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ThesisItem Open Access APPLICATION OF BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS) SYSTEM FOR MURRAH AND GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES FOR IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) ASHALATHA, P; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; MOORTHY, P.R.S; RAVINDRA REDDY, Y; RAMANA, J.VThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC AND TANNIFEROUS DIETS ON GROWTH AND ENTERIC EMISSIONS IN DECCANI RAM LAMBS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-09) PARTHASARATHI, THOTA; SARAT CHANDRA, A (Major); MAHENDER, M; GNANA PRAKASH, M; RAMANA, D.B.VABSTRACT : The present study was conducted with an aim to study the effect of probiotics supplementation and tanniferous diet inclusion on nutrient utilization, growth performance and enteric emissions in Deccani ram lambs. The experiment was conducted in two phases i.e., in vitro and in vivo study in Deccani ram lambs. During first phase seven probiotic combinations and five tanniferous diets were supplemented to sorghum stover based complete diet and screened for in vitro DM digestibility and in vitro methane production technique. The inclusion of probiotic and tanniferous diets resulted in increased in vitro dry matter digestibilities (IVDMD) and the highest (P<0.01) digestibilities were observed with a combination of probiotics (S. cerevisiae 47 + S. boulardii + L. acidophilus + P. freudenreichii) and horse gram meal as tanniferous protein source, the increase being 3.5 and 3.6 per cent respectively. Similar results were observed with respect to reduction in in vitro methane production and the above combination of probiotics (S cerevisiae47 + S. boulardii + L. acidophilus + P. freudenreichii) and horse gram meal as tanniferous protein source resulted in 4.0 and 3.2 per cent reduction (P<0.05) in in vitro methane production, respectively over group averages. During second phase, eighteen Deccani ram lambs of 130.11±3.00 days of age with an average body weight of 16.5±0.64 kg were randomly allotted to 3 groups in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were viz., Group I: Basal diet (chopped sorgum stover as roughage source) (BD) + group 1 concentrate+ chopped green fodder (4kg), Group II: Basal diet + Group 2 concentrate (horse gram as tannin source selected from in vitro studies+ chopped green fodder (4kg), Group III: Basal diet + Group 3 concentrate supplemented with probiotics (S. cerevisiae 47+ S. boulardii + L. acidophilus + P. freudenreichii) selected from in vitro studies @ 4kg per100kg concentrate + chopped green fodder (4kg). Deccani ram lambs were fed the respective diets ad lib. to meet the nutrient requirements (NRC, 2001) throughout 90 days of feeding trial. A metabolic trial of 7 days was carried out after 60 days of feeding trial. Blood was collected at 0, 45 and 90 days of feeding trial to determine the serum mineral status and serum biochemical constituents. Further, the enteric emissions from the lambs was estimated by using a respiratory chamber in an environmental controlled house. The gas samples collected from the chamber were immediately analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Neither the probiotic supplementation nor horse gram meal inclusion had any effect on Dry matter intakes (DMI) per day and per 100kg body weight. The nutrient digestibilities of DM (P<0.01), organic matter (P<0.02), crude protein (P<0.01), crude fibre (P<0.01), ether extract (P<0.01), nitrogen free extract (P<0.01), neutral detergent fibre (P<0.01), acid detergent fibre (P<0.01), hemicellulose (P<0.05) and cellulose (P<0.01) increased with probiotic supplementation and horse gram meal inclusion. All the experimental animals (growing Deccani ram lambs) met the TDN, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) requirements as suggested by ICAR (1998). Higher DCP and TDN in ration (P<0.05), and TDN intake (P<0.05) was observed with probiotic supplementation and horse gram meal inclusion. The increase in the digestibilities of various nutrients reflected in the growth performance of Deccani ran lambs as reflected by significantly (P<0.05) higher live weight, average daily (P<0.05) Group II and Group III lambs respectively. Feed efficiency of the animals improved as the feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg gain) (P<0.01), cost of feed/kg gain (P<0.01) increased in Group II and III. Blood glucose concentration was comparable among the experimental groups, however relatively higher (P<0.05) total proteins, cholesterol, albumin and globulin concentration in blood serum observed with probiotic supplementation and horse gram inclusion. Liver enzymatic activities alkaline phosphatase, SGPT, SGOT were comparable among the experimental groups, however a significant (P<0.05) increase in the mean serum liver enzymatic activities was observed in growing Deccani ram lambs during experimentation than before start of experiment. Mean serum urea and serum creatinine level were statistically non-significant (P>0.05) but lower at the end of experiment. Horse gram inclusion and probiotic supplementation had no significant effect on blood calcium levels but non-significantly increased blood phosphorus levels among the respective groups during the growth period. Serum cobalt, copper, zinc, iron, magnesium and manganese values were comparable among the experimental groups, however a significant (P<0.05) increase was observed in the mean mineral values in growing Deccani ram lambs during experimentation than before start of experiment. A significantly (P<0.01) higher THI and HLI was recorded in March month as compared to February and January and they did not exert any significant effect on dry matter intake and average daily gain in the Deccani ram lambs. However, relatively lower sodium and potassium and higher chloride concentrations were observed in Deccani ram lambs at the end of experiment compared to the start of experiment indicating a mild heat stress on lambs during March. Mean enteric methane emissions (l/day) were significantly (P<0.01) lower in Group II (10.05± 0.39) and III (9.05± 0.47) lambs which received tanniferous horse gram meal and probiotic, respectively than control (11.59± 0.70) lambs (Group I). Tanniferous horse gram meal and probiotics reduced 9.4 and 21.9 per cent of daily methane emissions, respectively in growing Deccani ram lambs. The study indicated that supplementation of probiotic and inclusion of tanniferous protein source increased nutrient digestibilities, growth performance, feed efficiency with no detrimental effect on health of the as reflected in serum metabolites and serum minerals. Further the inclusion of the probiotic and horse gram meal decreased enteric methane emissions, suggesting that the energy loss for ruminants in the form of methane emissions can be reduced efficiently and the animals can be raised in an eco-friendly manner.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON IMPACT OF RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA (RKVY) PROJECT ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF BENEFICIARIES OF PIGGERY UNITS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-07) LAVANYA, A; GANGARAJU, G; SURESH, J; SAKUNTHALA DEVI, KABSTRACT : A study was undertaken to assess the economic impact of Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) project run by AICRP on pigs at Tirupati on the livelihoods of beneficiaries of piggery units. The study was carried out in Chittoor, Nellore, Kadapa and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh state. A structured interview schedule was designed keeping in view of the objectives of the study. Data were collected from 30 beneficiaries, who were supplied germplasm under RKVY project. These beneficiaries were purposively selected for impact studies since they have completed a minimum period of 3 years of pig rearing and were personally interviewed for collection of data. The data collected from the beneficiaries were subjected to tabular and investment analysis to find out the costs and returns of the enterprise. Capital budgeting techniques such as Net Present Worth (NPW), Benefit-cost ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Gini concentration ratio (GCR) were employed for the study. Garrett’s ranking technique was employed to bring out the intensity of constraints faced by the beneficiaries. Few success stories were also brought out. The nature of sample families of the present study revealed that the average size of the family was 6.4; literacy was 56.07% while 63.33% of the farmers opted piggery as main occupation. Irrespective of caste status, the enterprise attracted all categories of farmers. On an average, farmers owned 0.77 ha of land and all the farmers possessed assests like sheds, transport vehicles and equipment depending on their farm requirements. Evaluation of productive and reproductive parameters revealed that the overall farrowing frequency, litter size, number of piglets born per year and farrowing rates were 1.53, 6.86, 10.57 and 67.28, respectively. On an average there was a mortality of 21.23% over 3 years . The overall costs were divided into variable and fixed costs among which variable costs occupied maximum share of 84.5%. Returns were obtained by the sale of live animals, pork and manure. On an average, sale of pork contributed 55% of the total gross returns. The GCR values were 0.6989, 0.5353 and 0.4454 in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years, respectively which showed a decrease in the inequality of incomes with the years. The Net Present worth and Benefit-cost ratio at 12% discount factor were found to be Rs.2,15,247 and 1.27, respectively which indicated that the profitable nature of the enterprise. The internal rate of return from the enterprise was 99.36%. The project was found to be economically feasible even under 18% and 24% discount rates as revealed by the NPV and B-C ratios. Net income and savings have increased with the passage of time. An attempt was made to bring out the constraints faced by the beneficiaries by employing Garrets’ ranking technique. The study revealed that non availability of garbage was the major constraint. In addition poor access to credit, lack of veterinary care, lack of demand for dressed pork in rural areas, limited availiability of breeding stock and lack of organized market facilities were the other major constraints encountered.ThesisItem Open Access Productive and Growth Performance of Sahiwal breed under Groundnut haulm based diets(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-05) Praveen Kumar Reddy, K; Ravindra Reddy, Y; Suresh Babu, D; Suryanarayana, M V A NABSTRACT : Complete ration in mash form (R II) was formulated using groundnut haulms as locally available roughage source and concentrate ingredients with ratio of 50:50 and was compared with conventional ration (R I) containing paddy straw, green jowar fodder and concentrate mixture to study the productive performance in the lactating Sahiwal cows and growth rates in the Sahiwal calves. The proximate composition of the rations i.e. DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE and Total ash content of the conventional ration (R I) and complete ration (R II) were 92.25, 91.68, 17.65, 9.46, 5.25, 59.32, 8.32 and 90.00, 92.58, 15.50, 22.82, 1.58, 52.68, 7.42 respectively. The chemical composition of the experimental roughages i.e. DM, CP, CF, EE, NFE and TA contents of groundnut haulms, green jowar, paddy straw were 88.25, 14.20, 29.15, 1.32, 38.45 and 16.88; 24.52, 7.28, 28.26, 1.58, 55.21 and 7.91; 94.15, 4.62, 35.39, 1.14, 38.53 and 20.32 respectively. Twelve Sahiwal cows in their early stage of lactation and weighing about 287.83±0.17 kg were choosen in a randomized block design considering the lactation number, stage of lactation and average daily milk yield. The average percent dry matter intake by Sahiwal cows was comparable among the rations R I (2.55 ± 0.02 kg) and R II (2.61 ± 0.01 kg). The daily average milk yield, milk fat and SNF percentages were 6.23 ± 0.52, 5.20 ± 0.22, 8.72 ± 0.04 and 6.75 ± 0.33, 5.03 ± 0.33, 8.82 ± 0.04 on R I and R II, respectively. The average milk fat yields were 0.33 and 0.34 kg on R I and R II, respectively. The average milk protein per cent were 3.40 ± 0.04 and 3.56 ± 0.05 on rations R I and R II. There was significant difference in milk protein per cent yield in Sahiwal cows fed on experimental rations. The average 4 per cent fat corrected milk, DMI per kg and 4% FCM yields were 7.24 ± 0.71, 1.08 ± 0.13 and 7.82 ± 0.56, 1 ± 0.07 on R I and R II respectively. No significant difference was observed in 4 per cent fat corrected milk (4%FCM) yield and DMI per kg 4% FCM yield in lactating Sahiwal cows fed experimental rations. The cost of feed per kg milk yield and cost of feed per kg 4 % FCM yields were 13.33 ± 1.35, 11.62 ± 1.34 and 12.78 ± 0.75, 11.24 ± 1.03 fed on R I and R II, respectively. Statistical data revealed there is no significant difference among conventional and complete ration. In the growth experiment 12 Sahiwal calves of 3 to 4 months of age were divided into two groups at random and were feed with conventional diet and complete diet for 90 days Significantly (P<0.05) higher live weight gain was observed in Sahiwal calves fed on ration II (20.24 ± 0.66 kg) as compared to those fed on ration I (18.06 ± 0.38 kg). The average daily gain (ADG) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in ration R II (224.83 ± 7.30 g) than R I (200.50 ± 4.22 g). The DMI per kg weight gain was at par between ration R II (8.73 ± 0.51 kg) and R I (9.74 ± 0.75 kg). The cost of feed per kg weight gain were 113.07 ± 8.71 and 101.87 ± 5.96 fed on R I and R II, respectively and there was no significant difference among two rations. The initial and final measurements of heart girth (cm), height of withers (cm) and body length (cm) were 58.64±4.24 and 73.36±3.66, 29.45±5.71 and 33.61±5.11, 53.59±3.91 and 72.45±3.71 respectively for conventional ration and complete rations respectively. The present study indicated that groundnut haulms can be included as a roughage source at 50% levels in the rations of lactating Sahiwal cows without affecting production performance and growth rates in Sahiwal calves.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON GOAT PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN VIZIANAGARAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2013-12) PRADEEP NAIDU, B; JAGADEESWARA RAO, S(MAJOR); Prasad, R M V; Subrahmanyeswari, BABSTRACT : A study was undertaken to study various goat production practices followed by the goat farmers and to record the physical and economic characters of local goats in Vizianagaram district. A total of 240 goat framers, selected at random from two divisions of the district, were interviewed by a pretested schedule and required information was collected. The local goats of Vizianagaram district were medium sized. The predominant coat colour was bicolour (48.64%), followed by single colour (44.22%) and multi colour (7.14%). The bicolour pattern consisted of mainly black and white whereas, single coat colour pattern was represented by black and white colour. The head profile of majority of local goats was straight (80.18%), followed by slightly convex (19.82%). Most of the goats (99.28%) had pendulous ears. Majority of goats (68.38%) did not have beard. Wattles were present in 50.88 per cent of goats and were present in both sexes. Both the sexes were horned (91.65%), but few were polled (8.35%). The overall body length of local goats of 2 teeth to full mouth age groups ranged from 61.02±0.25 to 76.62±0.51 cm in males and from 57.50±0.22 to 66.16±0.98 cm in females. The male goats of 2 teeth, 4 teeth, and full mouth groups had significantly (P≤0.05) more body length than the females. The overall body height of goats of 2 teeth to full mouth age groups ranged from 74.05±0.42 to 90.43±0.29 cm in males and from 70.96±0.29 to 73.84±0.51cm in females. The males of all age groups had significantly (P≤0.05) more body height and chest girth than the females. The overall mean body weights of local goats of 2 teeth to full mouth age groups ranged from 30.45±0.45 to 53.28±0.43 kg in males and from 26.15±0.34 to 43.58±0.43 kg in females. The males of 2 teeth, 4 teeth and full mouth age groups had significantly (P≤0.05) more body weight than the females. The overall mean age at first kidding, kidding interval and litter size were 16.83±0.13, 8.75±0.06 months and 1.99±0.02 respectively. Majority of does (85.25%) had shown twining compared to singles (8.25%) and triplets (6.50%). Majority of goat farmers belonged to Backward Class (77.90%) followed by Scheduled Tribe (15.45%) and Scheduled Castes (6.65%) in the study area. Majority of respondents belonged to middle age (61.24%) followed by young age (23.35%) and old age (15.41%). Majority were illiterate (65.42%). Most of the goat rearers were marginal farmers (61.25%) followed by landless (22.92%), small farmers (15%) and medium farmers (0.83%) with respect to land holding. Majority of respondents (58.75%) had medium size goat flock of 21-40 animals followed by small size (28.33%) and large flock size (12.92%). Overall mean flock size was 27.70±0.12 per farmer. Overall buck to doe ratio was 1:48 in the study area. Majority of the farmers (54.89%) rotated the buck every 3 years, followed by every two years (36.96%), every year (4.35%) and every four years (3.80%) in the study area. The main breeding season of local goats was rainy (63.33%), followed by summer (24.17%) and winter (12.50%), while the main kidding season was winter (60.42%), followed by rainy (32.50%) and summer (7.08%) in the study area. All the goat farmers practiced extensive system of rearing. Goat migration was practiced only by 36.67 per cent of respondents. Majority of the goat farmers (74.40%) located the goat shed nearer to the farmer’s house. Most of the goat farmers (99.17%) provided kutcha type of shed, thatched type of roof (97.92%) and flooring of all the sheds was of moorum type in the study area. Majority of the respondents (73.33%) adopted colostrum feeding in kids. Majority (97.50%) did not practice creep ration feeding to kids. Most of the respondents (75%) practiced feeding of tender tree leaves to the kids. They practiced weaning at 4 months age (71.67%) and 3 months age (28.33%). Most of the goat farmers practiced vaccination (85.40%) and deworming for adult goats (96.66%). They have not practiced dipping in goats. Majority of goat farmers (73.33%) approached the paraveterinarian followed by veterinarian (26.67%) for the treatment of sick goats. Most of the goat farmers (82.08%) sold the kids at the age of 3-4 months followed by 6 months to one year age of kids. Majority of bucks and does were sold at the age of above 6 years. Majority of respondents (50.83%) disposed goats in shandies followed by village (35.83%) and nearby towns (13.34%). Lack of supply of superior quality goats on subsidised basis, lack of encouragement from government for goat rearing, lack of financial assistance from banks or government for purchase of goats, lack of organised market, feed and fodder shortage and disease incidence were observed to be some of the major constraints perceived by goat farmers. No special government programme for the development of goat farmers, farmers own treatment or approaching quacks for treatment of sick goats, lack of scientific knowledge about feeding and management of goats, lack of financial assistance from government or banks and lack of insurance programme for goats were the major constraints perceived by the field veterinarians in Vizianagaram district.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF AZOLLA (Azolla pinnata) BASED DIETS ON GROWTH AND CARCASS TRAITS OF CROSSBRED PIGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2013-01) CHERRYL DIMPHNA MIRANDA; Prasad, R.M.V; Jagadeeswara Rao, S; JAYA LAXMI, PABSTRACT : A study was conducted for 120 days using 18 crossbred pigs to study the effect of Azolla pinnata on growth, haematology and carcass traits during growing and finishing periods. Dried azolla contained 75.73% OM, 23.49% CP, 3.7% EE, 14.7% CF, 33.84% NFE, 24.26% TA, 2.58% calcium and 0.26% phosphorus. The study revealed that the cumulative weight gains were 21.31 ± 1.82 kg, 21.01 ± 0.53 kg and 21.07 ± 2.69 kg in grower pigs fed G1, G2 and G3 rations, respectively, while, the same were 21.14 ± 1.18 kg, 20.84 ± 0.82 kg and 20.81 ± 1.09 kg in pigs fed F1, F2 and F3 rations, respectively and the difference between the groups were non-significant (P < 0.05). The average daily gain in growers and finishers statistically did not show any significance (P < 0.05). The ADG in pigs fed with G1, G2 and G3 rations was 0.36 ± 0.06, 0.35 ± 0.05 and 0.35 ± 0.03 kg, respectively and in pigs fed with F1, F2 and F3 was 0.35 ± 0.07 kg, 0.34 ± 0.06 kg and 0.35 kg ± 0.05 kg, respectively. It was evident that FCR in pigs fed with control ration was high when compared to the other two groups of pigs fed with rations containing azolla as a feed ingredient. The haematological parameters viz., PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC and MCHC showed no significant (P < 0.05) difference between the means of the three different ration fed groups. The carcass characteristics such as carcass weight, dressing percentage, carcass length, loin eye area, backfat thickness, weight of edible and inedible offals, meat and bone percentages showed no significant difference among the pigs fed different rations except for fat percentage which was found to be higher in pigs fed with control diet than in pigs fed with test rations. A higher dressing percentage was noticed in T3 pigs (83.45 percent) followed by T2 pigs (81.37 percent) and T1 pigs (81.18 percent). Loin eye area was found to be higher in T3 with 33.76 cm2 followed by T1 with 30.5 cm2 and then T2 with 28.25 cm2 and the mean backfat thickness of pigs from T1, T2 and T3 groups was 2.00, 1.94 and 1.88 cm, respectively. The feed cost per day was highest in the control group G1 (` 24.50) followed by G2 (` 22.55) and G3 (` 20.75) groups and likewise, it was higher in pigs fed with F1 ration (` 26.39) than in F2 (` 24.45) and F3 (` 22.90) ration fed pigs and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The unit cost of fresh azolla produced was ` 0.56 and of dried azolla was ` 5.65. The livability was cent percent in all the three groups and inclusion of azolla upto 20 % in the swine rations had no deleterious effect on the performance of growers and finishers. Cost per kg gain was found to be higher in pigs fed with conventional G1 (` 68.06) ration than in pigs fed with G2 (` 64.42) and G3 (` 59.28) rations and similarly, during finisher period it was higher in pigs fed with conventional F1 (` 75.40) ration than in pigs fed with F2 (` 71.91) and F3 (` 65.42) rations.