Loading...
Thesis
Browse
3 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING TANNIFEROUS HERBAGE ON GROWTH AND HELMINTHS CONTROL IN NELLORE SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-11) SIREESHA, KORLAKUNTA; VENKATA SESHAIAH, CH(MAJOR); SUDHAKAR, K; SRINIVAS KUMAR, D; VINOO, RThe present research was carried out to find out the effect of feeding tanniferous leaf meal mixture (TLMM) incorporated total mixed rations (TMR) on growth, BCS, blood haematological and biochemical profiles, faecal egg count of helminths and cost per kg live weight gain in Nellore lambs and ewes. Among the ten locally available herbages, Ficus benghalensis, Leucaena leucocephala and Psidium guajava were selected for the experiment based on their CP and CT content. A total of 30 Nellore brown lambs of approximately 3-4 months age with a mean live weight of 12.10 ± 0.31 kg and 30 ewes of uniform age 3 to 3.5 years and body weight (25.03±1.52 Kg), tested positive for parasitic infestation were selected and randomly divided into five groups of 6 animals each in a completely randomized design. The control groups i.e. positive control ( C) and negative control (NC) were fed with total mixed ration (TMR) without TLMM and the treatment groups were fed with TMR in which part of the roughage portion was replaced with TLMM to get the CT content of the ration at 2% (T1), 3%(T2) and 4%(T3) levels for a period of 120 days. Only NC group of lambs and ewes received deworming as per the schedule. Care was taken that all the experimental rations were isonitrogenous. The mean body weights (kg) of lambs at the end of the experiment were significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment groups compared to control groups and the body weights of lambs in T2 group were significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to other groups. The body weights (kg) of T1, T2 and T3 groups were found to be 21%, 23% and 18% higher than the control group. The average daily gain (ADG) in treatment groups of lambs were found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to C and NC groups and the difference between C and NC groups was also significantly (P<0.05) different. Among the treatment groups, T2 group recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher mean ADG compared to T3 group, while the difference was not significant between T1 and T2 and T1 and T3. The average feed intake (g/day) in lambs was significantly (P<0.05) low in control group compared to other groups, while the difference was not significant among other groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) (kg DMI/kg gain) was significantly (P<0.05) low in T2 group compared to C and NC groups, while the difference was comparable among treatment groups. No significant difference was observed in mean BCS values among treatment and control groups of lambs and ewes. The mean Hb (g/dl) levels were significantly (P<0.05) low in C group compared to other groups and significantly (P<0.05) high in T2, NC groups, while the difference was not significant (P<0.05) between T1 and T3 groups in lambs and ewes. The mean PCV (%) values were significantly (P<0.05) low in C group compared to other groups, while the difference was not significant among other groups in both lambs and ewes. Total protein, albumin, globulin (g/dl) levels and A:G ratio were significantly (P<0.05) lower in control group compared to treatment groups in lambs and ewes. Mean glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, Ca, P and Cu (mg/dl) levels in experimental lambs and ewes under different treatments did not differ significantly (P<0.05). The mean serum urea (mg/dl) levels in all the treatment groups of lambs and ewes were found to be significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to both control groups. No significant (P<0.05) difference was observed among different treatment groups with respect to SGOT and SGPT (IU/L) in lambs and ewes. The FEC (eggs per gram) in treatment groups was found to be decreasing with the progression of the experiment till the end of the experiment in both lambs and ewes. In lambs and ewes, the FEC was significantly (P<0.05) high in C group and were low in T2 group, while the difference was not significant among T1, T3 and NC groups in lambs and ewes. At the end of the experiment, the FEC reduced by 66.67%, 85.85% and 71.63% in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively in lambs and 68.20%, 86.0% and 69.90% in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively in ewes compared to FEC recorded at the beginning of the experiment. The cost of feeding (₹) per kg weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T2 group and significantly (P<0.05) higher in C group compared to other groups, while the difference was not significant between NC, T1 and T2 groups. The feeding cost (₹) per kg live weight gain was 38, 25, and 23% less in T2, T1 and T3 groups compared to the control. The results from the present study concluded that feeding of diets containing 3% CT from locally available TLMM (Ficus benghalensis, Leucaena leucocephala and Psidium guajava at 40:40:20 ratio) was proven to be better in terms of growth performance, parasitic control and cost of feeding in lambs and parasitic control in ewes. The results of the study further reveled that feeding of CT even at 4% level in the diets of sheep does not cause any effect on health of the animal.ThesisItem Open Access A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF ONGOLE CATTLE IN THE BREEDING TRACT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-07) DHARMA RAO, M.V.; Jagadeeswara Rao, S; Venkata Seshaiah, CH; Srinivas Kumar, D; Vinoo, RThe aim of this study was to find out the present status of Ongole cattle, its production and reproduction performance, existing management practices and constraints perceived by the Ongole cattle farmers and to quantify the association of morphometric characters with production and reproduction traits in Ongole cattle. The trend in the total bovine population of Andhra Pradesh indicated that the indigenous cattle population was decreased (47.2 per cent), while crossbred population increased to 239 per cent and buffalo population marginally decreased during the period of 1997 to 2017. The total Ongole breed population was 1,85,104 numbers in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the breed tract of six districts had about 1,06,597 numbers, which accounts for 57.0 per cent in total Ongole cattle population of the state. The overall least squares mean for total lactation milk yield, milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval, peak yield, days to reach peak yield and lactation length, was 716.03 ± 7.81 kg, 2.98± 0.02 kg, 1.55± 0.04 kg, 4.25 ± 0.15 kg, 65.68 ± 0.89 days and 241.34 ± 2.01 days, respectively. The production traits were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the location of the location of the farm, period of calving and lactation order. The least square mean of age at first calving, dry period, service period and calving interval was 1586.94 ± 9.14, 275.69 ± 5.06, 226.44 ± 4.31 and 511.08 ± 6.00 days, respectively. All the reproduction traits under study were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the farm, period and order of lactation. 21 The mean animal length, height, heart girth, abdominal girth, neck length and udder length, for the cows of organized farms were 139.17±0.55, 140.29±0.41, 174.83±0.88, 189.75±1.09, 47.70±0.78, and 31.81±0.57 cm whilst, for farmer cows were 141.03±0.75, 143.07±0.55, 178.59±1.20, 194.40±1.48, 28.58±0.77 and 28.58±0.77 cm, respectively. The differences were found to be significant (P<0.01) and the variation in rest of morphometric traits were found to be non-significant. The average total lactation milk yield in Ongole cows of both farm and farmers herds was 918.76±45.57 kg and was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the udder area and skin fold thickness. The mean lactation length was 239.11±11.00 days, which was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the herd, cephalic index and skin fold thickness. The peak yield was 5.78±0.23 kg and was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the herd and skin fold thickness. Cows of farmers’ herds took more number of days to reach peak yield when compared to the cows of organized herds. The mean dry period, service period and the calving interval for farm and farmer herds was 185.50±15.99, 226.51±16.42 and 475.80±16.05 days, respectively. Total lactation milk yield had a significant (P<0.01) and positive correlations with udder area, udder length and cephalic index whereas, negatively correlated with skin fold thickness. The lactation length was positively correlated with face length, cephalic index and udder area whereas, negatively correlated with skin fold thickness in Ongole cattle. Majority of respondents of Ongole cattle rearers in the breeding tract belonged to middle age group had small family with high percentage of literacy and possessed marginal to small land holdings and agriculture was the main occupation. Most of the farmers had knowledge about breeding practices, followed AI and select the bulls based on physical characters. Most of the animals were allowed for grazing and the predominant dry fodder was found to be paddy straw. Loose housing, kutcha sheds with thatched roof was the most common housing, adjacent to near to farmers’ residence. Hand milking was common and none of the farmers practiced weaning. Among the constraints perceived by Ongole cattle rearers, majority of farmers expressed feeding related problems (64.68 percent) in cattle (high cost of concentrate feeds and crop residues etc) and it was ranked first. The mean Garrett’s scores for other constraints in descending order were 59.41, 57.11, 52.66, 51.78 and 47.33 per cents for general, breeding, breed characteristics, health care and marketing problems related, respectively in the Ongole cattle breeding tract of Andhra Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON STATUS AND PERFORMANCE OF ONGOLE CATTLE IN THE BREEDING TRACT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-07) DHARMA RAO, M.V; JAGADEESWARARAO, S(MAJOR); Venkata Seshaiah, Ch.; Srinivas Kumar, D; Vinoo, RThe aim of this study was to find out the present status of Ongole cattle, its production and reproduction performance, existing management practices and constraints perceived by the Ongole cattle farmers and to quantify the association of morphometric characters with production and reproduction traits in Ongole cattle. The trend in the total bovine population of Andhra Pradesh indicated that the indigenous cattle population was decreased (47.2 per cent), while crossbred population increased to 239 per cent and buffalo population marginally decreased during the period of 1997 to 2017. The total Ongole breed population was 1,85,104 numbers in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the breed tract of six districts had about 1,06,597 numbers, which accounts for 57.0 per cent in total Ongole cattle population of the state. The overall least squares mean for total lactation milk yield, milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval, peak yield, days to reach peak yield and lactation length, was 716.03 ± 7.81 kg, 2.98± 0.02 kg, 1.55± 0.04 kg, 4.25 ± 0.15 kg, 65.68 ± 0.89 days and 241.34 ± 2.01 days, respectively. The production traits were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the location of the location of the farm, period of calving and lactation order. The least square mean of age at first calving, dry period, service period and calving interval was 1586.94 ± 9.14, 275.69 ± 5.06, 226.44 ± 4.31 and 511.08 ± 6.00 days, respectively. All the reproduction traits under study were significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the farm, period and order of lactation. The mean animal length, height, heart girth, abdominal girth, neck length and udder length, for the cows of organized farms were 139.17±0.55, 140.29±0.41, 174.83±0.88, 189.75±1.09, 47.70±0.78, and 31.81±0.57 cm whilst, for farmer cows were 141.03±0.75, 143.07±0.55, 178.59±1.20, 194.40±1.48, 28.58±0.77 and 28.58±0.77 cm, respectively. The differences were found to be significant (P<0.01) and the variation in rest of morphometric traits were found to be non-significant. The average total lactation milk yield in Ongole cows of both farm and farmers herds was 918.76±45.57 kg and was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the udder area and skin fold thickness. The mean lactation length was 239.11±11.00 days, which was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the herd, cephalic index and skin fold thickness. The peak yield was 5.78±0.23 kg and was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the herd and skin fold thickness. Cows of farmers’ herds took more number of days to reach peak yield when compared to the cows of organized herds. The mean dry period, service period and the calving interval for farm and farmer herds was 185.50±15.99, 226.51±16.42 and 475.80±16.05 days, respectively. Total lactation milk yield had a significant (P<0.01) and positive correlations with udder area, udder length and cephalic index whereas, negatively correlated with skin fold thickness. The lactation length was positively correlated with face length, cephalic index and udder area whereas, negatively correlated with skin fold thickness in Ongole cattle. Majority of respondents of Ongole cattle rearers in the breeding tract belonged to middle age group had small family with high percentage of literacy and possessed marginal to small land holdings and agriculture was the main occupation. Most of the farmers had knowledge about breeding practices, followed AI and select the bulls based on physical characters. Most of the animals were allowed for grazing and the predominant dry fodder was found to be paddy straw. Loose housing, kutcha sheds with thatched roof was the most common housing, adjacent to near to farmers’ residence. Hand milking was common and none of the farmers practiced weaning. Among the constraints perceived by Ongole cattle rearers, majority of farmers expressed feeding related problems (64.68 percent) in cattle (high cost of concentrate feeds and crop residues etc) and it was ranked first. The mean Garrett’s scores for other constraints in descending order were 59.41, 57.11, 52.66, 51.78 and 47.33 per cents for general, breeding, breed characteristics, health care and marketing problems related, respectively in the Ongole cattle breeding tract of Andhra Pradesh.
