Loading...
Thesis
Browse
4 results
Search Results
ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN BUFFALO CALVES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-11) PARASHU RAMULU, S; NAGALAKSHMI, D(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; KISHAN KUMAR, MABSTRACT: The present study was conducted with an aim to study effect of zinc (Zn) supplementation on nutrient utilization, growth performance and immune response in buffalo calves. The experiment was conducted in two phases i.e., in vitro and in vivo study in buffalo calves. During first phase graded doses (0 to 160 ppm) of zinc as ZnSO4.7H2O was supplemented to sorghum stover based complete diet and screened for in vitro DM digestibility and in vitro gas production technique. The in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and cellulose (IVCD) digestibilities increased gradually from 80 to 140 ppm, highest (P<0.01) digestibilities were observed at 140 ppm and further no improvement was observed at 160 ppm of Zn supplementation. Similarly, mean gas volume, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) content in Zn supplemented diets were higher (P<0.01) compared to BD and increased (P<0.01) up to 140 ppm Zn concentration in a dose dependent manner and then decreased at 160 ppm. The above in vitro attributes at 140 ppm were comparable with that of 80, 100 and 120 ppm Zn addition. Based on these observations, 80 and 140 ppm Zn supplementation was selected for in vivo experimentation in buffalo calves. During second phase, eighteen buffalo calves with an average body weight of 125±2.5 kg were randomly allotted to 3 groups in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were viz., Basal diet (BD; 29.72 ppm Zn from feed ingredients), BD supplemented with 80 and 140 ppm Zn as ZnSO4.7H2O (22 % Zn). Calves were fed the respective diets at 3 per cent of body weight to meet the nutrient requirements (NRC, 2001) of dairy cattle except Zn throughout 120 days of feeding trial. A digestibility trial of 7 days was carried out after 60 days of feeding trial. Blood was collected at 60, 90 and 120 days of feeding trial to determine the serum mineral status and at 90 d for haematological and serum biochemical constituents. Further, for estimating antioxidant enzyme activity in haemolysate, again blood was collected after 110 days of feeding trial. The humoral immune response against Brucella abortus and chicken RBC was assessed by administering suitable doses of these antigens on 95th d with a booster dose after 15 days and response was measured by standard tube agglutination test (STAT), Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and direct haemagglutination test (DHA) respectively in serum collected at 8, 15, 22 and 29 d post sensitization. At the end of experiment, cell mediated immune (CMI) response was determined by in vivo delayed type hyper sensitivity (DTH) reaction against phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P). No effect of Zn supplementation was observed on DM, organic matter, crude protein, nitrogen free extract, neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose digestibilities while digestibilities of crude fibre (P<0.05), ether extract (P<0.01), acid detergent fibre (P<0.01) and cellulose (P<0.01) increased with either 80 or 140 ppm Zn supplementation. Cellulose digestibility was highest with 80 ppm (62.17 %) compared to 140 ppm Zn supplementation (57.28 %) and lowest in unsupplemented calves (53.73 %). No effect of Zn supplementation (80 and 140 ppm) was observed on plane of nutrition and nutritive value of diets. The calves grew linearly with an average daily gain of 582.9, 546.9 and 525.6 g on 0, 80 and 140 ppm Zn supplementation and corresponding average daily dry matter intake were 3.97, 3.90 and 3.71 kg, respectively. Supplementation of Zn had no effect on fortnightly body weight, dry matter intake, nutrient intake and efficiency of nutrient utilization. Similarly, Zn supplementation at either 80 or 140 ppm had no influence on haematological constituents analysed viz., haemoglobin, total erythrocyte and leucocytes count, packed cell volume, MCV, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. Alkaline phosphatase activity and globulin concentration in serum increased (P<0.05) with Zn supplementation, but no effect of dose of Zn supplementation was observed. While serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, glucose and albumin:globulin ratio were not affected by Zn supplementation. Lipid peroxidation (μmol MDA/mg Hb) was higher (P≤0.05) in calves fed BD (3.46) and its levels reduced with Zn supplementation and lowest level was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation (2.36). The antioxidant enzyme activities such as glutathione peroxidase (μmole NADPH oxidized/g Hb/min) and glutathione reductase (μmol/mg Hb) activities were higher (P<0.01) in 140 ppm supplemented calves (35.34, 10.80, respectively) while RBC catalse activity (mmol/mg Hb) was higher (P<0.05) in 80 ppm supplemented calves (1.90) compared to those fed BD (1.19). Humoral immune response against Brucella abortus was higher (P<0.05) in Zn supplemented calves (8, 15, 22 and 29 d post sensitization) and highest response was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation. The HA titers against chicken RBC did not vary significantly with variation in dietary Zn supplementation. The DTH response against PHA-P was maximum at 24 h post inoculation and maximum response was observed with 140 ppm Zn supplementation and lowest in those fed BD. The study indicated that Zn supplied through practical feed ingredients in diet (29.72 ppm Zn) was sufficient for buffalo calves with an average daily gain of 500 g, while ether extract and fibre digestibility enhanced with 80 ppm Zn supplementation. Further higher Zn concentration i.e., 140 ppm Zn was required for higher antioxidant activities and immune responses in buffalo calves.ThesisItem Open Access CHEMICAL AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PULSE CHUNIES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-11) PARTHA SARATHI, SWAIN; SRINIVASA RAO, D(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT: The present study was planned to evaluate the chemical composition and nutritive values of commonly available pulse chunies viz. Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chunies available in the local markets of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. The samples procured from the local markets. Samples were pooled and ground to minimise the sampling errors prior to, laboratory evaluation. The pulse chunies collected were analysed for their chemical composition, fibre fractions, and Dry Matter (DM) degradability by two in vitro techniques, different fractions of protein and carbohydrate by CNCP (Cornell’s Net Protein and Carbohydrate) system. The Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) and Metabolisable Energy (ME) content of the samples were calculated as per the equations suggested by Krishnamoorthy et al. (2005) and Menke and Steingass (1988), respectively. The chemical composition of Green gram chuni was found to be CP-22.33, EE-2.43, CF-15.92, TA-8.50, NFE-47.02, AIA-3.17, Ca-0.83 and P-0.38% and the fibre fractions were found to be NDF-46.49, ADF-22.78, cellulose-17.41, hemicellulose-23.71, lignin-4.26 and silica 1.10 % on DM basis. In Black gram chuni the chemical composition was found to be CP-20.66, EE-2.16, CF-13.14, TA-11.69, NFE-48.89, AIA-6.78, Ca-0.71 and P-0.33% and the fibre fractions were NDF-35.03, ADF-17.45, cellulose-13.44, hemicelluloses-17.58, lignin-3.05 and silica 0.96 % on DM basis. In Bengal gram chuni the chemical composition was found to be CP-9.58, EE-1.80, CF-40.69, TA-5.03, NFE-42.57, AIA-0.66, Ca-1.05 and P-0.55% and the fibre fractions were NDF-50.56, ADF-41.67, cellulose-40.08, hemicelluloses-8.90, lignin-1.60 and silica 0.17% on DM basis. The chemical compositions in Red gram chuni was found to be CP-16.22, EE-2.20, CF-30.97, TA-4.03, NFE-46.61, AIA-0.23, Ca-0.72 and P-0.42% and fibre fractions were NDF-46.63, ADF-32.49, cellulose-29.99, hemicelluloses-14.14, lignin-2.50 and silica-0.07% on DM basis. The DM degradability (%) of the chunies studied by Modified Tilley and Terry method (1963) and Rusitec were 77.62 and 75.29 for Green gram chuni, 80.39 and 77.81 for Black gram chuni, 52.80 and 51.61 for Bengal gram chuni and 55.11 and 50.06 for Red gram chuni, respectively indicating Black gram chuni was found to have highest DM degradability at 24 h of incubation. In Rusitec, the Black gram chuni and Green gram chuni produced less amount of gas at 24 hr incubation as compared to that of Bengal gram and Red gram chunies. The effective DM degradabilities % was 56.8, 58.8, 35.5, and 39.4% for Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chuni, respectively. The gas produced in in vitro gas production technique (IVGP) from these pulse chunies varied significantly for the incubations of 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 8-12, 18-24, 24-36 hr and non significant variation was observed for 6-8, 12-18, 36-48 and 48-72 h of incubation. The gas production was initially maximum from Black gram chuni then dominated by green gram chuni. But after 18 h of incubation, gas production was higher in Bengal gram and Red gram chuni probably due to high fibre content of the samples. Considering the cumulative gas production in IVGP, significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in 0-2, 0-4, 0-6, 0-8, 0-12 and 0-18 hr of incubation and thereafter, the difference in gas production became non significant for 0-24, 0-36, 0-48 and 0-72 hrs of incubation. But irrespective of chemical compositions, all the chunies produced almost similar amount of gas at the end of 72 h of incubation. Green gram chuni containing maximum ME (Mcal/kg DM) of 2.58 than other samples which were 2.50, 2.26, and 2.26, respectively for Black gram, Bengal gram and Red gram chuni. The TDN content (%) was found to be highest in Green gram chuni (68.11) which differed significantly from Bengal gram (2.26) and red gram chunies (2.26). In vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD) in mg was found in the range of 103.17 (Red gram chuni) to 118.64 (Green gram chuni) with a non-significant difference (P>0.05). Protein Fraction A (% CP) was highest in Red gram chuni (37.72) followed by Bengal gram chuni (19.60), Black gram chuni (19.13) and lowest in Green gram chuni (17.89). Green gram chuni (10.26) was higher than other chunies in protein fraction B1 (% CP) and Red gram chuni was the lowest (7.78). Black gram chuni (46.28) has shown significantly higher (P<0.01) levels of fraction B2 (% CP) than Red gram and Bengal gram chunies and Red gram chuni (30.94) was again reported to have the least. Green gram chuni (7.73) was containing the highest protein fraction B3 (% CP) Black gram chuni (4.08) was having the least. Protein fraction C (% CP) was highest in Bengal gram chuni (28.15) and Red gram chuni was having minimum (18.57). Thus Bengal gram chuni is the least available protein source with low CP and high Fraction C of protein. The carbohydrate fraction A (% CHO) studied by CNCP system was maximum in Bengal gram chuni which varied significantly (P<0.01) with Red gram (15.28) and Green gram chunies (19.74). The carbohydrate fraction B1 (% CHO) was highest in Black gram (24.99) chuni and minimum in Green gram chuni (11.78). Considering carbohydrate fraction B2 Green gram chuni was found to contain maximum and Black gram chuni was minimum with values of 60.92 and 45.48 % CHO, respectively. The fraction C (% CHO) varied in the range of 4.61 in Bengal gram chuni to 15.34 in Green gram chuni which signified Bengal gram chuni was a good carbohydrate source with highest available carbohydrate. It can be concluded from the above study that Black gram and Green gram chunies can be considered as good non conventional feed resources with high CP, ME, TDN and high DM degradabilities than Bengal gram and Red gram chunies for ruminant feeding.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF COMPLETE RATIONS CONTAINING DIFFERENT LOCALLY AVAILABLE CROP RESIDUES ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN GRADED MURRAH BUFFALO BULLS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2012-12) VENKATESWARLU, SWARNA; Srinivas Kumar, D; Raghava Rao, E; Narendra Nath, DABSTRACT : In 4 x 4 LSD, four rumen fistulated graded Murrah buffalo bulls were fed four iso-nitrogenous complete rations with roughage to concentrate ratio of 60:40 and comprising of locally available crop residues viz., Jowar stover (T1), Maize stover (T2), Red gram straw (T3) and Black gram straw (T4) to study the effect on nutrient utilization, balances and rumen fermentation pattern. CNCPS fractionation indicated that carbohydrate fraction C was lower, protein fraction B3 was higher and protein fraction C was lower in Maize stover and Maize stover based complete ration suggesting that it is superior compared to other crop residues and crop residue based complete rations. The in vitro digestibility (%) of DM (P<0.01), CP (P<0.05), NDF (P<0.05) and ADF (P<0.01) were significantly higher in T2 compared to other dietary treatments while lower digestibility (%) was observed in red gram straw based complete ration. In sacco study revealed that EDDM (%) was higher (P<0.01) in T2 compared to T1 and T3, EDNDF (%) was higher (P<0.01) in T2 compared to T3 and T4 while EDADF (%) was higher (P<0.01) in T2 when compared to either T1, T3 or T4. However, EDCP (%) was comparable among all the treatments. The rumen fermentation studies with fistulated buffalo bulls revealed that rumen pH and TVFA concentration peaked 4 h post feeding while nitrogen fractions viz. NH3-N, Total – N, TCA insoluble N, residual nitrogen and food and protozoal N reached the peak 2 h post feeding. The digestibility (%) of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, hemi-cellulose and cellulose were significantly higher (P<0.01) in T2 compared to other treatments while NFE digestibility was significantly higher (P<0.5) in T3 compare to T1 or T4. All the buffalo bulls were in positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance. The DMI expressed as kg/d or as % BW was similar among the different dietary treatments. The DCP and TDN content expressed as % in the diet consumed or kg/d was significantly higher (P<0.01) in Maize stover based complete ration (T2) compared to other crop residue based complete rations. The DE and ME intakes were higher (P<0.01) in T2 as compared to either T1, T3 or T4. The cost of complete rations containing different crop residues was 6.15, 6.09, 5.98 and 5.85 in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Based on the present study, it is concluded that locally available crop residues can be used in complete rations for graded Murrah buffalo bulls without any adverse effect. Further, it is concluded that Maize stover based complete ration is superior when compared to other crop residue based complete rations as evidenced by the better performance of animals.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF CROP RESIDUE BASED COMPLETE RATIONS FOR AUGMENTING MILK AND MEAT PRODUCTION IN BUFFALOES AND SHEEP(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2012-05) RAJA KISHORE, K; RAMANA, J.V (Major); RAGHAVA RAO, E; RAVI, A; SRINIVAS KUMAR, D; ESWARA PRASAD, P; SUDHAKARA REDDY, PABSTRACT : In the present study, initially three isonitrogenous complete rations (roughage: concentrate, 60:40) were formulated using locally available crop residues such as maize stover (T1), red gram straw (T2) and black gram straw (T3) along with a conventional feeding system (control ‘C’) comprising of paddy straw, hybrid napier and concentrate mixture fed separately were evaluated for their nutrient digestibility, balance, nutritive value and rumen fermentation pattern using four rumen fistulated Murrah buffalo bulls and adult Nellore rams in a 4X4 LSD in each. The crop residues, conventional and complete rations were also evaluated by in vitro and in situ methods to study the DM, CP, NDF and ADF degradabilities. Subsequently, two on-farm trials were conducted, one with lactating Murrah buffaloes using maize stover based complete ration (T1) and the other with growing Nellore ram lambs using black gram straw based complete ration (T3). In a 120 day on-farm lactation trial, 20 farmers possessing minimum of two lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected and fed such that one of the animal was fed on maize stover based complete ration (T1) while the other on a conventional (C) feeding system (grazing + hybrid napier + paddy straw and concentrate mixture) thus consisting of two groups of 20 buffaloes each. In a 120 day on-farm growth trial, 100 growing Nellore brown ram lambs belonging to 8 farmers were selected and fed such that half of the ram lambs belonging to each farmer were fed on black gram straw based complete ration (T3) while the other half was maintained on a conventional (C) feeding system (grazing for 6-8 h+ concentrate mixture) thus consisting two groups of 50 ram lambs each. The in vitro DM, CP and ADF degradabilities (%) were higher (P<0.01) in red gram straw while the in vitro NDF degradability (%) was comparable among the different crop residues. The in vitro degradabilities (%) of DM and NDF (%) were higher (P<0.05) in the complete rations (T1 to T3) than in conventional ration, while the in vitro CP and ADF degradabilities (%) were comparable among the experimental rations. The effective in situ DM and ADF degradabilities (%) were higher (P<0.01) in black gram straw than in maize stover and red gram straw while the CP and NDF in situ degradabilities (%) were not significantly different among the crop residues. The effective degradability of CP and NDF was higher (P<0.05) in complete rations compared to conventional ration while the degradability of DM and ADF did not differ significantly among the experimental rations. The rumen fermentation studies in fistulated Murrah buffalo bulls revealed that the pH, TVFA and nitrogen fractions i.e. NH3-N, TCA insoluble N and residual N were higher (P<0.01) in T1 to T3 fed buffalo bulls than in C fed buffalo bulls while TN and food and protozoal nitrogen did not differ significantly. The concentration of all the nitrogen fractions and TVFA peaked at 2-4 h post feeding while the rumen pH peaked at 2 h post feeding. The DM intake (kg/d) was almost similar in all the experimental rations fed to Murrah buffalo bulls. The digestibilities (%) of DM, CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, hemi-cellulose and cellulose (P<0.01); OM and NFE (P<0.05) were higher in buffalo bulls fed complete rations than in conventional feeding system. The N retention (g/d) was higher (P<0.01) in T1 to T3 than in C fed buffalo bulls. The Ca and P balances were not significantly different among the experimental rations. The DM and TDN intake per W kg0.75 were higher (P<0.05) in buffaloes fed C while higher (P<0.05) DCP intake per W kg0.75 was observed in buffalo bulls fed T2. The digestibilities (%) of DM, NDF, ADF, hemi-cellulose and cellulose (P<0.05) and NFE (P<0.01) were higher in rams fed complete rations than those fed conventional ration while OM, CP, EE and CF digestibilities did not differ significantly. The DCP and TDN intakes (kg) increased significantly (P<0.01) among the treatments in the animals fed complete rations compared to conventional ration. The DM and TDN intake values per W kg0.75 were higher (P<0.05) in rams fed T1 to T3 than those fed conventional ration. On-farm lactation studies revealed that the average milk yield, fat, 6% FCM, butter fat yield, SNF, TS, protein and casein were higher (P<0.01) in buffaloes fed complete ration (T1 ) compared to conventional feeding system. The DMI/kg 6 % FCM and the cost of feed were improved by 24 % in buffaloes fed complete ration than those fed conventional ration. The ADG (g) was higher (P<0.01) in ram lambs fed complete ration (93.85) compared to the conventional grazing system (80.24). The dressing per centage, hot carcass weight, lean (%) and wholesale cuts (%) i.e. leg, loin, rack, shoulder and neck were higher (P<0.01), fore shank and brisket (P<0.01)and bone (P<0.05) were lower in ram lambs fed complete ration than those maintained on conventional grazing system. It can be concluded from the present study that, maize stover was considered to be best among the selected crop residues in terms of its potential nutritive value and these crop residue based complete rations can effectively be included in daily rations of buffaloes and sheep with minimum adaptation period. They resulted in marked improvement in nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation pattern, feed efficiency, growth rate and decreased feed cost per kg 6% FCM yield in buffaloes and weight gain in ram lambs. Hence, it is observed that feeding of complete rations formulated based on crop residues could be beneficial over conventional feeding system. Further, these can form as a source for economical feeding system at times of need without any adverse effects on animal health.