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Subject: Animal Nutrition × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2009 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING RUMEN BY PASS FAT AS CONCENTRATED ENERGY SOURCE ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN MURRAH BUFFALOES
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009) SRAVAN KUMAR, RAPOLU; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAVINDER REDDY, V
    ABSTRACT : With a view to investigate the optimum level of inclusion of calcium soap as concentrate source of energy in the straw based diets of Murrah buffaloes, four iso-nitrogenous rations (12.6% CP) supplemented with 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent calcium soap of red palm oil were formulated and evaluated by in vitro and in sacco techniques. Data from in vitro and in sacco studies revealed that supplementation of calcium soap up to 10% had no adverse effect on DM digestibility/degradability of ration. The rations with 0 to 10 per cent of calcium soap were further evaluated in vivo using four Murrah buffaloes with an average body weight of 221.3±3.60 kg. A metabolic trial was conducted to study the effect of inclusion of calcium soap of red palm oil on nutrient utilization. Dry matter intake (kg/d or g/kg w0.75) in buffaloes was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the level of protected fat in the diet. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in the digestibility of proximate principle and cell-wall constituents except EE. The EE digestibility was higher by 15.20, 16.89 and 17.22, percentage units, respectively in buffaloes fed rations with 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent protected fat compared to those fed ration with out protected fat supplementation. All the buffaloes were on positive nitrogen balance. Nitrogen retention expressed as g/d, per cent intake or per cent absorbed in buffaloes was not significantly (P>0.05) different among the rations supplemented with 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent level of protected fat. The DCP values of rations with varying levels of calcium soap of red palm oil were not different from each other. The TDN value of the rations with 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent calcium soap was significantly (P<0.01) higher by 3.18, 4.84 and 6.80 percentage units, respectively as compared to ration with out calcium soap. Further, the DCP and TDN intakes were non-significantly (P>0.05) higher in buffaloes fed rations with 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent level of protected fat than those fed ration with out protected fat. It is concluded from the present study that calcium soap prepared from red palm oil can be used as an energy supplement up to 10% level for Murrah buffalo animals with out affecting DMI and nutrient utilization for improved production.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN FRACTIONS, NITROGEN SOLUBILITY, METABOLIZABLE PROTEIN AND METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF SELECT PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS FOR RUMINANTS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-03) GHAWAT PANKAJ GANESHRAO; PARTHASARATHY, M(MAJOR); RAMA PRASAD, J; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P
    RUMINANTS
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON RELEASE OF MINERALS IN GROUNDNUT HAULM BASED COMPLETE DIETS IN RUMINANTS SUPPLEMENTED WITH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MINERAL SOURCES BY IN SACCO AND IN VIVO METHODS
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009) SUDHA RANI, K; RAMANA, J.V (Major); DEVASENA, B; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P
    Abstract : A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic mineral supplementation to groundnut haulms (GNH) based complete diets on mineral release and nutrient digestibility by in sacco and in vivo methods. A basal complete diet was prepared with GNH and concentrate mixure (8% maize, 10% soybean meal, 21.5% deoiled rice bran and 0.5% salt in 60: 40 ratio. The basal diet was treated as control (T1) and three more diets were prepared by supplementing basal diet with commercial mineral mixture (T2), inorganic mineral supplements (T3) and organic mineral supplements (T4). The commercial mineral mixture was added at the rate of 1.5% in T2 diet by adjusting the deoiled rice bran to 20%. The inorganic mineral supplements were added at the rate of 26.4g (8.3g ZnSO4, 4.0g CuSO4 and 14.0 g MnSO4) in the diet T3. The organic mineral supplements were added at the rate of 72g (12g Zinc Propionate, 10 g Copper Propionate and 50g Manganese Propionate) in the diet T4. The CP, CF, EE, TA, AIA and NFE contents of the basal diet were 15.8, 20.0, 1.4, 17.8, 9.7 and 45.0% respectively. The In sacco studies in rumen fistulated steers revealed that there was no significant difference between treatments with regard to effective degradable dry matter %, effective degradable crude protein % and effective degradable NDF %. The effective degradable crude protein % in T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 52.9, 53.9, 53.1 and 53.7 % respectively. The mineral supplementation did not affect the dry matter, NDF and crude protein digestibilities. The In sacco mineral release of Cu, Mn and Zn from experimental diets showed that the disappearance % was higher in commercial mixture supplemented diet followed by organic mineral supplemented diet, and then in-organic mineral supplemented diet. The In sacco copper, manganese and zinc release from feed ingredients revealed that copper disappearance (%) was higher in all the feed ingredients followed by Mn and Zn. In vivo metabolic studies were carried out on bucks in a 4x4 Latin square design fed on four complete diets T1, T2, T3 and T4. The DMI was 2.7 kg/percent body weight which is in accordance with ICAR (1998) recommendation. The DCP intake was 115.7, 121.2, 117 and 117 g/animal/day in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. There was no significant difference between treatments with regard to DMI or DCP intake. Significant differences were also not observed between treatments with regard to total nitrogen excretion (g/day), N retention (g/day) and N retention expressed as % of intake. The N-retention expressed as % of intake in T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 57.1, 58.1, 52.0 and 54.1 % respectively. The mineral supplementation did not influence the nitrogen retention in all the treatments. Positive nitrogen balances were observed in all the treatments showing that there was no negative effect of mineral supplementation on N- balance. The CP digestibility coefficients (%) of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 78.4, 82.1, 78.2 and 76.6 % respectively. The mineral supplementation did not affect the digestibility coefficients (%) of DM, CP, CF, EE and NFE and did not show any significant difference between the treatments. The copper retention expressed as percent of Cu intake in T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 65.1, 64.8, 70.8 and 75.0 % respectively, suggesting that significant differences (P< 0.05) were observed between the treatments with regard to Cu intake (g/d) and copper retention (g/day). The organic mineral supplement showed better bioavailability than other supplements. The zinc retention (g/day) and zinc retention expressed as percent of intake showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between the treatments. Significant difference was not observed between organic and inorganic mineral supplementation with regard to zinc retention expressed as percent of zinc intake. The zinc retention was highest in T2 group which was supplemented with commercial mineral mixture. Mn retention expressed as percent of intake was 18.0, 38.2, 32.3 and 33.7 % respectively in T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments. Significant differences were observed between the treatments with regard to Mn intake (g/day), Mn retention and Mn retention expressed as percent of intake. The plasma Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations in all the animals increased at the end of the metabolic study, as compared to the values at the start of the experiment. It can be concluded that the organic mineral supplements were better bio-available than the inorganic mineral supplements. The mineral supplementation has shown positive nitrogen and mineral balances in GNH based complete diets. Further studies are required to study the effect of mineral supplementation on immune response, stress and reproductive performance of animals.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON SUPPLEMENTATION OF THERMO TOLERANT PROBIOTIC ON THE PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF BUFFALOES
    (Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-05) SRINIVAS KUMAR, D; RAMA PRASAD, J (Major); KRISHNA MOHAN, D.V.G; PARTHASARATHY, M; SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V; SARJAN RAO, K
    ABSTRACT: Experiments were carried out on young graded Murrah buffalo bulls, lactating graded Murrah buffaloes and graded Murrah buffalo bull calves to study the effect of feeding diets supplemented with or without thermo tolerant probiotic (Levucell SC 20) on voluntary feed intake, rumen fermentation pattern, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition and on growth performance. The voluntary DM intake expressed as kg/day or as kg/100 kg. b.wt. or as g/kg w0.75 was marginally higher in buffalo bulls fed with probiotic supplemented diet as compared with the control. The rumen fermentation studies with fistulated young buffalo bulls revealed that all the nitrogen fractions of rumen fluid, pH and TVFA increased marginally while NH3-N concentration of rumen liquor increased significantly (P<0.05) in the buffalo bull calves fed diet supplemented with probiotic as compared with the control. All nitrogen fractions except residual nitrogen and TVFA peaked at 4 h post feeding. Peak rumen pH values were recorded immediately after feeding (0 h) while residual N values peaked at 2 h post feeding. The protozoal count (P<0.05) and total bacterial count (P<0.01) increased significantly with probiotic supplementation in the diet compared with the control. The protozoal and total bacterial counts were also peaked at 4 h post feeding. The DM intake (kg/day) was higher in the probiotic supplemented group of buffalo bull calves in growth study as compared with the control. The average digestibility coefficients (%) of DM, EE, and NDF (P<0.05), OM, CP, CF, ADF and cellulose (P<0.01) increased significantly with probiotic supplementation in the diet of buffalo bull calves as compared with the control animals. However, the average digestibility coefficients (%) of NFE and hemicellulose did not differ significantly between the two groups. All the buffalo bull calves were in positive N, Ca and P balances. The DCP (P<0.01) and TDN (P<0.05) intakes (kg) increased significantly with probiotic supplementation in the diet as compared with the control. The ADG was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the probiotic supplemented diet (549.91 g/d) as compared with the control (462.13 g/d). Feed efficiency (kg feed/kg gain) and cost of feed per kg gain were 9.94 vs. 9.52 and Rs. 33.10 vs. Rs. 32.01 in the control and treatment groups, respectively. The dry matter intake (kg/day) increased marginally in the probiotic supplemented group of lactating buffaloes as compared with the control. The average digestibility coefficients (%) of all nutrients were higher in lactating buffaloes fed probiotic supplemented diet as compared with the control. The DCP and TDN contents were higher in the probiotic supplemented group as compared with the control. The average milk yield, butter fat yield, 6% FCM, SNF per cent and total solids were higher in buffaloes fed diets supplemented with thermo tolerant probiotic as compared with the control. However, the differences between the two groups were not significant. The feed efficiency was improved and cost of feed per kg 6% FCM yield was decreased marginally (Rs 8.06 vs. Rs. 8.44) with probiotic supplementation in the diet of lactating buffaloes as compared to the control. It can be concluded from the present results that supplementation of thermo tolerant probiotic (Levucell SC 20) in the diets of buffalo bull calves increased the growth rate, improved feed efficiency and decreased feed cost/ kg gain as compared to the control. However, it was observed that the recommended dose of probiotic (0.5 g /head/day) supplemented in the diet of lactating buffaloes may be little to demonstrate significant positive response on milk yield and milk composition.