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Subject: Levestock Production Management × End date: 2015 × Start date: 2015 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON THE MILKING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND QUALITY OF MILK IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF YSR KADAPA DISTRICT
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2015-09) SWATHI, YANDRAPU; Ravindra Reddy, Y (Major); Suresh Babu, D; Sreenivasa Rao, D
    ABSTRACT : An investigation was carried out to study the socio economic conditions, milking management practices and quality of milk with 120 milk producers in rural and urban areas of YSR Kadapa district in Andhra Pradesh. Majority of respondents rearing crossbred cows (75.00%) and buffaloes (58.33%) belonged to male groups involving in dairy activities. Majority of the crossbred cow farmers (43.33%) had the education up to high school level whereas in buffalo farmers majority (41.66%) was illiterate in the entire study area. Dairying was the main occupation after agriculture for 40.00 per cent of crossbred cattle and 33.33 per cent of buffalo milk respondents. Maximum percentage of farmers belonged to medium size family (4–6 members) with nuclear family type in both crossbred cow and buffalo milk respondents. Majority belonged to landless category (43.33%) in crossbred cow farmers whereas in buffalo milk respondents, majority belonged to 2-5 acres land holding category. In the selected area of study, majority (55.00%) of crossbred cow farmers had extension contact with veterinarians as against majority of (56.67%) of buffalo farmers had extension contact with para veterinarians. In both crossbred cow and buffalo milk respondents, majority of farmers had no exposure to any type of mass media related to animal husbandry activities. Majority of crossbred cow (96.67%) and buffalo (93.33%) farmers practiced wet hand milking in the study area. None of the crossbred cow and buffalo farmers practiced machine method of milking. Maximum number of crossbred cow and buffalo respondents adopted knuckling method of milking at starting of milking operations followed by stripping at the end of milking. Minimum per cent of respondents among crossbreds (13.33%) and buffalo milk producers (11.67) adopted full hand method of milking in the study area. None of the respondents practiced dipping of teats in antiseptic solution. After milking the usual practice of straining of milk with muslin cloth was not followed by majority of milk producers while cleaning of milk utensils was done with disinfectant by majority of the crossbred and buffalo milk producers. Before milking of animals, washing of hands with water was practiced by majority of milk producers in the study area. Most of the crossbred cow (90.00%) and buffalo (75.00 %) farmers were cleaning the udder alone. Majority of the crossbred cow (70.00%) farmers and 46.67 per cent of buffalo farmers were using pucca flooring in the animal houses. More than 50.00 per cent of the farmers were cleaning the animal sheds twice daily. The quality of milk was analyzed by chemical composition of milk with Lactan 1 – 4 milk Analyzer and somatic cell counts with Delaval Somatic cell counter. The pooled averages of Fat, SNF, Protein per cent along with SCC (x103/ml) of the crossbred cow milk in the study area were 3.61 ± 0.09, 8.20 ± 0.04, 3.41 ± 0.06 and 473.65 ± 94.58.The pooled averages of Fat, SNF, Protein per cent and SCC (x103) of buffalo milk in the entire study area were 7.07 ± 0.21, 9.19 ± 0.10, 3.78 ± 0.05 and 167.68 ± 28.80, respectively. The Protein per cent of crossbred cow milk in rural areas showed a significant variation (P<0.05) with that of urban areas. In rural areas, there was a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation found between SCC and protein per cent in crossbred cow milk. In buffaloes, Fat per cent, SNF per cent and Protein per cent of urban areas varied significantly (P<0.05) with that of rural areas. Somatic cell counts did not differ significantly with parity in both crossbred cows and buffaloes but differ significantly (P>0.01) with stage of lactation in crossbred cows and buffaloes. Method of milking practices have shown a significant variation (P<0.01) on the mean SCC in both cows and buffaloes. In case of crossbred cows hygiene of milkmen, floor type and cleanliness of animal sheds significantly (P<0.05) influenced the somatic cell counts whereas in buffaloes floor type alone significantly (P<0.05) influenced the SCC.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    VALIDATION OF PORTABLE NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY (NIRS) FOR THE EVALUATION OF FEEDS AND FODDERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUMINANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI – 517 502, ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-04) KALYANA CHAKRAVARTHI, M; RAVINDRA REDDY, Y (Major); SARJAN RAO, K; RAVI, A; PUNYAKUMARI, B; EKAMBARAM, B
    ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to develop the database on nutritive values of conventional and unconventional feeds and fodders for ruminants in India using source information. Nutrient composition of feeds is an essential pre-requisite for scientific feeding of livestock. Knowledge on feed resources including unconventional and lesser known ones in combination with the use of innovative and appropriate technologies like Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) strengthens the production systems. The database created in this study can be a readyreckoner for end users. In this study, a portable Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy instrument was used for the rapid prediction of nutritive values of Sorghum fodder and Sorghum silage by developing calibration models. The NIR spectra of 200 samples of fresh and dried Sorghum fodder grown in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh were obtained by collecting spectra from 350-2500 nm range by using LabSpec 4 NIRS instrument. Further, a total of 200 small quantities of Sorghum silage were prepared in the laboratory by using the corresponding Sorghum fodders and spectra were collected between 1100-2500 nm for both fresh and dried samples.The raw spectra were imported to Unscrambler 10.3 X(Camo software) from Indico pro and were organized in four data matrices (fresh Sorghum, dried Sorghum, fresh Sorghum silage, and dried Sorghum silage) and subjected to data pre-processing methods like Spectroscopic, Standard Normal Variate (SNV), Detrending and Savitzky Golay to explore the spectra quality and control of noise and random errors. The Kennard- Stone (KS) sample selection technique through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to select 50 calibration samples each for fodder and silage and were analyzed by standard laboratory procedures.The pre-treated spectra along with the laboratory values were analysed by Partial Least Square (PLS) regression technique by using Unscrambler 10.3 X(Camo software) and calibration models were developed for the nutritional attributes. The R2 coefficients of 0.57, 0.92, 0.77, 0.85, 0.88, 0.43, 0.67, 0.60 and 0.60 whereas the 1-VR values were 0.40, 0.83, 0.04, 0.28, 0.07, 0.04, 0.18, 0.05 and 0.13 for DM, CP, TA, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, silica and hemicellulose, respectively for fresh Sorghum fodder samples. Among the calibration models developed for different chemical constituents in fresh Sorghum samples a good and ‘Satisfactory’ model was obtained for prediction of CP content with R2 (0.92) and 1-VR (0.83) in unknown samples. Next to the prediction of CP content, calibration models pertaining to ADF (R2=0.88), NDF (R2=0.85), TA (R2=0.77), cellulose (R2=0.67), silica (R2=0.60) and hemicellulose (R2=0.60) were in the order of their predictive ability. The R2 coefficients of 0.80, 0.97, 0.77, 0.82, 0.75, 0.49, 0.55, 0.69 and 0.32 whereas the 1-VR values were 0.75, 0.91, 0.48, 0.70, 0.25, 0.04, 0.09, 0.13 and 0.10 for DM, CP, TA, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, silica and hemicellulose, respectively for dried Sorghum fodder samples. Among the calibration models developed for different chemical constituents in dried Sorghum fodder samples a ‘robust’ and ‘Satisfactory’ model was obtained for prediction of CP content with R2 (0.97) and 1- VR (0.91) in unknown samples. Next to the prediction of CP content, calibration models pertaining to NDF (R2=0.82), DM (R2=0.80), TA (R2=0.77), ADF (R2 =0.75) and silica (R2=0.69) were in the order of their predictive ability. The R2 coefficients of 0.48, 0.81, 0.88, 0.75, 0.63, 0.36, 0.66, 0.46 and 0.75 whereas the 1-VR values were 0.21, 0.44, 0.72, 0.40, 0.34, 0.04, 0.33, 0.08 and 0.46 for DM, CP, TA, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, silica and hemicellulose, respectively for fresh Sorghum silage samples.Among the calibration models developed for different chemical constituents in fresh Sorghum silage samples a ‘Satisfactory’ model was obtained for prediction of TA content with R2 (0.88) and 1-VR (0.72) in unknown samples. Next to the prediction of TA content, calibration models pertaining to CP (R2=0.81), NDF (R2=0.75), hemicellulose (R2=0.75), cellulose (R2=0.66) and ADF (R2=0.63) were in the order of their predictive ability. The R2 coefficients of 0.31, 0.81, 0.71, 0.43, 0.71, 0.71, 0.82, 0.67 and 0.71 whereas the 1-VR values were 0.12, 0.65, 0.53, 0.13, 0.30, 0.18, 0.55, 0.40 and 0.28 for DM, CP, TA, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, silica and hemicellulose, respectively for dried Sorghum silage samples. Among the calibration models developed for different chemical constituents in dried Sorghum silage samples a ‘Satisfactory’ model was obtained for prediction of cellulose content with R2 (0.82) and 1-VR (0.55) in unknown samples. Next to the prediction of cellulose content, calibration models pertaining to CP (R2=0.81), TA (R2=0.71), ADF (R2 =0.71), ADL (R2=0.71), hemicellulose (0.71) and silica (R2=0.67) were in the order of their predictive ability. Sorghum based complete rations were formulated for the study area based upon the prediction values obtained for CP content in Sorghum fodder and Sorghum silage to the nearest accuracy by NIRS and by using linear programming method. The complete rations suggested to the farmers are on the basis of CP and TDN requirements and are formulated for lactating cows, buffaloes and sheep. Hence, portable Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) which is rapid, non labour intensive, relatively inexpensive in the long term and simplified technique can predict the nutritive values of unknown Sorghum fodder and Sorghum silage samples under field conditions quickly than depending on laboratory methods which are laborious and costly. The outcome of the study helps in formulation of Sorghum fodder and or Sorghum silage based complete rations effectively in a quick manner helping the farmers to take quick decisions regarding feeding their livestock and strengthening the ruminant production systems.