supplemented diets during starter phase (0- 3 weeks) , finisher phase(4-6 weeks) and overall period (0-6 weeks) except in coated phytase supplemented diet which only resulted in significantly (P<0.05) increased body weight gain over uncoated phytase supplen~ented diet (T2) during finisher phase (4-6 weeks). Feed intake of broilers on supplementation of uncoated and coated enzymes to corn- soya diet showed no significant difference during 1-6 week of age when compared to control diet. Supplementation of uncoated and coated enzymes in pelletized corn soya diet yielded significantly (Pc0.05) efficient feed to weight gain values over the control diet during finisher phase (4-6 weeks) and overall period (0-6 weeks). Coated enzyme supplemented diets yielded significantly (Pc0.05) efficient feed to weight gain values over their respective uncoated enzyme supplemented diets during finisher phase (4-6 weeks) and overall period (0-6 weeks). Supplementation of uncoated or coated enzyme preparations to corn soya diet did not influence the livability, dressing percent, abdominal fat weight, proventriculus weight, visceral organ weights (liver, lleart, and gizzard), intestinal lengths (cm) and weights of immune organs (thymus, bursa and spleen) in broilers. In vitro feed analysis of release of total sugars (mg/gm diet) from uncoated and coated enzymes supplemented pelletized corn soya diets yielded higher values of total sugars (mglgm feed) in enzyme treated diets than control diet in both starter and finisher feed. Coated enzyme supplemented diets yielded higher values of total sugars (mg/grn feed) over their respective uncoated enzyme supplemented diets in both starter and finisher feed. In viho fced analysis of release of inorganic phosphorous (g/kg diet) from phytase enzyme supplemented corn-soya pelleted diets yielded higher values of inorganic phosphorous release in ooated phytase supplemented diets than uncoated phytase supplemented diets. However, both uncoated and coated phytase enzyme supplemented diets yielded higher inorganic phosphorous values than control diet. The returns over feed cost of Rs 48.31 to 50.94 per bird on uncoated enzyme supplemented diets as against Rs 44.05 on control diet. The return over feed cost was Rs 55.32 to 51.58 on coated enzymes supplemented diets. It is concluded that supplementation of coated enzymes offered better protection against pelletization temperature and gastric conditions in the gut there by retaining maximum efficacy over uncoated enzymes. Hence, coating of enzymes is suggested
  • ThesisItemOpen Access
    RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIC ACIDS (in vitro and in vivo) ON THE EXCLUSION OF ANTIBIOTIC (Virginiamycin) FROM DIETS AND ENHANCEMENT OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHOROUS IN BROILERS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-08) VIJAYA LAKSHMI, K; Raja Sekhar Reddy, A(MAJOR); Ravinder Reddy, V; Shyam Sundar, G; Naga Lakshmi, D; Reddy, Y.N
    ABSTRACT : Antibiotics are used in poultry feeds for antimicrobial effect, and also for growth promotion, but are now banned because of drug resistance and residual effects through egg and meat consumption. As feed acidifiers, organic acids (C1-C7) are associated with antimicrobial activity and growth promotion, and therefore considered as valuable replacers for antibiotics. However, the studies conducted so far on organic acids projected variable results, primarily due to pKa values and molecular weights that determine the antimicrobial and growth promoting effects. In order to examine the expression of organic acids, a series of trials in vitro and in vivo were under taken with closely (Propionic acid -PA and Butyric acid-BA) and remotely related (Lactic acid -LA and Citric acid-CA) acids to decipher information on their utility in broiler chicken. PA and BA with relatively high pKa and low molecular weight, were expected to possess higher antimicrobial effect and hence, their inclusion levels were kept low (0.1% - 0.3%) in diets, and conversely for LA and CA (1-3%). In vitro experiments exhibited growth inhibition of E.coli (serotype O: 109 at 106CFU/ml) with all levels of PA and BA (0.1, 0.2 or 0.3%) and, LA and CA (1, 2 or 3%) inclusion in diets compared to the control. The antimicrobial effect was more pronounced at pH 4 within 5 h, which continued up to 24 h, and the vice versa at pH 7.4, indicating a complimentary effect between the organic acids and low pH in reducing the E.coli count. Oral administration of E.coli culture into the crop at 21d of age reduced body weight, FCR and livability of broilers at 42 d, which was effectively corrected by organic acids. These organic acids significantly reduced the bacterial load in duodenal digesta by 3.6 -7.7% compared to antibiotic and control diets, the maximum decline was observed with PA. The in vivo trials with PA or BA inclusion in diets significantly (P<0.05) enhanced broiler body weights (8-10%), FCR, tibia weight, tibia length, breast muscle, intestinal growth, immune response, lymphoid organ weights, and reduced abdominal fat (7.5%) compared to AB and control diet. PA or BA at 0.2% level was either more effective or equivalent to 0.3% level and hence, the former can be used in broiler diets. Organic acids stimulated the growth of small intestine, increased villi length, crypt width and improved goblet cell activity (duodenum), the maximum being with BA, which enhanced nutrient absorption and growth over antibiotic and control diets. Similarly, LA or CA at 2% level improved body weight (9.6-10.9%) and FCR (7.75 - 8.9%) compared to AB and control diets. LA produced higher meat yield (3.1%), breast meat (9.7%) and small intestine weight (45%) compared to control, and decreased abdominal fat. LA or CA in diets maintained significantly low pH in the crop (4.45), proventriculus (3.15) and gizzard (2.38) than the AB diet implying better absorption of nutrients from the gut, due to acidification. The histological studies of duodenum revealed a moderate mono nuclear cell infiltration in duodenal villi and intense activity of goblet cells due to dietary acidification. Further, the feeding trials involving different levels of Ca: P (0.9:0.45%; 0.7:0.35%; 0.5:0.25%) with organic acids, antibiotic and control diets revealed a complementary effect between moderately low level of Ca: P (0.7:0.35%) and organic acids measured in terms of broiler growth, FCR and leg scores, serum Ca: P concentrations and protein deposition in breast muscle that were on par with Ca: P at 0.90:0.45%. Diets with Ca: P at 0.90:0.45% level and BA produced maximum Ca retention in tibia, while PA influenced higher P retention. The extent of decline in bone measures and mineralization due to low Ca: P (0.5:0.25%) was considerably reduced by the intervention of organic acids compared to AB and control diets. The influence of organic acids was also reflected from the sustained higher serum Ca (21%) and P (32.1%), besides that in bone (Ca>4.6% and P>10.5%) compared to antibiotic and control diets. The apparent digestibility of nutrients, particularly that of protein, Ca and P was higher with acidified diets. Interestingly, the digestibility of protein, Ca and P was inversely related to the levels of Ca: P in diet. Organic acids in combination with Ca and P at 0.9:0.45% level supported more protein accretion and less fat deposition in breast muscle and liver tissue. LA and CA in diets enhanced breast meat yield (5.6%), reduced abdominal fat (18.7%) and serum cholesterol (11%) compared to the control diet. It can be concluded that individually all organic acids (Propionic, Butyric, Lactic and Citric acids) effectively sanitized the upper GI tract from E.coli, better than antibiotics, and significantly enhanced broiler performance at 35 and 42 d of age. The ideal inclusion levels of PA or BA (0.2-0.3%) were low compared to LA and CA (2-3%), primarily due to pKa values and molecular weights. Organic acids maintained suitable environment in the intestine and stimulated its morphological and histological growth, which supported higher nutrient absorption, broiler growth, breast meat with more percentage of protein, less water and low fat content and higher Ca and P retention. The antibiotics can be effectively replaced from feed with organic acids.