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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE SHEEP PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN PRAKASM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2012-07) KRISHNA RAO, CHIRITHOTI.S; GANGA RAJU, G (Major); RAVINDRA REDDY, Y; PUNYA KUMARI, BABSTRACT : An attempt has been made in the present study to find out the sheep production practices in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 225 sheep farmers were selected from 15 mandals in three revenue divisions. The average age of shepherd was 41.43 ± 0.74 years. Majority of shepherds were illiterates (52.89%) followed by primary (24.89%), secondary (16.89%) and college (5.33%) level education. Nearly 65 per cent of the shepherds belonged to Backward Communities and 23.56, 9.78 and 2.22 per cent belongs to other castes, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes, respectively. The average family size in sheep farmers was 4.85 ± 0.32 with mean male and females of 1.37 ± 0.09, 1.36 ± 0.09 and 1.22 ± 0.08, 2.12 ± 0.14 in adult and young groups, respectively. The main occupation was sheep rearing (50.22%) followed by agriculture and animal husbandry (29.33%), agriculture (10.67%) and agricultural labourers (9.78%) in the study area. Only 13.33 per cent of the sheep farmers possessed leased land and 43.56 per cent had their own lands and remaining 43.11 per cent were landless. The mean wet and dry land possessed by the sheep farmer was 1.74 ± 0.13 acres and the land holding sheep farmers belongs to marginal farmers (73.44%), small farmer (16.41%) and semi medium farmer (10.16%) categories, respectively. The other livestock holding by the sheep farmers includes cattle 2.08 ± 0.42, buffaloes 1.93 ± 0.42 and goats 7.13 ± 0.47. Sheep production system followed in study area was extensive management type. Based on category of sheep the flock consists of 1.35 ± 0.45 rams, 44.34 ± 1.10 ewes, 7.11 ± 0.48 young male and 12.52 ± 0.52 young female stock and with an overall flock size of 64.91± 1.66. The overall mean of sheep in the flocks was 48.98 ± 1.47 Nellore Jodipi and 15.95 ± 1.00 Nellore crosses type. The Housing pattern with sheep farmers was permanent (13.33%), temporary housing (86.67%) and houses were open type (52.44%) and with gravel flooring. Sixty per cent farmers followed soil replacement. Majority of the sheep farmers (86.77 %) were using thatched roofs. Most of the farmers (83.11%) followed continuous grazing and 16.89 per cent followed split grazing. Sheep were allowed for grazing in summer months for 7.48 ± 0.06 hrs and in other seasons 6.24 ± 0.03 hrs. Only 28.44 per cent of sheep farmers were feeding with concentrate to their rams. Tree leaf feeding to young lambs was observed in 50.67 per cent of sheep flocks. Majority of sheep farmers (88.44%) followed migration and traveled an average distance of (65.83%) less than 50 Km, (17.59%) of 50-100 km and (16.58%) of more than 100 Km. The migration period of sheep flocks was (78.39%) upto three months and (21.61%) above 3 months. The average number of breeding rams was 1.35 ± 0.04 and majority was 4 teeth. Majority of farmers (40.0%) purchased the rams from other sheep flocks and (28.44%) used their own rams. Majority (61.78 %) of shepherds followed replacement of rams while (32.37%) with seasonal frequency. The lifetime lambings per ewe was 6.40 ± 0.05. The mean breedable female sheep available in farmer flocks was 34.00 ± 0.81. Among the female breeding stock, lambings were ranged from 18.97 ± 0.81 to 28.53 ± 0.88. The average Age at First Mating and Age at First Lambing in ewes was 15.60 ± 0.11 and 23.07 ± 0.11months, respectively. The prolificacy in the ewes was 96.00 per cent as single births and 4.00 percent twin births. Mean lambings were observed in winter (38.96 ± 0.32) followed by summer (15.93 ± 0.46) and rainy (13.04 ± 0.17) seasons. The mean body weights in Nellore cross rams was 35.80 ± 0.88, 43.87 ± 0.67, 50.39 ± 0.59 and 56.01 ± 1.56 kg at age of 2 teeth, 4 teeth, 6 teeth and 8 teeth and in ewes at corresponding ages were 28.68 ± 0.49, 31.20 ± 0.36, 35.68 ± 0.41 and 41.35 ± 0.28 kg, respectively. In young lambs the overall mean body weights were 2.99 ± 0.05, 13.22 ± 0.19, 19.16 ± 0.21, 22.62 ± 0.34 , 27.07 ± 0.46 kg and 2.63 ± 0.05, 12.52 ± 0.14, 18.92 ± 0.24, 21.81 ± 0.29 and 25.73 ± 0.35 kg in male and females at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months age groups, respectively. The average body weight in Nellore jodipi rams was 33.29 ± 0.63, 40.00 ± 0.71, 46.00 ± 0.89 and 51.25 ± 0.59 kg and 26.03 ± 0.54, 30.02 ± 0.53, 33.68 ± 0.55 and 39.20 ± 0.64 kg in adult ewes at 2 teeth, 4 teeth, 6 teeth and 8 teeth age groups, respectively. In young lambs the overall mean body weights were 2.95 ± 0.07, 12.93 ± 0.28, 18.45 ± 0.45, 20.96 ± 0.75 , 25.11 ± 0.56 kg and 2.59 ± 0.06, 12.05 ± 0.18, 15.72 ± 0.23, 18.57 ± 0.41 and 23.08 ± 0.51 kg in male and females at birth, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months age groups, respectively. Most of the shepherds were not vaccinating (39.56%) and deworming (22.67%) their sheep. Sheep were vaccinated against the diseases viz. Entero Toxaemia (23.96%), Haemorrhagic septicemia (22.19%), Foot and Mouth Disease (4.44), Pestis des Petitis Ruminantis (23.37 %) and sheep pox (26.04 %). Majority (77.33%) of the sheep farmers expressed the problem with ticks and fleas (19.56 %). Only 19.56 per cent sheep farmers were carried out deticking. Disposal of sheep was in the frequency of monthly (29.91%), quarterly (6.00%), half yearly (16.44%) and annually (19.32%). The average number of sheep disposed was 11.81 ± 3.71 in all category of age. The sale price of sheep followed by the shepherds was by age, sex and live weight of the animals with 100.00, 68.44 and 31.56, per cent respectively. The mean sale price of different age group of sheep was Rs. 6286.96± 689.12, Rs. 4590 ± 965.51, Rs.1722.38 ± 106.35 and Rs.1546.85 ± 103.84 for rams, ewes, ram lambs and ewe lambs, respectively. Majority of the marketing sheep were reached to the shandies by walk (65.78%) and by different type of transport vehicles (34.22 %). About 56.88 per cent of the sheep farmers were using the sheep manure for agricultural purposes. The average sale price of manure per cart load and truck load was Rs.163.98 ± 2.77 and Rs. 572.92 ± 10.84, respectively. The overall manure disposal frequency was 3.17 ± 0.09 for cart and 6.50 ± 0.52 for truck loads. Majority of the farmers (16.02%) expressed financial problems. Markapur division shepherds (15.51%) were facing water scarcity in summer months. The other problems were lack of grazing resources (12.30%), Veterinary services (11.33%), Housing (10.94%) and Drinking water resources (10.55%), while the other less intensity problems were limited/non availability of breeding rams, diseases, marketing, migration and labour with the percentages of 10.16, 8.98, 7.81, 6.84 and 5.08, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON IMPACT OF DAIRY COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN – “SUCCESS STORY OF MULUKANOOR WOMEN COOPERATIVE DAIRY”(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2012-01) SURESH RATHOD; SARJAN RAO, K (Major); RAVINDRA REDDY, Y; SHARMA, G.R.K; PUNYA KUMARI, BABSTRACT : The present study aimed to investigate the impact of dairy cooperative societies in the empowerment of women by taking the success story of “Mulukanoor Women Cooperative Dairy” situated at Mulukanoor village of Bheemdevarpally mandal, Karimnagar district in Andhra Pradesh by adopting Ex. post–facto design. The study was conducted in 40 villages, 50 each from 40 villages equal to 2000 members and 850 non members selected randomly and the data was collected by pretested interview schedules developed for a detailed study on the perceptions of members about dairying from both members and non members. The study also emphasized the problems faced in cooperatives, technical know how on the feeding, breeding, health care management of dairy animals. The successful factors attributed to socio economic upliftment of the women members in the areas of input services and marketing provided by MWCD were identified and analyzed. The milk production, consumption and disposal pattern among the member groups Vs non member groups and cost economics of milk production were calculated. Required information was also collected from Mulukanoor Dairy Cooperative Society (union) Annual Administrative and Financial Reports from 2002-2010. The data obtained were analyzed by suitable standard statistical procedures, Cobb-Douglas production function for analyzing optimal resource use efficiency, qualitative methods to measure the Standard Plate Count (SPC), Coliform and MBRT both at society level and union level. Final conclusions were drawn and suggestions were given in a module for further improvement of MWCD. The profile study on MWCD showed that the membership enrollment of 8426 at its establishment in 2002 has been enhanced to 19616 in 2010-11. A 2.5 fold increase in the milk procurement was recorded in a decade (2002-2010) from 10.68 (‘000) Lt. to 26.06 (‘000) Lt. during 2010-2011. The per day milk sales (Lt) varied from 4.3 (‘000) in 2002 to 55.42 (‘000) during 2010 showed thirteen folds of growth. The financial turnover during 2010-11 was Rs.198.34 crores. The asset value increased from Rs.4.16 crores in 2002 to Rs.20.39 crores in 2011. The financial position of union is strong and showed 13.29 percent growth in share capital and 19.80 per cent growth in Vikasa Podupu (savings scheme) by clearing all the debts. The employment generation has been increased from 28 in 2003 to 70 by 2011 at the society level and from 122 in 2003 to 180 by 2011 at union level. The higher net profit ratio and returns on total assets indicate the profitability. On the other hand, the gross profit margin ratio rose to its peak in the early years of establishment with 1:16.1 ratio, there after noticed a decline trend (1:6.23). The employees perceptions were drawn towards the work nature and satisfaction level at MWCD. 80 percent employees were trained in dairy activity and they were quite satisfied with the work and 62 percent expressed that the treatment of higher authorities towards them is very good. The special efforts put in by the employees in the success of the dairy included, “reporting the defects to the authorities, hard work and regular and prompt advises to the farmers on their problems related to dairying”. The respondents in study were 50.65 and 46.94 percent of marginal farmers from member and non member groups respectively. Similarly, 54.25 and 54.82 percent belonged to backward class in member and non member groups, respectively. Middle age group were predominant (62.30 Vs 83.53%) with medium size family (46.40 Vs 50.82%), followed by small family size (32.25 Vs 21.53%) when compared member Vs non member group. Among the tested respondents, higher number of members group were possessing the educational status of primary education (49 Vs 38.88%) than non members. More number (62.12%) of respondents were illiterates in non member respondents category. According to annual income, majority of respondents belonged to medium level income groups (72.30). The animal holdings of respondents were maximum upto two in members group, where in 14.4 per cent of respondents posses four and above animals and no non member posses more than three animals. The buffalo is the dominant species in both the categories. The total milk production, family consumption, per capita consumption, animal holdings and income from milk values per day were 3.38 Lt, 0.32 Lt, 58.2 ml, 0.63 and Rs.97.43 which were significantly (P<0.01) higher in members group when compared to non members. The milk production recorded was higher in the members group than non member group (9.76 Vs 6.38 Lt per day). In this study, it was observed that as the herd size increased the milk production also increased. The young age members group produced higher quantity of milk (9.52 Lt) when compared to middle age (9.16 Lt). The average milk production per day was 2.41 Lt which was higher in member group when compared to non members based on their social status. The scheduled caste and scheduled tribe farmers also produced more milk in comparison to other castes. The landless members produced more milk (11.77 Vs 5.53 Lt) when compared to other categories (marginal farmers) on land holding basis. The large family size group produced more milk (10.44 Vs 7.24 Lt) when compared to the small and medium sized family respondents. Respondents with higher secondary educational level have produced more volume of milk with more consumption and sales. The per capita consumption observed was more (353 Vs 255 ml /day) in members group than non members due to increase in herd size and inturn total milk production. The consumption was higher in marginal farmers in members group (305 ml/day) and small farmers (302 ml/day) in non members group, who are meeting the ICMR recommendations. Large family size respondents were consuming more milk when compared to small and medium family size, where as in case of SC, ST, BC and OC social status members higher level of milk consumption was noted against non members. Surplus milk was recorded more with non members group showed the trend that as the number of animals increased, the surplus also got increased. Marketable surplus was more in landless farmers i.e. 2.17 Lt followed by 1.71 Lt in small farmers in members group, whereas in non members group marginal farmers possessed (2.39 Lt) more surplus milk. According to social status, SCs and BCs have lower quantity of surplus milk when compared to ST and OCs in member and non members. The higher secondary educated respondents in members group and illiterates in non member group were unable to market and retaining more milk as marketable surplus. The maximum share of milk (80-85%) in members group was channelised through market infrastructure created by cooperative dairy and in non member group through milk vendors and private dairies (75-85%). Two and above animal holders sold milk to societies, one animal holders (24.48%) supplied to private agencies. Average price offered for milk by cooperative is lower when compared to the other agencies in study area (Rs.29.72 Vs 30.19 Lt). Profit gain from milk production was also more in members compared to non-members (Rs.10.39 Vs 8.60 Lt) establishes the fact that, as the number of animals increased the profit also get increased. The farmers belonging to other castes have earned more profits (Rs.6.87/Lt milk) when compared to weaker sections (Rs.4.08/Lt of milk). Similar trends in profit gain for large family size and higher educational level respondents were recorded. Price paid for milk was more in non member group when compared to member group, irrespective of their socio economic variables. The cost of milk production (Rs/Lt) was less in the members group with higher education (12.8), large animal holders (14.25) and those belonging to other castes (18.70). The net return per day was Rs.51.76, noted as higher in the members than non members. The average man days of employment gain was comparatively more in the members group (0.45 Vs 0.36) than non members. The farmers of the member group followed regular deworming (34.2%) and vaccination (89.20%) of animals but could not follow the ideal managemental practices for the calf management, feeding, breeding and housing of dairy animals. The variables responsible for socio economic upliftment of members as perceived by them were in the order of respectful treatment from family members (98.9%), knowledge about dairy cooperative organization (98.85%), participation in the management and administration of cooperative affairs (97.75%), meeting the financial crisis confidently (97.7%) talking only if asked (96.35%), improvement in child education (95.95%), reduction in domestic violence (94.2%), improvement in good and clean food habit (82.6%) and improvement in purchase of household articles as goods (79.3%).The major constraint as perceived by the respondents was regarding the shortage of feeding resources and the pricing policy adopted by the cooperative dairy. The correlation coefficients of independent variables such as educational status, herd size and landholding were positively correlated with milk production. The inputs were positively correlated with total milk production and income from milk in both member and non members groups. The coefficients of cost of dry fodder, concentrate and labour cost showed a positive and significant (P<0.01) relationship with cost of milk production, whereas cost of green fodder, showed negative sign in member and non member groups. The percent increase in dry fodder and labour cost resulted in increase of the cost of milk production by 0.1319 and 0.0926 percent, respectively and about 0.73 percent of variation in cost of milk production was explained by the independent variables in members whereas in non member it was 0.32 percent. The resources utilization in member and non member groups was more than optimum level for the milk production. The estimated coefficients of cost of green fodder (0.1579), labour (0.4918), land holding (0.0847) and cost of insurance (0.8960) were positive and significantly (P<0.01) correlated with net profit, by keeping other estimates constant and negative. One percent increase in green fodder, labour cost and land holding increased the net profit by 0.1579, 0.4918 and 0.0847 percent, respectively. About 0.64 percent of the variation in net profit were due to independent variables. The fat percentage and SNF of milk at society level prior to collection was 6.66 to 8.83 percent. The processed milk of the union showed standards of good quality and graded as “very good” with minimum level of SPC, E coli MBRT and acidity.