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Subject: Poultry Science × End date: 2016 × Start date: 2013 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF KARANJ (Pongamia glabra) CAKE IN CHICKEN
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-03) KRISHNA, DAIDA; RAVINDER REDDY, V(MAJOR); CHINNI PREETHAM, V; SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAJU, M.V.L.N.
    ABSTRACT: In order to find out the feasibility of feeding karanj (Pongamia glabra vent) cake to broiler chicken, different chemical detoxification methods were tried at laboratory scale. Based on karanjin content, cost effectiveness and adoptability, alkali (2% NaOH, w/w), alkali & acid (1% NaOH, w/w & 1% HCl w/v) and alcoholic (3% IPA, w/v) treatment of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) were selected for bulk processing and bioassay in broilers. Such SKC and processed karanj cakes were incorporated in broiler diets at graded levels to evaluate the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient retention (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, total ash), immune response (CMI to PHA-P; HI to ND vaccine), serum biochemical (protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase activity) and carcass characteristics (ready to cook yield and weights of liver, gizzard, giblet, pancrease, abdominal fat, kidney, spleen, thymus and bursa), histopathological changes (liver, intestine, kidney), if any, and returns over feed cost per kg weight gain and gain/loss over control diet. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH and HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 914, 933, 927 and 924g/kg dry matter; 56, 42, 47 and 47g/kg ether extract, 33, 58, 46 and 40 g/kg total ash, 23, 13, 15 and 16 g/kg calcium, 5.2, 6.8, 8.9 and 5.0g/kg total phosphorus, 58.0, 54.1, 54.8 and 54.8 g/kg crude fiber respectively. The SKC and processed SKC in order contained 299, 290, 292 and 311 g/kg CP and 17.2, 16.9, 16.9 and 18.3 g/kg lysine and 2.1, 2.2, 2.1, 2.3 g/kg methionine on dry matter basis. The SKC, NaOH treated SKC, NaOH & HCl treated SKC and IPA treated SKC contained 0.17, 0.10, 0.08 and 0% karanjin, 1.33, 1.50, 1.66 and 1.55% total tannins, 1.33, 1.63, 1.80 and 2.27 phytate and trypsin inhibitors 10.67, 10.39, 9.82 and 7.64 TIU/mg, respectively. In experiment 1 Karanj cake was included in diet on isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis at graded (30, 60 & 90 g/kg) levels and fed to a total of 390 day-old commercial broiler chickens from day 1 to 42days of age. The data revealed that, inclusion of IPA treated karanj cake at 3% maintained similar body weight gain compared to the soybean meal control group. At 6 and 9%, the IPA treated cake improved the performance compared to the SKC fed group, which was intermediate to the control and the karanj cake groups. Processing of karanj cake with NaOH or NaOH & HCl yielded marginal improvement in body weight of chicken. Feed conversion ratio with IPA treated SKC was comparable to control even at 6% inclusion level. Liver, gizzard and giblet weight was higher in the SKC fed groups than the control. Immune response parameters were not affected; dry matter and ether extract digestibility decreased at 9% of SKC, while NaOH or IPA treatment significantly improved the parameters, while concentration of serum protein or cholesterol were not affected due to treatments. Economics of feeding of karanj cake based diets indicated that IPA treatment increased returns over feed cost than that of SKC diet. Experiment 2 was undertaken to evaluate the response of broilers fed SKC and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) treated SKC each at 6% with or without supplementation of protease (4000 U/kg) or phytase (400 U/kg) or liver tonic (0.1%) in diet, in a 3 x 4 factorial manner. The soybean meal based control diet was also fed with or without supplementation of the additives. The experiment was conducted with a total of 360 day-old broiler chickens. Each experimental diet was fed adlibitum to 6 replicates of 5 birds each from day old to 42 days of age. The body weight gain in the control, 6% SKC and 6% IPA treated SKC were not affected with supplementation of protease, phytase or liver tonic. The higher body weight gain was recorded in control followed by 6% IPA and 6% SKC with supplementation of enzymes (or) liver tonic. However, feed conversion ratio was low in control followed by 6% IPA treated SKC and 6% SKC fed groups. The carcass parameters (ready to cook yield, pancreas and abdominal fat) were not influenced. The relative weight of giblet was higher in the SKC fed compared with IPA or control groups. Immune responses, concentration of protein and activity of alkaline phosphatase were not influenced, while serum cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) affected but no specific trend could be attributed. Experiment 3 was conducted in White Leghorn Layer chicken by using detoxified karanj cakes. The results revealed that, the percent hen day egg production ranged between 96.14 to 98.62% and was not affected significantly (P<0.05) either by the type of karanj cake or levels of inclusion indicating that there were no deleterious effects at low level of inclusion (upto 6%) in comparison to control. The feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in terms of feed intake and egg mass also remained within the normal range suggesting that there were no palatability problems, due to the inclusion of SKC. The egg quality and shell quality parameters observed in the study were well within the standard values and unaffected. Based on result of Experiment 1, it is concluded that, 3% IPA treated SKC could be safely incorporated in broiler chicken diet. Based on Experiment 2 results, it can be concluded that, supplementation of enzymes / liver tonic could not alleviate the toxic effects of solvent extracted karanj cake or Isopropyl alcohol treated karanj cake at 6% level in the diet. Experiment 3 results, suggest that SKC can be incorporated up to 6% in layer diets. The SKC treated with either NaOH, NaOH & HCl or Ca(OH)2 had no extra beneficial effect. The data suggest that commercial layer birds can utilize the treated or untreated SKC better than broilers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON NUTRITIVE VALUE AND UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL MEAL (EZaeis guineensis) FOR COMMERCIAL EGG TYPE CHICKS AND GROWERS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) SIVAIAH, K; SHAKILA, S(MAJOR); SUDHAKARA REDDY, P; RAVI, A
    ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and utilization of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) meal on the performance of commercial egg type birds during chick and grower phases. Palm kernel meal (PKM) contained 14.1,1.7,16.2,4.1 and 63.9 per cent crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, total ash and nitrogen free extract respectively on dry matter basis and 1986 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. Five experimental diets were formulated using palm kernel meal at 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 and 14.0% during chick and 0, 10.5,21, 31.5 and 42% during grower phases to replace de-oiled rice bran at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% respectively. Each experimental diet was tested with 40 layer chicks and the total number of birds used in the experiment was 200. The experiment was carried out for 20 weeks. The body weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) different in chicks and growers, although better weight gain was noticed in the groups fed the diet containing palm kernel meal at 7.0(C3) and 2 1 .0(G3) per cent levels during chick and grower phases respectively. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.0 1) increased in birds fed different experimental diets during the chick and grower phases. It was the highest in chicks fed rations containing 14(C5) and 42(G5) per cent palm kernel meal during chick and grower phases respectively. The feed efficiency was significantly (P<0.0 1 ) reduced during chick phase at all levels of palm kernel meal inclusion whereas during grower phase it was comparable among treatments except in birds fed rations containing 21%(G3) , in which it was significantly (P<0.01) better than in other treatments. The feed cost during chick phase was significantly (Pc0.01) higher in birds fed palm kernel meal containing rations(C2- C5) than in C1 fed birds; whereas during grower phase it was lower (PC0.01) in birds fed with GZ,G 3,G 4a nd GSt han GId iet. Inclusion of palm kernel meal at different levels had no significant effect on first egg weight, age at first egg and hen - day egg production and also on serum alkaline phosphatase levels in commercial layer birds during chick and grower phases. Two birds died during growing phase and the cause of death was not related to dietary treatments. It is inferred that palm kernel meal could be incorporated upto 7 and 42 per cent during chick and grower phases respectively to replace DORB without affecting the performance of commercial egg type birds.