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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF SUBABUL BASED COMPLETE RATIONS ON PERFORMANCE OF KIDS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) UDAY KUMAR, G; DEVASENA, B(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; SURESH BABU, DABSTRACT: An attempt was made in the present study to include the untreated and treated Leucena leucocephala leaf meal (ULLLM and TLLLM) by replacing the concentrate mixture in complete rations of growing kids. The nutritive value, plane of nutrition, and economics of production were studied. The proximate composition of untreated and treated Leucena leucocephala leaf meal obtained by treating with moist heat for 45 minutes revealed dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, cruder fibre, total ash and nitrogen free extract of 89.90, 92.30, 21.08, 4.51, 15.96, 7.70 and 50.78%; 95.50, 88.89, 20.11, 2.98, 19.78, 11.10 and 46.03%, respectively. The cell wall constituents (%) neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin and silica, were 55.55, 21.22, 34.33, 13.73, 13.33 and 0.40, respectively for ULLLM 50.60, 25.87, 24.73, 17.94, 8.76 and 0.52, respectively for TLLLM. A growth trial was conducted for 90 days with 30 kids (9.00 kg±0.150) by allocating at random to five complete rations CR1 (control), CR2 (30% ULLLM), CR3 (30 % TLLLM), CR4 (40% ULLLM) and CR5 (40% TLLLM). The ADG (g/d) was higher (P<0.05) in CR1 followed by CR3, CR5, CR4 and CR2. The efficiency of feed utilization was highest (P<0.05) in CR1 and CR3, mediocre in CR5 and CR4 and lowest in CR2. The DM digestibility (%) ranged from 59.77 (CR2) to 69.13 (CR1) and OM digestibility (%) from 63.99 (CR4) to 70.01 (CR1). The CP digestibility (%) was in the range of 63.16 (CR4) to 71.76 (CR1) and that of CF digestibility (%) from 49.09 (CR4) to 59.33 (CR3). The difference among the digestibility of nutrients was nonsignificant. The NDF and ADF digestibility (%) was higher (P<0.05) in CR3 and lower (P>0.05) in CR4. The N intake (g/d) was highest (P<0.05) in CR1 and lowest (P<0.05) in CR4. While the differences among the CR2, CR3 and CR5 were non-significant. The DCP and TDN intake g/kg W 0.75 did not reveal any significant differences among the treatment groups. Carcass characteristics in terms of dressing percentage (39.53 to 44.99), empty body weight (7.39 to 12.13) did not indicate significant changes among the treatment groups. The edible, non edible (blood, skin, legs and gut with ingesta), organ weights, wholesale cuts, meat and bone ratio did not indicated significant difference among the kids maintained on experimental rations CR1 to CR5. The inclusions of untreated and treated Leucena leucocephala leaf meal (ULLLM and TLLLM) in the complete rations of kids on serum T3 and T4 hormonal profile determined at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of experiment showed significant reduction (P<0.05) in CR2 and CR4 as compared to CR1 or CR3 or CR5. Histopathological examination of thyroid gland indicated morphological changes in terms of hyperplasia of epithelial cells and follicular vacuolation with cuboidal epithelium were prominent in CR2 and CR4 group, while in control group there was normal pattern and very mild changes were seen in CR3 and CR5. The result of present study indicated that the treated Leucena leucocephala leaf meal can be included at 30% level in complete ration of growing kids as replacement of concentrate mixture on weight by weight basis under intensive system of rearing.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING DIETS CONTAINING RAPESEED MEAL WITH OR WITH OUT ENZYMES ON PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAILS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-10) SURYANARAYANA REDDY, D; SRINIVASA RAO, D(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; SHAKILA, SABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding diets containing rapeseed meal (RSM) at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% with or without enzymes on performance, serum bio chemicals, carcass characteristics and cost economics of Japanese quails. The diets prepared were basal diet/control diet, T1; control diet containing 2.5% RSM, T2; control diet containing 2.5% RSM+ENZYMES, T3; control diet containing 5% RSM, T4; control diet containing 5% RSM+ENZYMES, T5; control diet containing 7.5% RSM, T6; control diet containing 7.5% RSM+ENZYMES, T7; control diet containing 10% RSM, T8; control diet containing 10% RSM+ENZYMES, T9. Five hundred and fortey dayold Japanese quail chicks were divided at random in to nine groups of three replicates each with 20 birds per replicate and allotted to nine experimental diets (T1 to T9) formulated as per ICAR, 2013 feeding standards for grower (0-3weeeks) and finisher (3-5weeks) phases. The chemical composition of RSM contained 91.2% (DM), 35.2% (CP), 9.14% (CF), 3.58% (EE), 7.12% (TA) and 44.96% (NFE). No significant differences in body weights were observed during grower (0- 3weeeks) and finisher phase (3-5weeks) by feeding diets containing RSM (at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) with or without enzymes in Japanese quails. However numerically lower body weights were observed in 10% RSM i.e. T8 (210.26 gm) group and higher body weights were observed. The effect of feeding diets containing RSM at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% with or without enzymes on body weight gains were non significant during grower (0- 3weeks), finisher (3-5weeks) and also overall period (0-5weeks) of Japanese quails. However numerically lower body weight gains were observed in 10% RSM i.e. T8 (207.68 gm) group and higher body weight gains were observed in 2.5% RSM with enzymes i.e. T3 (213.36 gm) group. Significantly higher feed intake was observed in 10% RSM i.e. T8 (225.15 gm) over control group i.e. T1 (206.81 gm) during grower phase. Similarly, during finisher phase lower feed intake was observed in 7.5% RSM diet i.e. T6 (271.01gm). no significant differences in overall feed intake was observed. The cumuklative feed intake (P>0.05) was increased linearly with increasing the RSM in experimental diets. Significantly (P<0.01) poor feed efficiency was observed in 10% RSM (1.92) i.e. T8 in comparison with control group (1.73) i.e. T1 during grower (0-3weeeks) phase. However numerically poor feed efficiency was observed in 10% RSM i.e. T8 group (2.42) than the control group i.e. T1. There were no significance differences in carcass characteristics viz., dressing percentages, liver, heart and gizzard weights of Japanese quails by feeding diets containing RSM (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) with or without enzymes. Significant differences were not observed in serum biochemical parameters i.e. total cholesterol, total protein, serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and serum aspartate transaminase (AST) content of Japanese quails by feeding diets containing RSM ( 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% ) with or without enzymes. The mortality percentage of Japanese quails were 0, 3.33, 3.33, 5, 6.66, 3.33, 3.33, 13.33 and 10% respectively for the treatment groups T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9. The feed cost was reduced by the incorporation of RSM in the diet and income over feed cost per bird was increased (P<0.05). The highest income over feed cost/ bird of Rs. 20.34 was observed in Japanese quails fed with diets containing 10% RSM (T8) and was higher by 40 paise/bird in comparison with the control group. It can be concluded from the results of the present experiment that RSM can be included at 10% level in the diets of Japanese quails for higher income, to overcome the shortage of protein supplements and for effective utilization of available unconventional protein supplements.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF HYDROPONIC FODDER VARIETIES IN SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-11) TAHA ANSARI, SHAIK; RAVI, A(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; GANGARAJU, GABSTRACT: The nutritive value of hydroponic fodder produced from six varieties of fodder seeds i.e. SSG, cowpea, horse gram, maize, jowar and barley was evaluated in adult sheep fed on the fodder varieties as sole feed. Four Nellore Jodipi rams were used to study nutrient digestibility, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance, nutritive value and plane of nutrition in 14 day preliminary and 7 day collection period metabolism trials. The average hydroponic fodder yield (kg) after 7 days of sprouting from SSG, cowpea, horse gram, maize, jowar and barley was 7.17±0.11, 8.07±0.10, 7.10±0.09, 9.13±0.06, 5.38±0.10 and 8.22±0.09, respectively from 1 kg grain. The yield was significantly higher (P<0.01) from maize and barley seeds while it was lower from jowar seeds. The chemical composition (%DM) except for DM of the fodder varieties was 12.34, 11.67, 10.64, 12.53, 10.53 and 10.21 % (DM), 95.29, 94.22, 95.08, 95.28, 96.35, 95.99 % (OM), 20.87, 41.09, 33.40, 13.68, 25.77, 17.46 % (CP), 2.57, 1.70,2.29, 3.58, 8.31, 3.02 % (EE) 18.58, 24.08, 20.16, 16.08, 18.25, 23.26 % (CF), 4.71,5.78, 4.92, 4.72, 3.65, 4.01% (TA), 0.36 , 0.04, , 0.17, 0.13, 0.13, 1.05 (AIA) and 53.27, 27.35, 39.23, 61.94, 44.02 and 52.25 % (NFE), for Sorghum Sudan Grass, Cowpea, Horse gram, Maize, Jowar and Barley, respectively. Nutrient digestibility (%) of the hydroponic fodder varieties were 35.29, 79.90, 40.26, 76.08, 54.17 and 75.07 (DM), 43.64, 81.81, 46.79, 78.26, 58.98 and78.61 (OM), 47.85, 83.94, 71.57, 68.33, 69.50 and 72.95 (CP), 50.82, 68.59, 51.20, 66.96, 75.53 and 75.96 (EE), 34.49, 60.15, 53.43, 72.16, 21.27 and 65.20 (CF), 49.75, 88.46, 78.35, 82.70, 63.96 and 85.28 (NFE), 57.34, 79.59, 57.04, 76, 55.82 and 73.88 (NDF), 41.47, 71.15, 35, 71.61, 46.58 and 69.81(ADF), 49.82, 80.94, 68, 79.32, 65.16 and 78.91(Hemicellulose), 34.24, 76.57, 41.52, 76.44, 44.55 and 76.14 (Cellulose) , respectively and were significantly different among the varieties. The nitrogen retention (g/d) of sheep was negative (P<0.01) in all varieties except cowpea and the values were (-) 2.72, 7.60, (-) 7.77, (-) 2.11, (-) 1.43 and (-) 5.82 for SSG, Cowpea, Horse gram, Maize, Jowar and Barley, respectively. The calcium retained (g/d) was negative in all varieties and the values were (-) 0.85, (-) 0.55, (-) 1.90, (-) 0.66, (-) 0.51 and (-) 1.15 for SSG, Cowpea, Horse gram, Maize, Jowar and Barley, respectively The phosphorus retained (g/d) in sheep fed on SSG, Cowpea, Horse gram, Maize, Jowar and Barley was (-) 0.31, (-) 0.34, (-) 0.61, (-) 0.53, (-) 0.26 and (-) 0.79, respectively. The DCP (%), TDN (%) and DE (kcal/kg DM) were 9.98, 45.83 and 2016.91 (SSG), 34.49, 75.79 and 3334.97 (cowpea), 23.90, 68.08 and 2995.81 (horse gram), 9.34, 77.57 and 3413.13 (maize), 17.91, 64.07, 2819.37 (jowar) and 12.73, 77.63 and 3415.72 (barley). The DMI g/d was in the order of barley (391.03), maize (371.14), cowpea (314.26), horse gram (205.18), jowar (122.77) and SSG (87.30) and was significantly different. The DMI (g/ W 0.75) was significantly higher (P<0.01) in maize (30.23), barley (26.11), cowpea (25.58), horse gram (16.34), jowar (9.68) and SSG (7.76). The nutrient requirement of sheep and goat (ICAR, 2013) suggested that sheep weighing 25-35 kg require for maintenance 390-500g TDN, 75-96g CP and a dry matter intake 2.6 to 2.8 % of body weight. In the present study, sheep fed on different hydroponic fodder varieties failed to consume the required quantity of dry matter leading to low plane of nutrition and loss of body weight. The cost of production of production of hydroponic fodder from SSG, cowpea, horse gram, maize, jowar and barley was `. 1.26, 7.18, 5.20, 1.86, 5.20 and 4.86, respectively taking into account the seed cost only. It was concluded for hydroponic fodder production Maize followed by Barely were economical based on cost of seed and yield of fodder. Further, hydroponic fodders as a sole feed were not relished by sheep leading to low voluntary intake and loss of body weight.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF REPLACING FISH MEAL PROTEIN BY SHRIMP WASTE MEAL PROTEIN WITH OR WITH OUT AMINOACIDS ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-10) MOUNICA, N; RAMANA, J. V(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; SURESH, JABSTRACT: The present study was carried out with an objective to investigate the growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, gut pathogen population, serological parameters, haematological parameters and carcass traits of broilers fed diets containing shrimp waste meal with or with-out amino acids. Basal pre-starter, starter and finisher broiler diets were formulated with conventional feed ingredients like maize, soya bean meal, de-oiled rice bran (DORB) and fish meal as per the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (ICAR, 2013). The CP (%) and ME (kcal/kg) contents of the basal pre starter, starter and finisher diets were 22.04, 3000; 21.50, 3049 and 19.57, 3099 respectively. The experimental diets in pre-starter phase were prepared by replacing fish meal protein of the basal diet with the shrimp waste meal protein at 20% level (T2) , 30% level (T3) and T4, T5 diets were prepared by adding synthetic lysine and methionine to T2 and T3 diets. In starter and finisher phases five experimental diets were prepared by replacing fish meal protein of the basal diet with the shrimp waste meal protein at 50% level (T2) , 100% level (T3) and T4, T5 diets were prepared by adding synthetic lysine and methionine to T2 and T3 diets. The basal diet T1 was used as control containing maize, SBM, DORB and 10 % fish meal. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Three hundred and seventy five day old commercial broiler chicks were distributed randomly to five treatments with three replicates of twenty five birds each. The experiment was carried out from day old to 42 days of age. Weekly body weight gains and feed intake were recorded and feed efficiency was calculated accordingly. Metabolism trials were conducted to study the digestibility of nutrients during starter (0-28 days) and finisher (29-42 days) phases. At the end of 2, 4 and 6 weeks two birds per replicate and thus a total of six birds per treatment were sacrificed to study the effect of shrimp waste meal on E.coli and Salmonella count of the cecal contents and on serological, haematological parameters. Carcass traits were studied at the end of the experimental trial. There was no significant difference in body weight gain among treatments during pre-starter phase.The body weight gain (BWG) was found significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed (T4, T2 and T1) diets when compared to birds fed T3 and T5 during starter, finisher and overall phases. Feed intake was found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed with control diet compared to birds fed with (T2 to T5) diets at pre-starter phase. During starter, finisher and overall growth phases no significant difference was noticed regarding feed intake among treatments. Irrespective of the growth phase the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found non significant among treatments. The nutrient digestibility of DM and CF was found to be non-significant among treatments during starter and finisher phase. However during starter and finisher phases CP and EE digestibilities were found significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed T4 diet when compared to birds fed other diets T1, T2, T3 and T5. The E.coli and Salmonella count (log cfu/g) of cecal contents were found significantly (P<0.01) lower in birds fed SWM supplemented diets T2,T3, T4 and T5 than control diet (T1) during pre-starter, starter and finisher phases. In pre-starter and starter phases no significant difference was noticed regarding levels of serum total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), globulin (g/dl), glucose (mg/dl) and cholesterol (mg/dl) among treatments (T1 to T5). In finisher phase also there was no significant difference in levels of serum total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl) and glucose (mg/dl) among treatments, but the serum cholesterol levels (mg/dl) and globulin levels (g/dl) were found significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed T1 diet than birds fed other diets (T2, T3, T4 and T5). Non significant differences were noticed among treatment groups regarding RBC count during the three phases of the study. During pre-starter phase the WBC count (103/μl) was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the birds fed with the diets T2, T3 ,T4 and T5 when compared to the birds fed with T1( control diet). During starter and finisher phases the WBC count (103/μl) was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the birds fed with the diets T2 and T3 than the birds fed with T1 , T4 and T5. During the pre-starter and starter phases lymphocyte (%) count was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T2 and T3 than in T1, T4,and T5 fed birds.Whereas during the finisher phase there was no significant difference among treatments. At the end of experimental period, the live weight gain, hot carcass weight and the dressing percentage were found significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed T4 diet when compared to birds fed other diets. The liver, gizzard and heart weights (g) were found significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed T4, T2, and T1 diets when compared to T3 and T5 group. The results of the present study indicated that the Protein from FM can be safely substituted up to 30% with the SWM protein in pre-starter and up to 50% in starter and finisher broiler diets for good economic returns and productive performance with amino acid supplementation (lysine and methionine).ThesisItem Open Access PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED DIETS CONTAINING SHRIMP WASTE MEAL(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-01) MOHANA KUMARI, G; RAMANA, J. V(MAJOR); DEVASENA, B; NARENDRANATH, DABSTRACT: The present study was carried out with a view to investigate the growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, gut pathogen population, serological parameters and carcass traits of broilers fed diets containing shrimp waste meal. Basal pre-starter, starter and finisher broiler diets were formulated with commonly available feed ingredients like maize, soya bean meal, deoiled rice bran (DORB) and fish meal as per the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (ICAR, 2013). The CP (%) and ME (kcal/kg) contents of the basal pre starter, starter and finisher diets were 22.06, 3000 ; 21.50, 3049 ; 19.55, 3099, respectively. The experimental diets were prepared by incorporating shrimp waste meal at 5, 7.5 and 10% level to basal pre starter, starter and finisher diets. Four experimental diets T1 (Basal diet), T2 (Basal diet containing 5 % SWM), T3 (Basal diet containing 7.5 % SWM), T4 (Basal diet containing 10 % SWM) were prepared. Three hundred day old, commercial broiler chicks were distributed randomly to four treatments with three replicates of twenty five birds each. The experiment was carried out from day old to 42 days of age. Weekly body weight gains and feed intake were recorded and feed efficiency was calculated accordingly. Metabolism trials were conducted to study the digestibility of nutrients during starter (0-28 days) and finisher (29-42 days) phases. At the end of 2, 4 and 6 weeks two birds per replicate, six birds per treatment were sacrificed to study the effect of shrimp waste meal on E.coli and Salmonella count of the cecal contents and on serological parameters. Carcass traits were studied at the end of the experimental trial. The body weight gain (BWG) was found significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed SWM supplemented diets (T2, T3 and T4) when compared to birds fed control diet (T1) during pre-starter, finisher and overall phases. Irrespective of the growth phase feed intake was found to be significantly (P<0.05) at starter and finisher phases, (P<0.01) at pre-starter and overall phases) higher in birds fed T2 diet when compared to control diet (T1). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found significantly (P<0.01) superior in birds fed diets supplemented with SWM (T2, T3 and T4) than control diet (T1) during pre-starter, finisher and overall phases. The nutrient digestibility of DM, EE and CF was found to be non-significant among treatments during starter and finisher phase. However during starter phase CP digestibility was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in birds fed T2 diet when compared to birds fed other diets (T1, T3 and T4). During finisher phase CP digestibility was significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed T2 diet when compared to control (T1). The E.coli and Salmonella count (log cfu/g) of cecal contents were found significantly (P<0.01) lower in birds fed SWM supplemented diets (T2, T3 and T4) than control diet (T1) during pre-starter, starter and finisher phases. The serum protein levels (g/dl) and globulin levels (g/dl) were found significantly (P<0.1) higher in birds fed T2 diet than birds fed other diets (T1, T3 and T4) during starter phase. Whereas during finisher phase the serum protein and globulin levels were found significantly higher (P<0.05) in birds fed T2 diet when compared to control diet (T1). Non significant differences were noticed among treatment groups during pre-starter phase regarding serum protein and globulin levels. Irrespective of the growth phase no significant differences were noticed regarding serum glucose, albumin and cholesterol values among treatment groups. The live weight, hot carcass weight and the dressing percentage were found significantly (P<0.01) higher in birds fed T2 diet when compared to birds fed other diets. Non significant differences were noticed among treatment groups regarding liver, gizzard and heart weights (g). During pre-starter phase mortality was high in birds fed with high levels of SWM in the diet and was gradually reduced up to finisher phase. The feed cost/kg weight gain was found significantly (P<0.01) lower in SWM fed birds (T2, T3 and T4) than birds fed control diet (T1). The results of present study revealed that the shrimp waste meal can safely be incorporated up to 5% level in pre starter, up to 7.5% level in starter and up to 10% level in finisher broiler diets for better economics and improved productive performance.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING MAIZE STOVER BASED COMPLETE RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT ROUGHAGE TO CONCENTRATE RATIO ON PERFORMANCE IN NELLORE X DECCANI RAM LAMBS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-02) VENKATESHWARLU, V; VENKATESHWARLU, M(MAJOR); RAMANA REDDY, Y; HARI KRISHA, ChABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted for 120 days to investigate the effect of feeding maize (Zea mays) stover based complete rations (mash form) at MS70 (maize stover 70% + concentrate 30%), MS60 (maize stover 60% + concentrate 40%) and MS50 (maize stover 50% + concentrate 50%) ratios to find out the suitable ratio of maize stover and concentrate for optimum growth, production, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics in growing Nellore X Deccani ram lambs. A significant (P<0.05) difference in the ADG was noticed in ram lambs fed three experimental complete rations. There was 44.43 and 17.06 per cent higher gain in ram lambs fed MS50 ration in comparison to those fed MS70 (P<0.05) and MS60 (P>0.05) rations, respectively. The FCR was better (P>0.05) by 11.72 and 17.39 per cent, respectively with MS60 and MS70 rations in comparison to MS50 ration. The cost ()/kg live weight gain was comparable among the three rations but was numerically higher in ram lambs fed ration MS50 followed by MS60 and MS70 rations. No significant difference was observed among the three experimental complete rations in the digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP and NFE. The EE digestibility in MS60 (P>0.05) and MS50 (P<0.05) was higher by 4.77 and 8.30 per cent, respectively in comparison to MS70 ration. The CF digestibility in MS60 (P>0.05) and MS50 (P<0.05) rations was higher by 12.18 and 22.13 per cent, respectively in comparison to MS70 ration. The apparent digestibility coefficients of NDF, ADF and cellulose were comparable (P>0.05) among the three complete rations and the digestibility of hemicellulose was significantly (P<0.05) different among the rations. The per cent DCP was significantly (P<0.05) higher in MS50 than MS60 and MS70 rations. Whereas, the per cent TDN was either significantly (P<0.05) or non-significantly (P>0.05) higher in MS50 ration than MS60 and MS70 rations. The N balance and N absorbed (g/d) were significantly lower in lambs fed MS60 and MS70 rations than those fed MS50 ration. The N balance was linearly increased with increased level of concentrate. Among all the rations, the nitrogen balance was significantly (P<0.05) higher in MS50 ration, but there was no significant difference between MS60 and MS70 rations. The daily DCP and TDN intake (g/d) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in ram lambs fed MS50 ration in comparison to those fed MS60 and MS70 rations. The DCP intake ( g/kg w0.75) was significantly (P<0.05) different among the ram lambs fed MS70, MS60 and MS50 rations, the values (g/d or g/kg w0.75) being higher in lambs fed MS50 ration than those offered MS60 and MS70 rations. The intake of DCP (g/d or g/kg w0.75) was not significantly different between the lambs fed MS60 and MS70 rations. The TDN intake (g/d) was also significantly (P<0.05) different among the lambs fed MS70, MS60 and MS50 rations and the intake was significantly higher in the lambs fed MS50 ration followed by lambs fed MS60 and MS70 rations. However, TDN intake was not significantly different between lambs fed MS60 and MS70 complete rations. The live body weight and empty body weight was significantly (P<0.05) different among the experimental ram lambs fed three complete rations and was lower in lambs fed MS70 ration compared to those fed MS60 and MS50 rations. The hot carcass weight was significantly (P<0.05) different among the ram lambs fed experimental complete rations. However, no difference was observed in the animals fed MS60 and MS50 complete rations. There was no significant difference in dressing percentage either on live weight or empty body weight basis. The proportion of lean (%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in MS50 complete ration than MS60 and MS70 rations, but was comparable between MS60 and MS70 complete rations. No significant variation could be seen in bone and fat (%) among the experimental rations. Increased (P>0.05) trend in bone meat ratio in carcasses was observed as the level of concentrate increased in the ration of experimental ram lambs. The moisture, protein and ash contents of meat were not affected and there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in fat (%) as the level of concentrate increased in maize stover based complete rations with different roughage to concentrate ratio. Based on the results of present study, it is concluded that maize stover, a potential cereal crop residue hitherto unused can be incorporated as roughage component in complete rations (mash form) at 50-60 per cent for obtaining optimum growth with better feed efficiency in growing Nellore X Deccani ram lambs. Varying levels of stover and concentrate in complete rations did not affect the digestibilities of nutrients barring fat and fibre in growing ram lambs. Level of inclusion of maize stover in complete rations has no effect on dressing percentage either on live weight or empty body weight basis.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN BUFFALO CALVES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-11) PARASHU RAMULU, S; NAGALAKSHMI, D(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; KISHAN KUMAR, MABSTRACT: The present study was conducted with an aim to study effect of zinc (Zn) supplementation on nutrient utilization, growth performance and immune response in buffalo calves. The experiment was conducted in two phases i.e., in vitro and in vivo study in buffalo calves. During first phase graded doses (0 to 160 ppm) of zinc as ZnSO4.7H2O was supplemented to sorghum stover based complete diet and screened for in vitro DM digestibility and in vitro gas production technique. The in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and cellulose (IVCD) digestibilities increased gradually from 80 to 140 ppm, highest (P<0.01) digestibilities were observed at 140 ppm and further no improvement was observed at 160 ppm of Zn supplementation. Similarly, mean gas volume, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) content in Zn supplemented diets were higher (P<0.01) compared to BD and increased (P<0.01) up to 140 ppm Zn concentration in a dose dependent manner and then decreased at 160 ppm. The above in vitro attributes at 140 ppm were comparable with that of 80, 100 and 120 ppm Zn addition. Based on these observations, 80 and 140 ppm Zn supplementation was selected for in vivo experimentation in buffalo calves. During second phase, eighteen buffalo calves with an average body weight of 125±2.5 kg were randomly allotted to 3 groups in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were viz., Basal diet (BD; 29.72 ppm Zn from feed ingredients), BD supplemented with 80 and 140 ppm Zn as ZnSO4.7H2O (22 % Zn). Calves were fed the respective diets at 3 per cent of body weight to meet the nutrient requirements (NRC, 2001) of dairy cattle except Zn throughout 120 days of feeding trial. A digestibility trial of 7 days was carried out after 60 days of feeding trial. Blood was collected at 60, 90 and 120 days of feeding trial to determine the serum mineral status and at 90 d for haematological and serum biochemical constituents. Further, for estimating antioxidant enzyme activity in haemolysate, again blood was collected after 110 days of feeding trial. The humoral immune response against Brucella abortus and chicken RBC was assessed by administering suitable doses of these antigens on 95th d with a booster dose after 15 days and response was measured by standard tube agglutination test (STAT), Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and direct haemagglutination test (DHA) respectively in serum collected at 8, 15, 22 and 29 d post sensitization. At the end of experiment, cell mediated immune (CMI) response was determined by in vivo delayed type hyper sensitivity (DTH) reaction against phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P). No effect of Zn supplementation was observed on DM, organic matter, crude protein, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose digestibilities while digestibilities of crude fibre (P<0.05), ether extract (P<0.01), acid detergent fibre (P<0.01) and cellulose (P<0.01) increased with either 80 or 140 ppm Zn supplementation. Cellulose digestibility was highest with 80 ppm (62.17 %) compared to 140 ppm Zn supplementation (57.28 %) and lowest in unsupplemented calves (53.73 %). No effect of Zn supplementation (80 and 140 ppm) was observed on plane of nutrition and nutritive value of diets. The calves grew linearly with an average daily gain of 582.9, 546.9 and 525.6 g on 0, 80 and 140 ppm Zn supplementation and corresponding average daily dry matter intake were 3.97, 3.90 and 3.71 kg, respectively. Supplementation of Zn had no effect on fortnightly body weight, dry matter intake, nutrient intake and efficiency of nutrient utilization. Similarly, Zn supplementation at either 80 or 140 ppm had no influence on haematological constituents analysed viz., haemoglobin, total erythrocyte and leucocytes count, packed cell volume, MCV, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. Alkaline phosphatase activity and globulin concentration in serum increased (P<0.05) with Zn supplementation, but no effect of dose of Zn supplementation was observed. While serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, glucose and albumin:globulin ratio were not affected by Zn supplementation. Lipid peroxidation (μmol MDA/mg Hb) was higher (P≤0.05) in calves fed BD (3.46) and its levels reduced with Zn supplementation and lowest level was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation (2.36). The antioxidant enzyme activities such as glutathione peroxidase (μmole NADPH oxidized/g Hb/min) and glutathione reductase (μmol/mg Hb) activities were higher (P<0.01) in 140 ppm supplemented calves (35.34, 10.80, respectively) while RBC catalse activity (mmol/mg Hb) was higher (P<0.05) in 80 ppm supplemented calves (1.90) compared to those fed BD (1.19). Humoral immune response against Brucella abortus was higher (P<0.05) in Zn supplemented calves (8, 15, 22 and 29 d post sensitization) and highest response was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation. The HA titers against chicken RBC did not vary significantly with variation in dietary Zn supplementation. The DTH response against PHA-P was maximum at 24 h post inoculation and maximum response was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation and lowest in those fed BD. The study indicated that Zn supplied through practical feed ingredients in diet (29.72 ppm Zn) was sufficient for buffalo calves with an average daily gain of 500 g, while ether extract and fibre digestibility enhanced with 80 ppm Zn supplementation. Further higher Zn concentration i.e., 140 ppm Zn was required for higher antioxidant activities and immune responses in buffalo calves.ThesisItem Open Access CHEMICAL AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PULSE CHUNIES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-11) PARTHA SARATHI, SWAIN; SRINIVASA RAO, D(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT: The present study was planned to evaluate the chemical composition and nutritive values of commonly available pulse chunies viz. Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chunies available in the local markets of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. The samples procured from the local markets. Samples were pooled and ground to minimise the sampling errors prior to, laboratory evaluation. The pulse chunies collected were analysed for their chemical composition, fibre fractions, and Dry Matter (DM) degradability by two in vitro techniques, different fractions of protein and carbohydrate by CNCP (Cornell’s Net Protein and Carbohydrate) system. The Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) and Metabolisable Energy (ME) content of the samples were calculated as per the equations suggested by Krishnamoorthy et al. (2005) and Menke and Steingass (1988), respectively. The chemical composition of Green gram chuni was found to be CP-22.33, EE-2.43, CF-15.92, TA-8.50, NFE-47.02, AIA-3.17, Ca-0.83 and P-0.38% and the fibre fractions were found to be NDF-46.49, ADF-22.78, cellulose-17.41, hemicellulose-23.71, lignin-4.26 and silica 1.10 % on DM basis. In Black gram chuni the chemical composition was found to be CP-20.66, EE-2.16, CF-13.14, TA-11.69, NFE-48.89, AIA-6.78, Ca-0.71 and P-0.33% and the fibre fractions were NDF-35.03, ADF-17.45, cellulose-13.44, hemicelluloses-17.58, lignin-3.05 and silica 0.96 % on DM basis. In Bengal gram chuni the chemical composition was found to be CP-9.58, EE-1.80, CF-40.69, TA-5.03, NFE-42.57, AIA-0.66, Ca-1.05 and P-0.55% and the fibre fractions were NDF-50.56, ADF-41.67, cellulose-40.08, hemicelluloses-8.90, lignin-1.60 and silica 0.17% on DM basis. The chemical compositions in Red gram chuni was found to be CP-16.22, EE-2.20, CF-30.97, TA-4.03, NFE-46.61, AIA-0.23, Ca-0.72 and P-0.42% and fibre fractions were NDF-46.63, ADF-32.49, cellulose-29.99, hemicelluloses-14.14, lignin-2.50 and silica-0.07% on DM basis. The DM degradability (%) of the chunies studied by Modified Tilley and Terry method (1963) and Rusitec were 77.62 and 75.29 for Green gram chuni, 80.39 and 77.81 for Black gram chuni, 52.80 and 51.61 for Bengal gram chuni and 55.11 and 50.06 for Red gram chuni, respectively indicating Black gram chuni was found to have highest DM degradability at 24 h of incubation. In Rusitec, the Black gram chuni and Green gram chuni produced less amount of gas at 24 hr incubation as compared to that of Bengal gram and Red gram chunies. The effective DM degradabilities % was 56.8, 58.8, 35.5, and 39.4% for Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chuni, respectively. The gas produced in in vitro gas production technique (IVGP) from these pulse chunies varied significantly for the incubations of 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 8-12, 18-24, 24-36 hr and non significant variation was observed for 6-8, 12-18, 36-48 and 48-72 h of incubation. The gas production was initially maximum from Black gram chuni then dominated by green gram chuni. But after 18 h of incubation, gas production was higher in Bengal gram and Red gram chuni probably due to high fibre content of the samples. Considering the cumulative gas production in IVGP, significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in 0-2, 0-4, 0-6, 0-8, 0-12 and 0-18 hr of incubation and thereafter, the difference in gas production became non significant for 0-24, 0-36, 0-48 and 0-72 hrs of incubation. But irrespective of chemical compositions, all the chunies produced almost similar amount of gas at the end of 72 h of incubation. Green gram chuni containing maximum ME (Mcal/kg DM) of 2.58 than other samples which were 2.50, 2.26, and 2.26, respectively for Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chuni. The TDN content (%) was found to be highest in Green gram chuni (68.11) which differed significantly from Bengal gram (2.26) and red gram chunies (2.26). In vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) in mg was found in the range of 103.17 (Red gram chuni) to 118.64 (Green gram chuni) with a non-significant difference (P>0.05). Protein Fraction A (% CP) was highest in Red gram chuni (37.72) followed by Bengal gram chuni (19.60), Black gram chuni (19.13) and lowest in Green gram chuni (17.89). Green gram chuni (10.26) was higher than other chunies in protein fraction B1 (% CP) and Red gram chuni was the lowest (7.78). Black gram chuni (46.28) has shown significantly higher (P<0.01) levels of fraction B2 (% CP) than Red gram and Bengal gram chunies and Red gram chuni (30.94) was again reported to have the least. Green gram chuni (7.73) was containing the highest protein fraction B3 (% CP) Black gram chuni (4.08) was having the least. Protein fraction C (% CP) was highest in Bengal gram chuni (28.15) and Red gram chuni was having minimum (18.57). Thus Bengal gram chuni is the least available protein source with low CP and high Fraction C of protein. The carbohydrate fraction A (% CHO) studied by CNCP system was maximum in Bengal gram chuni which varied significantly (P<0.01) with Red gram (15.28) and Green gram chunies (19.74). The carbohydrate fraction B1 (% CHO) was highest in Black gram (24.99) chuni and minimum in Green gram chuni (11.78). Considering carbohydrate fraction B2 Green gram chuni was found to contain maximum and Black gram chuni was minimum with values of 60.92 and 45.48 % CHO, respectively. The fraction C (% CHO) varied in the range of 4.61 in Bengal gram chuni to 15.34 in Green gram chuni which signified Bengal gram chuni was a good carbohydrate source with highest available carbohydrate. It can be concluded from the above study that Black gram and Green gram chunies can be considered as good non conventional feed resources with high CP, ME, TDN and high DM degradabilities than Bengal gram and Red gram chunies for ruminant feeding.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FIBROLYTIC ENZYMES SUPPLEMENTATION ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND RUMEN FERMENTATION PATTERN IN SHEEP FED STOVER BASED DIETS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011) VIJAY BHASKER, TEKULAPALLY; NAGALAKSHMI, D(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAGHUNANDAN, TABSTRACT : The present study was conducted to develop a suitable fibrolytic enzymes cocktail comprising cellulase, xylanase, β-D-glucanase for maize stover and sorghum stover by in vitro studies and to evaluate the effect of these fibrolytic enzyme combination by in vivo studies in sheep in terms of nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation pattern. The fibrolytic enzymes cellulase, xylanase and β-D glucanase, investigated had an activity of 10, 00,000, 16, 00,000 and 10, 00,000 IU/g, respectively. For in vitro studies the required quantity of the enzyme was manually mixed with stover which was ground through 1mm screen. At first, cellulase and xylanase were added individually to both the stovers at an increasing dose rates viz., 0, 100, 200, 400 , 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, 12800, 25600, 32000, 38400, and 44800IU/g DM and screened for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro total sugar release (mg/g DM). The IVDMD% was not affected with cellulase supplementation to sorghum stover from100 to 1600 IU/g DM, beyond which (32000-44800 IU/g), it gradually increased (P < 0. 001) in dose dependant manner and highest (P < 0. 01) IVDMD was observed for concentration of 44800 IU/g. Significant increase (P < 0. 01) in IVDMD was observed with xylanase supplementation to sorghum stover at concentration of 25600-44800 IU/g compared to control and highest IVDMD was observed for xylanase concentration of 44800 IU/g. The in vitro total sugar release from sorghum stover increased gradually in a dose dependant manner with increase in concentration of cellulase and xylanase supplementation from 0 to 44800 IU/g. Based on the in vitro studies the concentration of cellulase and xylanase selected for studying the combination (cellulase and xylanase) effect for sorghum stover were 32000, 38400 and 44800 IU/g of cellulase and 25600, 32000, 38400 and 44800 IU/g of xylanase. The in vitro sugar release was higher with enzyme supplemented singly or in all combinations (range: 35.78 – 57.66 mg/g DM) compared to un-supplemented stover (14.5 mg/g DM). The combination of cellulase-xylanase that gave higher IVDMD for sorghum stover than 38400-25600 (40.30%) followed by 32000 -38400 (42.50%), 44800-25600 (41.89%), 44800-44800 (40.89%), 44800- 32000 (40.82%) and 38400-32000 IU/g (40.30%). Except for combination 44800 cellulase-44800 xylanase, all other 5 combinations were selected to synergistic effect of β-D glucanase supplemented at 0, 100, 200 and 300 IU/g. In case of sorghum stover, no significant effect of β-D glucanase (100-300 IU/g) supplementation to selected cellulase-xylanase combinations were observed on IVDMD. The highest IVDMD was observed for cellulase-xylanase- β-D glucanase combination 44800-32000-0 followed by 44800-25600-0 IU/g. while the in vitro sugar release was higher in all enzyme supplemented stover (range: 48.46 to 56.77 mg/g DM) compared to un-supplemented stover (14.57 mg/g DM) and the increase in sugar release was according to concentration of enzymes. No correlation between IVDMD and in vitro sugar release was observed for the enzymes combinations. Based on IVDMD the best enzyme combination selected for in vivo studies in sheep was 38400 cellulase-25600 xylanase-0 β-D glucanase for sorghum stover. Similarly, for the maize stover, the IVDMD was affected by supplementing cellulase and xylanase up to 3200 and 800 IU/g respectively. The in vitro sugar release increased gradually with increase in cellulase or xylanase concentration. The highest IVDMD was observed for cellulase concentration 25600 IU/g (23.74%) followed by 12800 (21.99%), 32000 (21.66%) and 6400 (20.79%) IU/g. Similarly the IVDMD was highest for xylanase concentration of 25600 (24.48%) and 32000 (25.14%), followed by 38400 (23.77%), 44800 (23.97%) and 12800 (23.49%) IU/g. These above doses of cellulase and xylanase were selected for investigating the combination effect of these enzymes for maize stover. The ranking of cellulase-xylanase combination for maize stover based IVDMD was 12800-12800 IU/g (49.98%), followed by 25600-25600 (48.55%), 32000-25600 (46.00%) and 25600-12800 IU/g DM (45.89%). For cellulase-xylanase combination, at all cellulase concentration tested (6400, 12800, 25600 and 32000 IU/g), the amount of sugar release (P < 0. 001) with increasing in xylanase concentrations. No correlation between IVDMD and in vitro sugar release was observed, Hence based on the IVDMD, the enzyme combination selected for further in vitro studies with β-D glucanase (100-300 IU/g) was above 3, except the combination 32000 cellulae-25600 xylanase IU/g. Similar to that of sorghum stover, no beneficial effect of β-D glucanase was observed on IVDMD and the enzyme combination 12800 cellulase -12800 xylanase- 0 β-D glucanase was selected for maize stover for in vivo studies in sheep. The in vivo experiment in sheep with the selected exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (EFE) from in vitro studies for sorghum stover and maize stover was conducted by incorporating both these stovers as sole roughage source in total mixed ration (TMR) in roughage concentrate ratio of 50:50. The appropriate amount of enzyme required for each stover in TMR was added to concentrate mixture of TMR diet and later mixed with chopped stover in a large tub manually for about 10 minutes before feeding to sheep daily. The experiment was conducted on 24 ram lambs ( 6-8 months) 20.24 ± 1.442 kg body weight (BW) which were randomly allotted to 4 dietary groups i.e., sorghum stover based total mixed ration (TMR), sorghum stover based TMR supplemented with EFE , maize stover based TMR and maize stover based TMR supplemented with EFE . The lambs were fed with respective diets for a preliminary period of 21 days followed by 7 days collection period. The organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and cellulose contents were 87.52, 10.49, 2.47, 30.53, 44.02, 74.50, 47.11 and 35.76 % for sorghum stover based TMR and for maize stover based TMR, the corresponding values were 86.77, 10.84, 2.82, 28.25, 44.85, 74.43, 43.24, 31.19 % respectively. No effect of EFE supplementation was observed on chemical composition of diets. Supplementing EFE to sorghum stover or maize stover based TMR had no effect on DM, OM and hemicellulose digestibilities. The NFE digestibility improved (P < 0.05) by EFE supplementation to sorghum stover based diet, while such effect was not observed for maize stover based TMR. Though non significant, the EE and CF digestibility improved by EFE supplementation 7.35 and 8.32% by to sorghum based TMR and 5.82% and 5.76% The cellulase digestibility increased (P < 0.05) with addition of EFE for sorghum stover based TMR but not for maize stover TMR. The NDF and ADF digestibility increased by 8.57 and 6.14 % with EFE supplementation to sorghum stover based TMR. The TDN, DE and ME content significantly increased (P < 0.05) with EFE supplementation to sorghum stover based TMR which was a reflection of higher CF, NFE and EE digestibility, while no effect of EFE supplementation was observed for nutritive value of maize stover based TMR. Lower CP digestibility with EFE supplementation reduced the DCP content of sorghum stover based TMR. All the lambs of various dietary groups were on positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balances. No effect of EFE supplementation was observed on nitrogen and phosphorus balance while calcium balance increased (P < 0.05) with EFE supplementation. The rumen pH values decreased (P < 0.05) with increase in TVFA concentration (P < 0.01) with EFE supplementation, irrespective of roughage source in TMR. The total nitrogen was not affected with EFE addition, while ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen liquor increased (P < 0.05) in lambs fed on rations supplemented with EFE. Irrespective of the roughage source and EFE supplementation in diet, the peak TVFA, total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen was observed at 4h post feeding. From the present study, it could be concluded that supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes comprising cellulase, xylanase and β-D glucanase developed from in vitro studies to sorghum stover based TMR improved the nutrient digestibility, ruminal ammonia nitrogen and TVFA concentration in sheep and also nutritive value of ration but such effect was not pronounced on maize stover based TMR, when β-D glucanase was zero it may be removed.