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Subject: Animal Nutrition × Author: DEVA SENA, B × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2000 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MINERAL PROFILES OF SOIL, WATER, FEEDSTUFFS AND ANIMALS AND FEEDING SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI- 517 502 ANDHRA PRADESH, 2008-11) DEVA SENA, B; RAMA PRASAD, J; RAMANA, J.V; PRABRAKARA REDDY, P; ESWARA PRASAD, P
    ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to assess the mineral profile of soil, water, feedstuffs and plasma of crossbred animals as well as feeding systems traditionally adopted by the farmers in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. The survey results indicated that, soils in the district were deficient in Ca (30 %), P (32%), Cu (30 %) and Zn (22%). The dry roughages were deficient in Ca (0.28 – 0.32%) and moderately deficient in P (0.01 to 0.24%). The Copper (4.6 to 7.7 mg/Kg) and Zinc (15.2 to 31.3 mg/Kg) content of dry forages showed marginal deficiency, while adequate to excess in Na, K, Mg, Mn, Fe and Co. Green roughages were moderate sources of Ca (0.38 to 0.59%), deficient to moderately rich in P (0.09 to 0.91%), while Cu (2.1 – 9.7 mg/Kg) and Zn (18.1 – 30.7 mg/Kg) deficiency was observed in some (20-25%) of the cultivated fodders. The Mn (27.8 to 95.0 mg/Kg) content was moderately deficient to rich, Fe content (117.8 – 978.6 mg/Kg) was very high and Co content (0.02 – 0.68 mg/Kg) was adequate. But local grasses and tree foliage were observed to be good source of all minerals. Among the concentrates brans (Rice and Wheat) were rich in P (1.23 to 1.69%) but low in Cu (2.0 – 4.2 mg/Kg) and moderately deficient in Zn (30.3 – 75.8 mg/Kg). Grains contained low amount of Cu and Zn and moderately deficient to xviii adequate in other minerals. The protein supplements were rich in all minerals. Home made concentrate mixtures and compounded cattle feeds were adequate to moderately rich in Ca (0.26 – 1.03%), P (0.68 – 1.42%), Mg (0.08 to 1.02%), Cu (11.6 – 23.5 mg/Kg), Zn (30.3 – 103.8 mg/Kg), Mn (40.7 – 114.5 mg/Kg), Fe (62.7 – 1260.0 mg/Kg) and Co (0.21 – 0.58 mg/Kg). The blood mineral profile of animals on an average was above the critical level, but deficiency was observed for Ca (48 – 67%), P (47 – 67%), Cu (65 – 74%), Zn (58 – 64%) and Mn (36 – 42%) in different physiological conditions of animals like lactating cows, pregnant cows, pregnant heifers, non productive cows and non productive heifers. The plasma Na, K, Mg, Fe and Co levels in all categories of animals were well above the critical levels. Survey of feeding practices in Chittoor district indicated that, majority of the farmers (42-54%) were following semi-intensive feeding system, followed by intensive (28 – 48%) and extensive (10 – 18%) feeding systems. Most of the farmers in the district were allowing the animals for grazing which were supplemented / complimented with other available roughages and concentrates. Paddy straw was sole dry roughage. Groundnut straw and sugarcane tops were fed during harvesting season. Ragi straw, Maize/Jowar stovers were used to a limited extent. Farmers were cultivating improved fodder varieties like SSG-898, APBN, Co-1 and Co-2, but land allotted for the cultivated grasses was quite limited. Top feeds like Subabul, Avisa and Mulberry were offered by very few farmers only. Productive animals were fed with concentrate feeds. Rice bran (61 – 74%) and GNC (28 – 42%) were most preferred feed ingredients by the farmers. While very few farmers were using other agroindustrial by products like Bajra/Maize grain, Gram chuni, Wheat bran, Soybean meal and Sun-flower meal to a limited extent. Feeding of home made concentrate mixtures (HMCM) with available feed ingredients was common practice. Rice bran and GNC were most preferred ingredients in HMCM. While compounded cattle feeds marketed were also utilized by some farmers. Common salt was used by 14-16% of the farmers, but mineral mixture was used occasionally. Assessment of nutritional intakes of the animals in terms of DM, DCP and TDN revealed that, there was moderate deficiency of DM (11.3-18.9%) and moderate to severe deficiency (18.2-32.3%) of DCP, while TDN was marginally deficient to adequate (1.7-9.8%) among different physiological categories of animals. Supplementation in the form of top feeds/ deoiled cakes available is recommended to xix improve nutritional status of the animals especially to meet DCP requirements. The mineral deficiency (Ca, P, Cu, Zn and Mn) could be alleviated by supplementing in the form of mineral salts in the ration. Locally available feed ingredients which are rich in minerals like, green grasses, tree foliage, brans, gram chunies, oil cakes and good quality concentrate mixtures were recommended for supplementation to prevent mineral deficiency. Based on the mineral deficiency data two area specific mineral mixtures (ASMM-I & II) were formulated. Field study was conducted to assess the efficiency of supplementation of these area specific mineral mixtures in animals having reproductive disorders. Supplementation of these mineral mixtures for 90 days to animals in four adopted villages improved (P<0.05) plasma mineral profile as well as hormonal profile in anoestrous cows, repeat breeder cows and anoestrous heifers. The reproductive efficiency was improved by 50-67% in different categories of animals, after supplementation of deficient minerals in the form of area specific mineral mixtures. It can be concluded that, strategic supplementation of area specific mineral mixtures to crossbred animals has improved the reproductive performance. It is recommended that, area specific mineral mixture supplementation can be propagated in the district as a short term strategy. Feeding of green fodders, top feeds and compounded feeds can be recommended as a long term strategy to alleviate the mineral deficiency and to improve productive and reproductive efficiency in the animals.