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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF COTTONSEED MEAL BASED DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CULTIVABLE FISH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-09) PAVAN KUMAR, B; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (MAJOR); RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D; BALASUBRAMANIAN, AFish nutrition has advanced dramatically in recent years with the development of new, balanced commercial diets that promote optimal fish growth and health. Feed accounts for a major part (30-70%) of the total operation cost of an average fish farm. Traditionally, animal protein sources, particularly fishmeal have been the major ingredient of aqua feeds. Fishmeal is one of the most expensive ingredients in formulated fish feeds. Due to increasing demand, decreasing supply and the high cost of fish meal, fish nutritionists have concentrated their efforts to find alternative protein sources to substitute fish meal in the diet of fish. Thus, cottonseed meal (CSM), a by-product of the cotton fibre and cottonseed oil industries, has been used to replace fish meal partially or totally in fish diets. The present studies were conducted on “Effect of cottonseed meal based diets on the performance of cultivable fish” at College of Fishery Science, Muthukur. Cottonseed meal was used in the diets at four different levels 5%, 10%, 15% or 20%. Control diet was prepared with soybean meal (SBM), groundnut cake (GNC) and deoiled rice bran (DOB). All the formulated diets were isonitrogenous with 30% crude protein. Proximate composition and mineral composition of diets were analyzed by AOAC (1995) methods. Each diet was fed to catla and rohu in triplicate aquaria twice daily at 5% average body weight of the fish for three months for determination of growth response and survivability. Fortnightly sampling was done for the estimation of the water quality parameters and growth parameters [growth, percentage of survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and condition factor (K)]. Specific growth rate (SGR) and Hepatosomatic index (HSI) were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathological studies on liver of experimental fishes were conducted at the end of the experiment. Fishes were analyzed for proximate and mineral composition at the beginning as well as at the end of the experiment Significant difference was observed in growth, FCR, PER and K in both rohu and catla. Mortality was observed in catla. However, no mortality was observed in survival of rohu. Inclusion levels of CSM at 15 or 20% resulted in histopathological changes in the liver of both rohu and catla. Carcass composition was observed to be better at CSM10 and CSM5 in rohu and catla respectively. Better growth performance was observed at 5% CSM level of inclusion in catla. However, no significant differences were observed in the growth, survival and condition factor at inclusion level of 5% and 10% CSM in catla. Better performance was observed at 10% CSM level in rohu. Hence, it can be recommended that CSM can be included at 10% level in the diets of catla and rohu. Further inclusion of CSM results in growth depression.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CAROTENOIDS ON COLORATION, GROWTH AND SURVIVALOF ORNAMENTAL GOLD FISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS), KOI CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO) AND SWORD TAIL (XIPHOPHOROUS HELLERI)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI - 517 502 , A.P, 2007-11) VENKATA KALYANI, N; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (Major); RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D; RAMANA, T.VABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted at College of Fishery Science, Muthukur on “STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CAROTENOIDS ON COLORATION, GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF ORNAMENTAL GOLD FISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS), KOI CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO) AND SWORD TAIL (XIPHOPHOROUS HELLERI)”. The study was aimed to find out if spirulina and dietary carotenoid supplements would make differences in pigmentation, growth, survival and Food Conversion Ratio of three groups of ornamental fishes gold fish (Carassius auratus), koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) and sword tail (Xiphophorous helleri). One algae, spirulina at 30, 60, 90 g/kg was used in the feed. Two carotenoids, astaxanthin and -carotene at 10, 20, 40 mg/kg and their combination at 1:1 ratio at three concentrations were also used resulting in 10 - pigmented diets. A diet without spirulina and carotenoid supplement served as control. The experiment was conducted for a period of 60 days. Visual score assessment for gold fish and koi carp groups by randomly recruited panelists revealed that among the algae and different carotenoids, astaxanthin secured highest scores than spirulina, -carotene and mixed carotenoid. Among the different concentrations of astaxanthin AX2 (20 mg/kg) recorded highest score suggesting best coloration. Among the sword tail group, best pigmentation was achieved with the mixed carotenoid AB at the concentration of 10 mg/kg of astaxanthin and 10 mg/kg of -carotene. The observations of fortnightly photographs of various groups are in agreement with the above method of visual scoring. Brightness values were higher for the gold fish and koi carp groups treated with astaxanthin pigment, while sword tail group received the diets with mixed pigment indicated highest brightness. Fish skin color determination by Tristimuli color analysis indicated decrease in brightness value with increase in carotenoid concentration. Red tonality (a*) values were higher for gold fish and sword tail groups, while for koi carp groups the difference between red tonality and yellow tonality (b*) value is low. A significant effect of diet fortified with spirulina was observed on the growth of all the groups of fishes. Among the three concentrations SP3 (90 mg/kg) exhibited highest growth. Between the two carotenoid treatments astaxanthin recorded higher growth than the -carotene and combination carotenoid diet. Survival rate was higher than the control in all the groups of gold fish and sword tail. Significant difference in the survival rate was observed among the treatments. Various diets with different concentration of pigments have shown significant effect on the Food Conversion Ratio among different groups of fishes. Regular monitoring of water quality parameters revealed that there was no effect of treatments on water quality.ThesisItem Open Access DIETARY INCLUSION OF COTTONSEED MEAL WITH SUPPLIMENTATION OF IRON AND LYSINE IN THE FEEDING OF PANGASIUS SP (CATFISH) AND OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS (GIFT-GENETICALLY IMPROVED FARMED TILAPIA)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, A.P, 2011-11) SWARNA LATHA, H; CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B (Major); RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D; SUDHAKAR, OABSTRACT: The present study was conducted on “Dietary inclusion of cottonseed meal with supplementation of iron and lysine in the feeding of Pangasius sp (Catfish) and Oreochromis niloticus (GIFT-Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia)” at College of Fishery Science, Muthukur. Control diet was prepared with soybean meal (SBM), groundnut cake (GNC) and deoiled rice bran (DOB) and maize. The experimental diets were prepared with addition of Cottonseed meal, with supplementation of iron (Fe) and/or Lysine. All the diets were isonitrogenous with 30% crude protein. Proximate composition and mineral composition of diets were analyzed by AOAC (1995) methods. Each diet triplicate groups were maintained and were fed twice a day at 5% average body weight of the fish for three months for determination of growth response and survival. Fortnightly sampling was done for the estimation of the water quality parameters and growth parameters [growth, percentage of survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and condition factor (K)]. Specific growth rate (SGR) and Hepatosomatic index (HSI) were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathological studies on liver of experimental fishes were conducted at the end of the experiment. Fishes were analyzed for proximate and mineral composition at the beginning as well as at the end of the experiment. Significant difference was observed in growth, FCR, PER and K in both pangasius and tilapia fed with different experimental diets. Mortality was observed in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. However, no mortality was observed in pangasius. Inclusion level of CSM at 15% without supplementation of iron and lysine resulted mild histopathological changes in focal areas only in some of the livers of pangasius and tilapia. Carcass composition was observed to be better in T4 (Inclusion of cottonseed meal with supplementation of iron and lysine) in both pangasius and tilapia. Better growth performance was observed in T4 in both pangasius and tilapia and further growth improvement was observed with supplementation of iron and Lysine. Hence, it can be recommended that CSM can be included in the diets of tilapia and pangasius and further growth improvement can be achieved with supplementation of iron (Fe) and lysine to the CSM based diet.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE NON INFECTIOUS DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH INDIAN MAJOR CARP AQUACULTURE IN ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, 2013-02) SUKEERTH, A; RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D (Major); RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D; VIDYA SAGAR REDDY, GABSTRACT : Research work has been carried out on the topic “A Study On The Non Infectious Disorders Associated With Indian Major Carp Aquaculture In Andhra Pradesh” to develop better management practices. The specific objectives are to study the relationship between Indian Major Carp farming practices and non-infectious disease status of growing fish from commercial fish culture ponds which can lead to production losses. Kolleru region located in Krishna Godavari zone and SPSR Nellore district are the two significant freshwater fish culture areas and were selected to study the impact of Non Infectious Disorders from commercial Indian Major Carp culture ponds. The samples (Labeo rohita and Catla catla) collected from four places in Kolleru area and four places in Nellore area covering farmer’s ponds and commercial fish seed trader’s ponds. The sampled fish were examined grossly for their morphological abnormalities and those fish with notable morphological deformities were photographed in the field and preserved in 15% neutral buffered formalin. Fish suspected to have skeletal abnormalities were placed in ice and taken to laboratory for radiographic records. X-rays were taken and skeletal abnormalities were evident in all those fish that were suspected. Out of total pond harvested fish biomass of nearly 44 tons, 0.086% showed the deformities. Of these, 5.6% had semi-operculum, 84.21% had spinal deformity, 2. 63% had fin deformity, 2.63% had mouth hyperplasia and 7.89% had stump body. Growth of deformed fish was substantially slower than that of the normal fish under the same management conditions. The study was carried out based on the evidences that the physical deformities in fish have been associated with exposure to physical, chemical and environmental variables. But the factors for the analysis could not provide any significant difference for the deformation in fish in either of the locations viz. Kolleru region and Nellore region. The reason for deformities could not be determined, but possible causes were discussed.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON FRY TO FINGERLINGS PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF LABEO ROHITA USING COMMERCIAL AQUA FEEDS AVALIABLE IN THE MARKET COMPARED WITH FISH FARMER’S PRACTICES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, 2015-08) RAMESH, PAMULA; Hari Babu, P (Major); Ravindra Kumar Reddy, D; Madhavan, NABSTRACT: The carp farming system of Nellore region was developed totally based on ‘Kolleru carp culture’. Nellore region depends on Kolleru area for its fish seed requirement. So in Nellore region majority of farmers adopted a three tier culture system comprising nursery, rearing and grow-out production units. The principle aim of this nursery or rearing units is not to obtain large size or healthy seed, but rather to obtain the maximum possible numbers only. Mash feed was the most popular and widely used feed type. The poor quality of the mash feed ingredients especially the rice bran (RB), de-oiled rice bran (DORB), de-oiled groundnut cake (DOGNC) cake are issues of major concern to the farmers. Earlier published reports state that the fry to fingerlings growth far much better with high protein feed when compared to the low protein feed. In addition to this earlier research carried out work we have studied the fry to fingerlings production performance of Labeo rohita using commercial aqua feeds which are higher in protein levels available in the market in comparison to fish farmers’ practices. For this we conducted an eight weeks study to find out the production performance of Labero rohita fry fed with three different treatments: (T1) commercial pelleted feed), (T2 De-oiled rice bran (DOB) and Groundnut Oil Cake (GNOC)), and T3 (Natural food available within ecosystem). Under the circumstances, the present experiment was designed and carried out in the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, SVVU, Muthukur, Andhra Pradesh, India for a period of 8 weeks. Rohu fry was sourced from the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, SVVU, Muthukur, Andhra Pradesh, India, the fry were acclimatized and transferred to three FRP tanks for study and stocking density of 150 no’s in each cement tank. Experimental feed was given (three types) twice per day at ad libitum. Water exchange was done twice in a month to maintain water quality and removal of waste at the tank bottom. At the end of the experiment, the performance of formulated feed was significantly higher with survival of 80% and with better growth when compared to other two treatments.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF SUNFLOWER MEAL AND MYSID MEAL AS REPLACEMENTS FOR FISH MEAL IN LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI DIETS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, 2014-03) RAJESH, G; RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D; Chamundeswari Devi, B; Hari Babu, PThesisItem Open Access Study on effects of different plant and animal dietary protein sources as replacements to fish meal in vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under varying water salinities(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI-517502, Andhra Pradesh, 2015-08) PRAVALLIKA, P; RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D (Major); Chandrasekhara Rao, A; Madhavan, NABSTRACT: The present study “ Study on effects of different plant and animal protein sources as replacements to fishmeal in vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under varying water salinities ” was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur. Cottonseed meal, (CSM), sunflower meal (SF), Acetes indicus (AI) meal, Mysid meal (MM) and Fish meal (FM) were used at three different protein levels (25%, 30% and 35%). Shrimp diet was prepared by mixing all the ingredients in required proportions, ground and sieved to the required size and made in to pellets. Studies were conducted to evaluate the replacement of fish meal with Cottonseed meal, (CSM), sunflower meal (SF), Acetes indicus (AI) meal, Mysid meal (MM) 0ppt, 5ppt, 15ppt and 25ppt salinities. The experiments were conducted for 63 days in aquaria. Triplicates were maintained for each of the treatment. Feed was given three times a day. Weekly sampling was done for water quality parameters viz., pH, Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total alkalinity and Total hardness. The growth, survival and feed conversion ratio were estimated by sampling the shrimp once in a week. The temperature values recorded during 63 day period of the experiment at 0 ppt, 5 ppt,15 ppt ranged between 29.5o C -31.6 o C and at 25 ppt 29.6 o C -31.7 o C overall the lowest temperature was recorded at 0,5,15 ppt during the initial day and the 14 day, whereas the highest temperature was recorded at 25 ppt during the 63 day irrespective of the dietary protein content and experimental diets. Table no-3 The pH values recorded during the 63 day of period of experiment at 0 ppt salinity ranged between 8.2 to 8.3, at 5ppt salinity 8.2 to 8.3, at 15 ppt salinity 8.3 to 8.4 and 25 at ppt salinity 8.4 to 8.5. Overall the pH lowest value was recorded at 0 ppt salinity where as the highest at 25 ppt salinity of all the treatments irrespective of the dietary protein content and experimental diets table no.5 The DO was found to be in the range of 7.84ppm and 6.31ppm at 0ppt, 7.77ppm to 6.08 ppm at 5ppt and 7.50ppm to 6.55ppm at 15ppt and 7.30ppm to 5.55ppm at 25ppt salinity. The pH ranged from 8.2 to 8.3 at 0ppt, 8.2 to 8.3 at 5ppt , 8.3 to 8.4 at 15ppt and 8.4 to 8.5 at 25ppt during the period of experiment. The range of total alkalinity varied between 214 mg/l to 155 mg/l at 0ppt salinity, 315mg/l to 229 mg/l at 5ppt salinity , 625mg/l to 535mg/l at 15ppt and 725mg/lt to 645 mg/l at 25ppt salinity. Total hardness of water ranged 18ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CYCLOPOID MEAL INCLUSION IN THE FEEDS OF ORNAMENTAL GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS) AND KOI CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI - 517 502 , A.P, 2010-10) PRATHIBHA, R; RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D (Major); CHAMUNDESWARI DEVI, B; RAMANA, T.VABSTRACT: An experiment on “STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CYCLOPOID MEAL INCLUSION IN THE FEEDS OF ORNAMENTAL GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS) AND KOI CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)” was conducted at College of Fishery Science, Muthukur. The study was aimed at finding out the optimum level of “cyclop-eeze” in fish diet and effect of “cyclop-eeze” on pigmentation, growth, survival and Feed Conversion Ratio of ornamental goldfish (Carassius auratus) and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Cylop-eeze was added at 2% (T1), 4% (T2), 6% (T3) or 8% (T4) level in the diet of fishes. A diet without cyclop-eeze served as control. The experiment was conducted for a period of 90 days. Visual score assessment for goldfish and koi carp groups by randomly recruited panelists revealed that among the different diets, T3 with 6% inclusion of cyclop-eeze secured highest scores than that of other inclusion levels. In addition, cyclop- eeze at 6% (T3) level recorded the best colouration followed by T2 (4% inclusion). The observations of fortnightly photographs of various treatments are in agreement with the above method of visual scoring. Lightness values were higher for the control group of goldfish and koi carp. Fish skin colour determination by Tristimuli colour analysis indicated decrease in lightness value with increase in cyclop-eeze in the diet. Red tonality (a*) value was higher for goldfish while for koi carp, red tonality (a*) was low and yellow tonality (b*) was high. A significant effect of addition of cyclop-eeze was observed on the growth of fishes. Among the different levels of cyclop-eeze, 8% inclusion (T4) exhibited the highest growth. Survival rate was higher in all treatment groups compared to control in goldfish and koi carp. Various treatments with different inclusion levels of cyclop-eeze have shown significant effects on the Feed Conversion Ratio in both the species. Regular monitoring of water quality parameters revealed that there was no effect of treatments on water quality.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF COTTONSEED MEAL AND ACETES INDICUS MEAL AS REPLACEMENTS TO FISH MEAL IN LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI DIETS REARED UNDER VARYING WATER SALINITIES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI-517502, Andhra Pradesh, 2014-12) PRAMODA MALLI, G J; RAVINDRA KUMAR REDDY, D (Major); HARIBABU, P; SUDHAKAR, OABSTRACT: The present study “Evaluation of Cottonseed meal and Acetes indicus meal as replacements to fish meal in Litopenaeus vannamei diets reared under varying water salinities.” was conducted in the Wet Laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture, College of Fishery Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Muthukur. Cottonseed meal, (CSM) Acetes indicus (AI) meal, and Fish meal (FM) were used at three different protein levels (25%, 30% and 35%). Shrimp diet was prepared by mixing all the ingredients in required proportions, ground and sieved to the required size and made in to pellets. Studies were conducted to evaluate the replacement of fish meal with cottonseed meal and Acetes indicus meal at three different salinities 5ppt, 15ppt and 30ppt salinities. The experiments were conducted for 63 days in aquaria. Triplicates were maintained for each of the treatment. Feed was given three times a day. Weekly sampling was done for water quality parameters viz., pH, Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total alkalinity and Total hardness. The growth, survival and feed conversion ratio were estimated by sampling the shrimp once in a week. The DO was found to be in the range of 5.02ppm and 8.42ppm at 5ppt, 6.29ppm to 8.52ppm at 15ppt and 7.2ppm to 8.99ppm at 30ppt salinity. The pH ranged from 8.0 to 8.3 at 5ppt, 8.1 to 8.3 at 15ppt and 8.3 to 8.5 at 30ppt, during the period of experiment. The range of total alkalinity varied between 150 mg/l to 340 mg/l at 5ppt salinity, 612mg/l to 632 mg/l at 15ppt salinity and 660mg/l to 68mg/l at 30ppt salinity. Total hardness of water ranged between 225 mg/l to 237 mg/l at 5ppt salinity, 660mg/l to 684 mg/l at 15ppt salinity and61mg/l to 743mg/l at 30ppt salinity. The growth performance of L. vannamei was found to be best when fed with diet AI30 (11.05gm) and the least with CSM25 (9.95gm) at 5ppt salinity, AI30 (12.01gm) and CSM25 (10.01gm) at 15ppt salinity, AI30 (12.22gm) and CSM25 (10.00gm) at 15ppt salinity. L. vannamei fed on diet AI30 showed the highest average weight gain of 1.38gm by the 63rd while the FM25 recorded the lowest weight gain of all the treatments (1.15gm) at 5ppt salinity.AI30 (2.02gm) and CSM25 (1.12gm) recorded the highest and lowest average weight gain at 15ppt salinity.AI30 (2.21gm) and CSM35 (0.41gm) recorded highest and lowest average weight gain at 30ppt salinity. Specific growth rate was highest (3.159) in shrimps fed with diet AI30, and least (2.930) in the CSM25 at 5ppt salinity. In 15ppt salinity, Specific growth rate was highest (3.302) in shrimps fed with diet AI30, and least (2.960) in the CSM25. Similarly, Specific growth rate was highest (3.287) in shrimps fed with diet AI30, and least (2.969) in the CSM25 at 30ppt salinity. Survival rates were best in shrimps fed on FM30 and FM35, which showed 78% survival rate at 5ppt salinity, FM35 showed 88% survival rate at 15ppt salinity and FM30 and FM35 showed 85% survival rate at 30ppt salinity at the end of the experiment. The shrimps fed with CSM25 and CSM30 diets showed the least survival rate (65-75%). The shrimps fed on FM30 diet showed the best FCR of 1.66 followed by FM30 with an FCR of 1.72. The shrimps fed with CSM25 showed the least response with an FCR of 2.95 From the above studies, it can be concluded that Cottonseed meal and Acetes indicus meal can be included in the diets of L. vannamei up to 25% protein inclusion for the total replacement of fish meal.
