Loading...
Thesis
Browse
2 results
Search Results
Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
ThesisItem Open Access UTILIZATION OF SHRIMP SHELLS CONTAINING CHITOSAN AS A SOURCE OF PREBIOTIC IN CROSSBRED PIGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017) YUGANDHAR KUMAR, M; Ramana, J. V(MAJOR); Ravi, A; Suresh, J; Sivakumar, A. V. N.ABSTRACT: Shrimp shell meal (SSM) containing chitosan was evaluated for its prebiotic effect during creep, grower and finisher phases of swine feeding. During creep phase a total of 240 pre-weaned piglets were assigned at random to 5 dietary treatments of control diet (T1), T1 supplemented with antibiotic (T2), while in treatments T3, T4, and T5 dried and autoclaved SSM containing 15.5% chitosan was included at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, respectively such that the rations contained 700, 1500 and 2300 mg chitosan/kg. Each treatment contained six replicate pens with eight piglets per pen. From 240 piglets at creep stage, 40 pigs were selected as and when they attained 15 kg body weight for growth studies during grower phase (15-35 kg) and were shifted to the corresponding diet during finisher phases ( 35-70 kg live weight). During these phases, the standard ration (T1) was supplemented with chlorotetracyclin (T2) while dried SSM was included at 2.5 (T3), 5.0 (T4) and 7.5% (T5), as a source of chitosan. The experimental diets were formulated as per NRC, 1998 and the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The growth performance and nutrient digestibility were studied. Two pigs per treatment at the end of creep and grower phases and 6 pigs per treatment at the end of finisher phase were slaughtered to study the small intestine morphological structures, gut pathogen load, serum biochemical profile and haematological parameters while carcass characteristics were studied after finisher phase. During creep phase, the initial litter weight (kg) was not significantly different among treatments whereas the final weight (kg) was higher (P<0.01) in piglets fed T2 toT5 than those fed on T1 and the values were 66.01 (T1), 73.33 (T2), 75.16 (T3), 75.83 (T4) and 79.56 (T5). There was no significant difference among treatments in total feed intake (kg). The feed per kg gain was higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in other treatments and the values were 0.88, 0.78, 0.73, 0.65 and 0.71 for T1 to T5 fed piglets, respectively. The height of villi in duodenum, jejunum and ileum as well as the ratio of villi height to crypt depth increased (P<0.01) with increasing levels of SSM. The height of villi (μm) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of pigs fed on T4 and T5 ration was significantly higher (P<0.01) than in other treatments and the values were 166.8, 177.4, 217.8, 393.4 and 315.2; 171.0, 243.0, 245.0, 254.2 and 246.6; 174.4, 184.4, 177.6, 247.4 and 226.8 in duodenum, jejunum and ileum for T1 to T5 fed pigs, respectively. The ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) which is a useful criterion for estimating the digestive capacity in the small intestine was highest (P<0.01) in pigs fed T4 ration when compared to other treatments and the values were 0.94, 1.26, 1.14, 2.08 and 1.18; 1.02, 1.27, 1.08, 2.08 and 1.12; 0.97, 1.08, 1.01, 1.76 and 1.06 in duodenum, jejunum and ileum for T1 to T5 fed pigs, respectively. There was a reduction in the E.Coli and Salmonella count in gut content of piglets fed diets containing antibiotic and shrimp waste when compared to control group and the values (cfu/g) were 76.35, 24.09, 32.23, 23.67 and 19.37 (E.coli); 53.52, 31.13, 40.29, 29.98 and 16.99 (Salmonella) in pigs fed T1 to T5, respectively. During grower phase, the ADG (g) was higher (P<0.01) in T4 (348) or T5 (324) than in T3 (310), T2 (303) and T1 (267) fed pigs. The ADFI (kg) was also higher (P<0.01) in T5 (0.80) or T4 (0.78) fed pigs than in T1 (0.73), T2 (0.75) and T3 (0.75) fed pigs which was not significantly different. The quantity (kg) of feed consumed per kg gain and the cost of feed per kg gain (Rs) were higher (P<0.01) in T1 fed pigs than in other treatments and the values were 2.77 and 61.24 (T1), 2.47, and 54.47 (T2), 2.42 and 53.46 (T3), 2.26 and 49.84 (T4) and 2.46 and 54.40 (T5), respectively. During finisher phase, the initial, final and total weight gain (kg) were not significantly different among the treatments and the values were 35.50, 70.75 & 35.25; 35.08, 70.66 & 35.58; 35.91, 71.33 & 35.41; 35.75, 70.91 & 35.16 and 35.75, 71.41 & 35.66, respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. The number of days taken was lower (P<0.01) in T4 (72) or T5 (79) than in T2 (90), T3 (80) or T1 (104) fed pigs. The ADG (g) was higher (P<0.01) in T4 (485) followed by T5 (451) than in T1 (338), T2 (393) or T3 (439) fed pigs. The height of villi in duodenum, jejunum and ileum and the ratio of villi height to crypt depth increased (P<0.01) with increasing levels of SSM. The height of villi in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of pigs fed on T4 ration was significantly higher (P<0.01) than in other treatments and the values were 177.4, 190.6, 176.8, 202.8 and 186.2; 176.4, 182.8, 178.4, 187.2 and 188.4; 172.0, 182.0, 171.4, 204.0 and 180.8 (μm) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum for T1 to T5 fed pigs, respectively. There was a reduction in the E. Coli and Salmonella count in gut content of pigs fed diets containing antibiotic and shrimp waste when compared to control group and the values (cfu/g) were 72.36,25.81, 35.70, 26.77 and 18.37 (E.coli); 61.25, 21.49, 34.61, 22.65 and 14.17 (Salmonella) in pigs fed T1 to T5, respectively. The digestibility of major nutrients except ether extract was increased when pigs were offered diets supplemented with SSM during finisher phase. The digestibility of DM, CP, CF and NFE was significantly higher (P<0.01) in pigs fed T4 and T5 rations than in other treatments and the values were 85.27, 85.84, 84.08, 87.69 and 86.61; 85.00, 85.98, 85.13, 89.65 and 85.01; 53.79, 56.78, 56.80, 64.75 and 64.85; 90.37, 90.91, 90.76, 93.22 and 93.15 in pigs fed T1 to T5, respectively, However, EE digestibility was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 compared to T3, T4 and T5 fed pigs. The nitrogen intake (g/d) was higher (P<0.01) in pigs fed T1 than in other treatments and was lowest in pigs fed T4 and it might be due to differences in feed intake during metabolism trial. The serum total protein concentration was increased (P<0.01) in response to SSM supplementation compared to control group which indicated that the protein status of the pigs had improved. The total protein (g/dl) content was highest (P<0.01) in T4 fed pigs than in T1, T2, T3 and T5 and the values were 5.41, 5.98, 5.96, 6.75 and 5.95, respectively for T1 to T5 pig feds. The albumin (g/dl) content was not significantly different among the treatments and the values were 4.25, 4.41, 4.43, 4.15 and 4.26, respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. The globulin (g/dl) and IgG (mg/dl) content was highest (P<0.01) in T4 fed pigs and was in order of T4>T5>T2>T3>T1 fed pigs and the values were 1.16, 649.16; 1.57, 695.16; 1.52, 694.16; 2.60, 716.50 and 1.69, 697.00, respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. The increased total protein concentration was primarily due to an improved globulin concentration, since there was increase in the serum IgG concentration. During creep phase, there was a decrease in the serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and increase in HDL cholesterol and the values were 76.25, 70.75, 69.00, 64.25 and 65.25 (total cholesterol); 66.80, 65.25, 66.00, 58.50 and 61.75 (triglycerides); 41.00, 43.00, 42.25, 45.00 and 41.75 (HDL); 53.25, 27.75, 26.75, 19.25 and 23.50 (LDL) (mg/dl), respectively for T1 to T5 fed pigs. During grower phase also, there was a decrease in the total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol and increase in HDL cholesterol in pigs fed T2 to T5 than in T1 and the values were 76.75, 72.00, 71.75, 64.75 and 69.00 (total cholesterol); 72.25, 68.00, 68.25, 60.25, 68.00 ( triglycerides); 41.50, 43.25, 43.75, 44.25 and 44.25 (HDL); 35.25, 28.75, 28.00, 20.50 and 24.75 ( LDL) and the same trend was observed even in finisher phase and the values were 77.33, 75.33, 74.08, 67.40 and 71.08 (total cholesterol); 72.80, 70.00, 68.58, 61.50 and 65.83 (triglycerides); 43.08, 45.83, 46.16, 48.75 and 46.66 (HDL); 34.25, 29.50, 27.91, 18.65 and 24.41 (mg/dl) ( LDL). The major finding emerging from the current study was that indicators of gut function such as nutrient digestibility, small intestine morphology and ratio of villus height to crypt depth were augmented with supplementation of SSM, resulting in higher body weight gain and superior feed/kg gain ratio and it was concluded that SSM at 1% during creep stage and at 5% during grower and finisher phases was optimum as a source of chitosan to replace antibiotic feed additive. Further, the enhanced small intestinal morphology observed during creep phase was beneficial in sustaining the same trend of improved gut function, nutrient utilization and better growth performance during grower and finisher phases where SSM was included at higher levels than during creep phase.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF RATIONS CONTAINING SLOW RELEASE UREA ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF RUMINANTS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-03) RAVI KANTH REDDY, P; Srinivas Kumar, D(MAJOR); Raghava Rao, E; Venkata Seshiah, Ch.; Satheesh, KABSTRACT: In the present study, two in vitro and four in vivo trials were conducted to evaluate the usage efficiency of slow release urea (Optigen II) product in buffalo bulls, adult rams, and ram lambs fed crop residue based total mixed rations and in lactating buffaloes fed green fodder and conventional concentrate mixture. An in vitro nitrogen release test was conducted to analyze the damage caused to SRU coating during handling and processing. The urea release from the coated urea (SRU) as supplied by manufacturer and SRU collected from the total mixed rations fed to adult rams, ram lambs, buffalo bulls, and lactating animals were 69.01, 85.68, 84.51, 82.16, and 76.29 per cent as much urea as uncoated urea in 1 h, revealing a considerable damage caused to the coating at varying levels in the four in vivo trials conducted. Another in vitro trial was conducted to assess the rate of NH3-N release from various protein sources used in the in vivo experiments. The rate of increase in NH3-N release was much more pronounced in urea group followed by SRU (Optigen II), CSM, SBM, and urea, with a significant (P<0.01) treatment x time interactions. In the 1st trial, four graded Murrah buffalo bulls (avg. b. wt. 365.47 ± 16.45 kg), arranged in a 4 x 4 LSD, were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments viz. total mixed ration (TMR) with maize stover and concentrate in 70: 30 proportion, incorporated with SRU at 0 (T1), 1.0 (T2), 2.0 (T3), and 3.0 (T4) per cent level, and evaluated for their effect on rumen fermentation pattern, mineral balances, and nutrient utilization in buffalo bulls. The rumen fermentation studies in fistulated Murrah buffalo bulls revealed that the pH, TVFA and nitrogen fractions i.e. NH3-N, TCA insoluble N and residual N were higher (P<0.01) in SRU fed groups (T2, T3, and T4) compared to control (T1). The concentration of TVFA, TCA ppt N, and Residual N peaked at 4 hours post feeding, while the NH3-N, total N, and food and protozoal N showed a dose-dependent relationship with the peak values at 4, 4, 6 and 8 hrs post feeding for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, NDF and hemi-cellulose were higher (P<0.05) in SRU incorporated rations as compared to the control. However, incorporation of SRU in rations had no effect (P>0.05) on the digestibility of EE, CF, NFE, ADF and cellulose. All the buffalo bulls were in positive balance for N, Ca and P. The intake (g/d) of N, Ca and P were similar among all treatments. Incorporation of SRU in the diets of buffalo bulls had no effect (P>0.05) on N, Ca and P retentions expressed either as g/d, per cent of intake or as per cent absorbed. The average DMI of buffalo bulls expressed as kg/d or as % BW was comparable among the treatments. The present study indicated that incorporation of SRU in the ration increased (P<0.05) the DCP and TDN content expressed as % in the diet consumed or as kg/d. Further, the DM, DCP, TDN and ME intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among the treatments and were higher than the values recommended by ICAR (1998) standards. In the 2nd trial, twelve lactating Murrah buffaloes were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments and fed hybrid Napier (APBN-1) ad libitum and concentrate mixture incorporated with SRU at 0 (T1) and 2.0 (T2) per cent level, and evaluated for their effect on nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition. The per cent digestibility of gross nutrients and cell wall fractions increased in lactating Murrah buffaloes fed rations incorporated with SRU as compared to the control, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). Incorporation of SRU in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on the DCP and TDN content expressed as % in the diet consumed or as kg/d. Further, the DM, DCP, TDN and ME intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among the treatments and were higher than the values recommended by ICAR (1998). The average yield of milk, fat, SNF, total solids, lactose, protein, butter fat yield, 6% FCM yield, and energy corrected milk yield were higher in buffaloes fed SRU compared to control but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). The feed efficiency (kg DMI per kg 6% FCM) was similar in both the rations. The cost of feed/kg 6% FCM was higher (P>0.05) in T1 compared T2, with a net increase in benefit over feed cost by 4.67% in SRU fed rations. In the 3rd trial, four adult rams (avg. b. wt. 43.02 ± 0.76 kg), arranged in 4 x 4 LSD were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments viz. TMR with green gram straw and concentrate in 60: 40 proportion, incorporated with SRU at 0 (T1), 1.0 (T2), 2.0 (T3), and 3.0 (T4) per cent level, and evaluated for their effect on serum urea nitrogen and nutrient utilization. The mean SUN concentration (M mol/L) was higher (P<0.01) in T4 and lower in T1 compared to other treatments. Time after feeding significantly (P<0.01) affected the SUN concentration with a peak at 4 h postprandial period. Further, Incorporation of SRU in the rations had no effect (P>0.05) on the digestibility of nutrients except CP which increased significantly (P<0.05) at 3.0% level as compared to the control. The DCP content expressed as per cent in the diet consumed or as intake (kg/d) was higher (P<0.05) in T4 as compared to T1. The present study indicated that incorporation of SRU in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on the TDN content expressed as % in the diet consumed or as kg/d. Further, the DM, DCP, TDN and ME intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among the treatments and were higher than the values recommended by ICAR (2013). In the 4th trial, twelve ram lambs were randomly distributed to two dietary treatments and fed TMR with green gram straw and concentrate in 50: 50 proportions, incorporated with SRU at 0 (T1) and 2 (T2) per cent level, and evaluated for its effect on growth, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics. The DMI expressed as Kg/d (P<0.05) or g/kg W0.75 (P<0.01) was lower in SRU fed group as compared to the control. Incorporation of SRU in the rations had no effect (P>0.05) on ADG, FCR (kg feed / kg gain) and cost of feed ( /kg gain). Incorporation of SRU in the TMR had no effect (P>0.05) on the digestibility of nutrients, except CP, which increased significantly (P<0.05) as compared to the control. Incorporation of SRU in the diet had no effect (P>0.05) on the DCP and TDN content expressed as % in the diet consumed or as kg/d. Further, the DM, DCP, TDN and ME intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among the treatments and were higher than the values recommended by ICAR (1998). Carcass studies revealed that the SRU incorporation had no effect (P>0.05) on slaughter data, dressing per cent, proportion of wholesale cuts and carcass composition, when compared to the control. Further, it is observed that both yield of visceral organs and chemical composition of longissimus dorsi muscle were unaltered upon replacing SBM by SRU in the diets. Based on the results of the present study, it is concluded that slow release urea (Optigen II) can be incorporated up to 3% in total mixed rations for buffalo bulls and adult rams, up to 2% in ram lambs and up to 2% in the concentrate mixture for lactating buffaloes thus reducing the cost of feed per kg gain in ram lambs and cost of feed per kg 6% fat corrected milk in lactating buffaloes without any adverse effects.