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Subject: Animal Nutrition × Author: AMIT VINAYAKRAO, JANBANDHU × End date: 2017 × Start date: 2017 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    UTILIZATION OF CHITOSAN EXTRACTED FROM SHRIMP WASTE MEAL USING ORGANIC ACIDS AND YEAST AS A PREBIOTIC IN BROILERS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-01) AMIT VINAYAKRAO, JANBANDHU; RAVI, A(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; Narendranath, D
    ABSTRACT: The present study was carried out to extract Chitosan from shrimp shell waste by bioremediation method using organic acids and yeast and to study the effect of chitosan as a prebiotic in broilers. The chitosan was characterised by FTIR and the effect of chitosan on broiler growth performance, gut pathogen load, intestinal morphology, serum metabolites and carcass characteristics was studied. The shrimp waste meal contained 96.5 (DM), 52.3 (CP), 3.14 (EE), 19.3 (CF), 22.4 (TA) and 3.7 % (NFE). A pilot study was conducted by incubating the shrimp waste meal with 1,4,and 8% HCl or 5,10 and 20 % organic acids i.e. fumaric, propionic and lactic acids for 24, 48 and 72 h. Based on the pH changes, demineralization and deproteinization of shrimp waste meal, 8% HCl and 20 % organic acids were selected for subsequent extraction of chitosan for inclusion in broiler diets. The demineralization (%) of shrimp waste meal was 78.3, 60.0, 68.7 and 85.6 while the deproteinization (%) was 84.6, 60.2, 53.9 and 71.0 for 8 % HCl and 20%, fumaric, propionic and lactic acid, respectively. The degree of deacetylation of the chitin was 65, 40, 44 and 47 % for 8% HCl and 20% fumaric, lactic and propionic acids, respectively. The yield of chitosan was 7.0, 8.0, 11.0 And 8.0 % from 8% HCl and 20% fumaric, lactic and propionic acids, respectively. The solubility (%) of chitosan was 90, 70.5, 74.5 and 79.5% for 8% HCl and 20% Fumaric, Lactic and Propionic acid, respectively and the absorbance bands for NH stretching, CH stretching, Amide 1 band, Amide 2 band, CH2 bending, COstretching, CH3 wagging alone chain and NH-out of plane bending for the Chitosan extracted in the present study with 8 % HCl or 20 % organic acids compared well with the pure Chitosan. 360 commercial day old broiler chicks were divided at random into five equal groups of four replicates each with 18 birds per replicate and allotted to five experimental isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (T1 to T5) formulated as per ICAR, 2013 feeding standards for pre-starter (0-14 days), starter (14-28 days) and finisher (28-42 days) phases. The chitosan extracted from shrimp waste using 8 % HCl or 20 % Fumaric, Propionic and Lactic acid was included as prebiotic at 1% in T2 to T5, respectively for a growth trial of 6 weeks duration. The liquid portion remaining after deproteinization of shrimp waste meal using organic acids and yeast culture was used to enrich the deoiled rice bran and the sun dried bran was incorporated into the broiler experimental rations (T2 to T5). The CP content of the enriched deoiled rice bran was 10.9, 11.24 and 11.76 % respectively for the 20% fumaric, lactic and propionic acid treatments which was higher than the value of 8.57 % CP in the untreated deoiled rice bran. The E.coli count (log10 cfu/g) of the caecal content was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in T2 (2.59), T3 (2.81), T4 (2.24) or T5 (2.44) than in T1 (4.03) fed birds. The Salmonella count (log10 cfu/g) of the caecal content was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in T5 (2.0) than in T1(2.64) fed birds while the values were 2.29, 2.19 and 2.43 for T2, T3 and T4 fed birds. The villi height (μm) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in birds fed on diets T2, T5 than in those fed T1 during prestarter, starter and finisher phases. The overall treatment average for the villi height of the duodenum was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in birds fed on T5, i.e. diet containing chitosan extracted using propionic acid than control diet. The villi height (μm) was 1200.9, 1445.2, 1347.3, 1514.0 and 1702.8 in birds fed on T1 to T5, respectively. The crypt depth was not significantly different among treatments during prestarter , starter and finisher phases. However, the overall treatment mean was significantly lower in T1 fed birds than in other treatments and the values (μm) were 262.9, 336.9, 321.4, 366.8 and 360.8 in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The height of villi in jejunum was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in T1 and T2 than in other treatments and the values were 202.2, 195.9, 129.6, 135.6 and 151.9 in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The villi height of ileum was not significantly different among treatments and the values (μm) were 793.7, 869.1, 818.9, 802.3 and 758.5 in T1 to T5 fed birds respectively. The crypt depth was not significantly different among the treatments and the value were 218.2, 204.8, 216.2, 197.7 and 200.6 in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The overall body weight gain was not significantly different among treatments and the values (kg) were 32.4, 33.0, 32.6, 32.0 and 32.5 in T1 to T5 diet fed groups birds, respectively. The feed intake of birds in T1 i.e. 56 kg was significantly higher (P<0.01) than 48.4, 49.8, 47.5 and 46.8 kg in T2 to T5 fed birds, respectively. The FCR of 1.73 in T1 fed birds was higher but not significantly different from the FCR of birds fed T2 to T5 diets. The cost of feed/kg gain was significantly higher (P<0.01) in T1 and T2 fed birds than in other treatments and the values were Rs.42.2,45.8,41.2,40.8 and 39.0 for T1 to T5, respectively. The serum total protein, albumin, globulin and cholesterol were not significantly different among treatments while a significantly higher (P<0.01) triglyceride content in serum of birds fed T1 than in other treatments was observed and the values were 110.6, 99.9, 100.0,102.8 and 104.9 mg/dl in birds fed T1 to T5, respectively. The weight at slaughter was in the range of 2.03 to 2.29 kg and was not significantly different among treatments. The dressing percentage ranged from 63.76 (T5) to 66.09 (T1) fed birds and was not significantly different among treatments. The stomach and intestine full weight (g) was lower in T2 to T5 fed birds than in T1 but the differences were not significantly different. The weight of lung, heart and liver was not significantly different among treatments. The percent mortality observed was 0,1.39, 1.39, 2.78 and 6.94 (Pre starter phase), 0, 0, 0,1.59 and 2.94 (Starter phase) and 3.17, 4.76.0,1.72 and 11.29 (Finisher phase) in T1 to T5 fed birds, respectively. It was concluded that chitosan extracted by using organic acids viz. 20% Fumaric, Lactic and Propionic acids along with yeast exhibited the characteristics of pure Chitosan and prebiotic effects in broilers and using propionic acid followed by lactic acid was more economical.