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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF CROP RESIDUE BASED COMPLETE RATIONS FOR AUGMENTING MILK AND MEAT PRODUCTION IN BUFFALOES AND SHEEP(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI ā 517 502,A.P, 2012-05) RAJA KISHORE, K; RAMANA, J.V (Major); RAGHAVA RAO, E; RAVI, A; SRINIVAS KUMAR, D; ESWARA PRASAD, P; SUDHAKARA REDDY, PABSTRACT : In the present study, initially three isonitrogenous complete rations (roughage: concentrate, 60:40) were formulated using locally available crop residues such as maize stover (T1), red gram straw (T2) and black gram straw (T3) along with a conventional feeding system (control āCā) comprising of paddy straw, hybrid napier and concentrate mixture fed separately were evaluated for their nutrient digestibility, balance, nutritive value and rumen fermentation pattern using four rumen fistulated Murrah buffalo bulls and adult Nellore rams in a 4X4 LSD in each. The crop residues, conventional and complete rations were also evaluated by in vitro and in situ methods to study the DM, CP, NDF and ADF degradabilities. Subsequently, two on-farm trials were conducted, one with lactating Murrah buffaloes using maize stover based complete ration (T1) and the other with growing Nellore ram lambs using black gram straw based complete ration (T3). In a 120 day on-farm lactation trial, 20 farmers possessing minimum of two lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected and fed such that one of the animal was fed on maize stover based complete ration (T1) while the other on a conventional (C) feeding system (grazing + hybrid napier + paddy straw and concentrate mixture) thus consisting of two groups of 20 buffaloes each. In a 120 day on-farm growth trial, 100 growing Nellore brown ram lambs belonging to 8 farmers were selected and fed such that half of the ram lambs belonging to each farmer were fed on black gram straw based complete ration (T3) while the other half was maintained on a conventional (C) feeding system (grazing for 6-8 h+ concentrate mixture) thus consisting two groups of 50 ram lambs each. The in vitro DM, CP and ADF degradabilities (%) were higher (P<0.01) in red gram straw while the in vitro NDF degradability (%) was comparable among the different crop residues. The in vitro degradabilities (%) of DM and NDF (%) were higher (P<0.05) in the complete rations (T1 to T3) than in conventional ration, while the in vitro CP and ADF degradabilities (%) were comparable among the experimental rations. The effective in situ DM and ADF degradabilities (%) were higher (P<0.01) in black gram straw than in maize stover and red gram straw while the CP and NDF in situ degradabilities (%) were not significantly different among the crop residues. The effective degradability of CP and NDF was higher (P<0.05) in complete rations compared to conventional ration while the degradability of DM and ADF did not differ significantly among the experimental rations. The rumen fermentation studies in fistulated Murrah buffalo bulls revealed that the pH, TVFA and nitrogen fractions i.e. NH3-N, TCA insoluble N and residual N were higher (P<0.01) in T1 to T3 fed buffalo bulls than in C fed buffalo bulls while TN and food and protozoal nitrogen did not differ significantly. The concentration of all the nitrogen fractions and TVFA peaked at 2-4 h post feeding while the rumen pH peaked at 2 h post feeding. The DM intake (kg/d) was almost similar in all the experimental rations fed to Murrah buffalo bulls. The digestibilities (%) of DM, CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, hemi-cellulose and cellulose (P<0.01); OM and NFE (P<0.05) were higher in buffalo bulls fed complete rations than in conventional feeding system. The N retention (g/d) was higher (P<0.01) in T1 to T3 than in C fed buffalo bulls. The Ca and P balances were not significantly different among the experimental rations. The DM and TDN intake per W kg0.75 were higher (P<0.05) in buffaloes fed C while higher (P<0.05) DCP intake per W kg0.75 was observed in buffalo bulls fed T2. The digestibilities (%) of DM, NDF, ADF, hemi-cellulose and cellulose (P<0.05) and NFE (P<0.01) were higher in rams fed complete rations than those fed conventional ration while OM, CP, EE and CF digestibilities did not differ significantly. The DCP and TDN intakes (kg) increased significantly (P<0.01) among the treatments in the animals fed complete rations compared to conventional ration. The DM and TDN intake values per W kg0.75 were higher (P<0.05) in rams fed T1 to T3 than those fed conventional ration. On-farm lactation studies revealed that the average milk yield, fat, 6% FCM, butter fat yield, SNF, TS, protein and casein were higher (P<0.01) in buffaloes fed complete ration (T1 ) compared to conventional feeding system. The DMI/kg 6 % FCM and the cost of feed were improved by 24 % in buffaloes fed complete ration than those fed conventional ration. The ADG (g) was higher (P<0.01) in ram lambs fed complete ration (93.85) compared to the conventional grazing system (80.24). The dressing per centage, hot carcass weight, lean (%) and wholesale cuts (%) i.e. leg, loin, rack, shoulder and neck were higher (P<0.01), fore shank and brisket (P<0.01)and bone (P<0.05) were lower in ram lambs fed complete ration than those maintained on conventional grazing system. It can be concluded from the present study that, maize stover was considered to be best among the selected crop residues in terms of its potential nutritive value and these crop residue based complete rations can effectively be included in daily rations of buffaloes and sheep with minimum adaptation period. They resulted in marked improvement in nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation pattern, feed efficiency, growth rate and decreased feed cost per kg 6% FCM yield in buffaloes and weight gain in ram lambs. Hence, it is observed that feeding of complete rations formulated based on crop residues could be beneficial over conventional feeding system. Further, these can form as a source for economical feeding system at times of need without any adverse effects on animal health.