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ThesisItem Open Access CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF PHYLOGENETIC STATUS OF KENGURI, MOULI AND YALAGA SHEEP OF KARNATAKA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-09) SIDDALINGSWAMY HIREMATH; VINOO, R(MAJOR); APPANNAVAR, M.M.; MURALIDHAR, M; VENKATA SESHAIAH, Ch.; RAMANI PUSHPA, R.N.Karnataka state hosts five well adapted indigenous sheep breeds viz. Bellary, Kenguri, Hassan, Deccani and Mandya. Apart from these recognized breeds, there are two lesser known genetic groups viz., Mouli and Yalaga reared by farmers in North Karnataka in Vijayapura and Bagalkote districts, respectively. The objective of the present research is to document and compare the phenotypic traits of three genetic groups, Kenguri, Mouli and Yalaga sheep of Karnataka and to study the genetic diversity existing in these genetic groups, using mitochondrial and Y-chromosome markers. Data on morphological and morphometric traits were recorded in the three genetic groups from farmer's flocks in their breeding tracts. Data was classified based on their age and sex. It was observed that the Kenguri sheep were predominantly brown with white patch on forehead. Males are horned and ewes are polled in this breed. The animals are usually with black hooves, medium long drooping ears, short tail, straight face/fore-head or nose line in males and females. The Mouli sheep were generally white with brown patches all over the body, long tail, polled in both sexes, long drooping ears and typical convex face or bowed fore head with Roman nose. The Yalaga sheep were white in colour, with males being horned and females were polled. They have long tail, long drooping ears, straight forehead and straight nose line. The morphometric traits namely body length, height at withers, flank width and face length were longer in Mouli sheep compared to Kenguri and Yalaga sheep. Body weight is also larger in Mouli sheep compared to Kenguri and Yalaga sheep. The trend also holds good for age wise analysis among the three breeds. The genetic diversity and divergence among the three breeds were assessed using mitochondrial DNA. Metadata of fourteen Indian, Chinese, Caucasian breeds and wild Mouflon were also used for the analysis. The wild ancestor of sheep i.e. urial mitochondrial D-loop region was used as an outgroup for phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicated that there is high variation within these genetic groups but low differentiation between the genetic groups. Also there is high rate of gene flow among the three genetic groups, particularly between Mouli and Yalaga breeds. The observation is contrasting to the phenotypic differences between the two breeds. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that three genetic groups were predominantly clustered in clade A except one Kenguri sheep which is clustered in clade B. To understand paternal origin of the three breeds, the 611 bp promoter region of SRY gene was amplified and sequenced in the three genetic groups. Orthologous region for a total of 17 sheep representing domestic and wild sheep were obtained from the NCBI database. The three sheep breeds under study didn’t reveal any variation in the promoter region of the SRY chromosome, suggesting they are likely to have same paternal origin. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences indicated a plausible paternal lineage from European or Armenian Mouflon for the three genetic groups. The molecular clock analysis based on mitochondrial control region indicated that the Karnataka breeds must have diverged in the lineage A about 20000 yrs ago. A similar number of years ago the Kenguri individual in clade B also might have diverged. This estimate is slightly higher than the time of sheep domestication suggesting possibility of multiple domestication events in the Indian subcontinent. The results in the present study indicate that phenotypically the three genetic groups are different. At molecular level the Mouli and Yalaga sheep are not differentiated based on the mitochondrial DNA analysis. The paternal source for the three genetic groups is likely from the European or Armenian Mouflon.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN FARM BRED NELLORE JODIPI SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-07) BHAKTHAVATCHALAM, S; PUNYA KUMARI, B (MAJOR); SUDHAKAR, K; JAGADEESWARA RAO, S; RAMANI PUSHPA, R.N.The data collected on 5008 production records and 2965 breeding records of Nellore Jodipi sheep maintained at the Network Project on Sheep Improvement, Livestock Research Station Palamaner, Chittoor district was utilized in the present investigation to study the effect of various factors including inbreeding on productive and reproductive traits and also to predict and compare the breeding values by using Least Squares (LS), Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) and Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) methods. The overall least squares means for BW (Birth Weight), 3M (3 Months), 6M (6 Months), 9M (9 Months) and 12 M (12 Months) body weights were 3.03 ± 0.01, 13.29 ± 0.07, 17.86 ± 0.10, 21.34 ± 0.12, 24.96 ± 0.15 kg, respectively. Period, season, sex and parity had significant influence (P<0.01) on all the growth traits under study. The overall least square means for AGR i.e. from birth to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 9, 9 to 12 and 3 to 12 months were 114.95 ± 0.76, 50.01 ± 0.65, 38.50 ± 0.64, 38.00 ± 0.72 and 40.19 ± 0.46 gms, respectively. Period and sex had significant influence on AGR for all age intervals. Both pre-weaning AGR and post-weaning AGR’s were significantly (p < 0.01) influenced by season of birth except post-weaning AGR 3-12 months. The overall least squares means for age at first lambing (AFL) in Nellore Jodipi sheep was 794.2 ± 6.9 days. Period of birth of ewe but not season of birth was found to be significant on AFL. The overall least squares means for lambing interval was 371.6 ± 11.9 days. Parity of ewe at lambing was found to be significant. The overall least squares mean lambing percentage (ewe covered) was 63.1 ± 2.30. Contemporary Group (CG) at breeding, but not parity of ewe at lambing had a highly significant influence on lambing percent. The mean generation interval, inbreeding coefficient (F), proportion of population inbred, individual increase in inbreeding, equivalent number of generations (EqGi) and effective population size based on birth year were 3.37y, 0.97 %, 31 %, 0.48 %, 2.54 and 1260.52, respectively. The regression coefficients of most of the traits on inbreeding coefficient (F), were negative and non-significant. Maximum and significant effect (p < 0.01) of ‘F’ was noticed on 9M, with a decrease of 0.075 kg of mean value per every 1 per cent increase in inbreeding. Effect of inbreeding was significant on post-weaning AGR 3-6 months. There was a decrease of 0.411 grams mean value in pre-weaning AGR, for every 1 per cent increase in ‘F’. The regression of age at first lambing on F was positive and significant. There was an increase of 5.565 days in AFL per every 1 per cent increase in F. The regression of lambing interval on F was negative (-1.223 days) and insignificant. The regression of lambing percent on F was positive and non-significant (0.001%). When inbreeding coefficient (F), included as fixed class in the analysis it exhibited highly significant effect on BW (p < 0.01), 3-6 months and 6-9 months post-weaning AGR; while significant (p < 0.05) on 3M, 12M body weights and 3-12 months post-weaning AGR. Effect of level of inbreeding on all reproductive traits was also found to be insignificant. The direct heritability estimates for BW, 3M, 6M, 9M and 12M from the best models in Nellore Jodipi sheep were 0.076, 0.194, 0.208, 0.199 and 0.136, respectively. The maternal heritability (m2), estimated from best models for body weights in which it was important, were 0.046, 0.038, 0.063 and 0.082 at 3M, 6M, 9M and 12M of age, respectively in Nellore Jodipi sheep. The estimates of h2 were moderate for pre-weaning (0.210) and all post weaning AGR (0.158 to 0.263) traits. The maternal heritability (m2), estimated from best models for the AGR traits in which it was important were 0.032, 0.025 and 0.029 for pre-weaning; post weaning 6-9 and 3-12 months AGR, respectively. The heritability estimates obtained for age at first lambing (0.082) and lambing percent (0.013) were low. For lambing interval, the estimated heritability was near to zero (0.0002). Repeatability for repeatable reproductive traits like lambing per cent (per ewe covered) was low (0.059) and for lambing interval, the value was near to zero (0.00018). All the estimates of genetic correlations among body weight traits were positive. Estimates of genetic correlations for birth weight with weight at later ages were medium (0.212 to 0.508). The correlation coefficients for 3M, 6M and 9M, with weights at later ages were medium to high (0.449 to 0.894). All the estimates for phenotypic correlations among body weight traits were positive. Birth weight had the lowest phenotypic correlation with the other traits (0.260 to 0.371), whereas, the remaining weights had moderate correlations (0.577 to 0.873). High estimates greater than 0.7 were observed for WW, 6M and 9M with subsequent ages. All the body weight traits (6M, 9M and 12M) had strong positive relationship with pre weaning AGR with medium to high range of values (0.393 to 0.855). Phenotypic correlations also followed the similar trend as genetic correlations (0.545 to 0.778). Genetic association between birth weight with age at first lambing (AFL) was positive and low in magnitude (0.07). Whereas, all body weight traits with lambing interval (LI) showed negative trend. Lambing interval recorded highest and lowest correlations with birth weight (-0.211) and 3 months body weight, respectively (-0.502). Phenotypic association between birth weight and age at first lambing (AFL) was negative and low in magnitude (-0.036). Highest value was noticed between birth weight with lambing interval (-0.031) and lowest between 3 months with lambing interval (-0.153) on phenotypic scale. The estimated overall average breeding values of sires for BW, 3M, 6M, 9M and 12 M body weights were found to be 3.09, 14.36, 19.04, 22.78, 24.73 kg by LSM; 2.96, 13.20, 18.12, 21.59 and 24.62 kg by BLUP method and 2.96,13.19, 18.11, 21.60 and 24.63 kg by DFREML methods, respectively. BLUP method was adjudged to be the most efficient method followed by LS and DFREML methods, because of its least error variance. LSM was best fitted model over the other two methods of sire evaluation based on coefficient of determination (R2), but the accuracy of BLUP was much closer to LSM than DFREML. The rank correlations among breeding values of sires estimated from different methods of sire evaluation were all high, and highly significant (P<0.01). The values ranged from 0.487 (LSM with DFREML for 9M) to 0.999 (BLUP with DFREML for BW). The rank correlations between BLUP and DFREML were greater than 0.9 for all the traits. BLUP or DFREML could select the same set of sires with almost similar ranking for unbiased estimates of breeding values for production traits. The direct genetic trends for BW, 3M, 6M, 9M and 12M were 0.003, 0.067, 0.084, 0.038 and 0.030, respectively in Nellore Jodipi sheep and the corresponding phenotypic trends were 0.010, 0.044, 0.083, 0.201 and 0.248, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF APBN1 GRASS AND EFFECT OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DECCANI SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-06) JAGADISH, Ch; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); NAGALAKSHMI, D; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT : Evaluation of the potential feeding value of APBN1, an improved variety of hybrid napier as the sole feed and in supplemented rations was carried out to develop a forage based feeding system for intensive rearing of sheep. APBN1 forage samples harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth were subjected to chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation to determine the optimum stage of harvesting for maximization of forage utilization in terms of fodder yield and nutritional quality. The yield of green fodder, dry matter and crude protein (MT/ha/yr) of APBN1 forage harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth was found to be 274.68, 47.35, 7.44; 291.34, 61.09, 9.08; 344.74, 76.39, 11.45; 368.45, 85.26, 11.36 and 387.95, 98.81 and 11.21, respectively. The leaf to stem ratio of APBN1 forage at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth was found to be 0.36, 0.46, 0.65, 0.95 and 1.36, respectively. The dry matter content of forage increased from 17.24 per cent at 30 days to 25.47 per cent at 60 days of growth. The CP and CF values were 15.72, 23.81; 14.86, 24.67; 14.35, 25.32; 13.68, 26.64 and 11.34 and 29.88 per cent, respectively on DM basis for the forage samples harvested at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth. Progressive increase in crude fibre level and gradual decline in crude protein content was observed with the advancement in maturity of forage. The NFE content (46.12 %) was highest at 45 days of growth. The IVDMD value was highest (57.87 %) at 30 days and lowest (51.40 %) at 60 days of growth, when the forage samples were incubated with sheep rumen liquor. The effective degradable dry matter (EDDM) as determined by nylon bag technique in fistulated rams was 55.80, 54.70, 53.50, 52.40 and 43.78 per cent at 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days of growth, respectively. The effective protein degradability (EPD) decreased from 38.30 per cent at 30 days to 33.17 per cent at 60 days of growth. The insoluble but degradable protein fraction „b‟ was highest (77.07 %) at 45 days of growth. Based on the biomass yield, leaf to stem ratio, chemical, in vitro and in sacco evaluation, the optimum stage of harvesting for APBN1 forage was found to be at 45 days of growth. When the forage harvested at 45 days alone was fed ad libitum in chopped form, the rams on an average consumed 50.74, 4.40 and 28.34 g/kg W0.75 of DM, DCP and TDN respectively. The average digestibility coefficients of 66.63, 68.52, 69.10, 58.82, 56.34 and 62.21 per cent were observed for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE, respectively and the DCP and TDN values as 8.68 and 56.38 per cent were observed for APBN1 forage in Deccani rams. The Deccani rams on an average retained 5.28 g nitrogen per day. Effect of supplementation through protein and energy sources to the APBN1 forage was studied in adult Deccani rams. There was a significant increase in DM intake (g/kg W0.75) of rams supplemented with concentrate premix containing GNC + maize (71.10), SFC + maize (69.82) and CSC + maize (66.71) in comparison to that of the rams fed APBN1 forage (51.62) as the sole feed. Irrespective of the protein source, supplementation has enhanced the nutrient digestibility of rations in rams with the resultant improvement in DCP content of the ration by 72.78% (GNC), 35.64% (CSC) and 34.95% (SFC) and TDN value of ration by 26.80% (GNC), 21.59% (CSC) and 13.66% (SFC) in comparison to DCP (8.68%) and TDN (56.38%) of the ration containing APBN1 forage alone. There was a marked improvement (P<0.05) in nitrogen utilization with the net nitrogen retention (g/d) in rams supplemented with GNC + maize (15.13), SFC + maize (12.16) and CSC + maize (10.71) when compared to that of rams fed APBN1 forage (5.28) as the sole feed. It is concluded that APBN1 forage at 45 days of growth with DCP (8.68%) and TDN (56.38%) can be utilized as a potential maintenance type (perennial) green fodder for feeding adult sheep. Supplementation, irrespective of protein source, improved the nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of the rations containing APBN1 forage as the basal roughage and fulfilled the maintenance as well as growth requirements (70 g/d) of sheep. Supplementation through concentrate premix containing 125 g each of maize and GNC was found superior (P<0.05) in enhancing nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of rams in comparison to other sources. Supplementation of critical nutrients to the basal roughage is a viable means of sustaining the optimum animal performance.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF EXOTIC AND NATIVE CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-12) SREENIVAS, DASARI; GNANA PRAKASH, M(MAJOR); SHARMA, R.P; RUDRANATH CHATTERJEE; RAVINDER REDDY, V; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out for estimation of genetic parameters on certain production, immunocompetence and egg quality traits in IWH, IWI and IWK strains and control population of White Leghorns and microsatellite marker based analysis on IWH and IWK strains and native breeds of Aseel and Kadaknath maintained at the Project Directorate on Poultry, Hyderabad. Significant genetic group differences were observed for all the production traits studied. The age at first egg (AFE) and body weights at 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age ranged from 143.49 * 0.56 to 155.63 * 0.57 days, 1290.74 * 7.21 to 1428.36 8.36, 1377.72 8.43 to 148 1.82 * 9.77 and 1455.73 * 9.49 to 1547.15 * 1 1.18 g, respectively. Egg production up to 40, 64 and 72 weeks of age ranged from 94.08 * 0.50 to 106.15 * 0.49, 178.24 * 1.20 to 202.32 k 1.18 and 190.90 + 1.22 to 215.17 1.20 eggs. respectively while egg weight at 28, 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age ranged from 43.81 * 0.15 to 46.77 * 0.15, 49.89 * 0.18 to 53.13 * 0.17, 53.1.3 k 0.16 to 54.65 * 0.15 and 55.47 * 0.15 to 57.59 * 0.14 g, respectively. The AFE was low to moderately heritable while the body weights were moderate to highly heritable. In general, egg production traits were lowly heritable while the egg weights were low to highly heritable. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of AFE were positive with body weights and egg weights but negative with egg production. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weight at 52 and 64 weeks of age were negative with egg production and positive with egg weight. The correlations among egg production traits and among egg weights were positive and high while the association between egg production and egg weight traits was moderate to high but negative. Significant differences among genetic groups were observed for antibody titre against SRBC and NDV only. Mean anti SRBC titre, anti NDV titre and response to PHA-P (mrn) ranged from 4.729 * 0.142 to 5.803 * 0.11 8, 10.033 .t 0.056 to 1 1.045 * 0.049 and 0.133 * 0.075 to 0.527 * 0.164, respectively. Heritability estimates of antibody titre against SRBC, NDV and response to PHA-P were low to medium. The anti SRBC titre had positive genetic correlation and negative phenotypic and environmental correlations with AFE. Genetic and phenotypic correlations with body weights and egg production traits were mostly positive. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of antibody titre against NDV with AFE and annual egg production were mostly positive. The correlations of response to PHA-P with other traits varied both in magnitude and direction. Significant genetic group differences were observed for various egg quality traits studied. The egg weight, haugh unit, yolk index, albumen index, yolk weight, albumen weight, shell weight and shell thickness ranged from 53.89 0.43 to 50.01 0.48 g, 65.38 * 0.92 to 80.98 * 1.01, 0.341 * 0.003 to 0.353 * 0.003, 0.056 * 0.002 to 0.087 * 0.002, 14.16 i 0.13 to 15.58k 0.12 g, 30.92 * 0.39 to 33.18k 0.39 g, 4.32 * 0.05 to 5.12 * 0.05 g and 0.336 k 0.003 to 0.376 * 0.003 mrn, respectively. The heritability estimates based on sire, dam and sire + dam components of variance for egg weight, yolk index, albumen index and albumen weight ranged from low to medium while those of haugh unit, yolk weight, shell weight and shell thickness ranged from low to high. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of egg weight with other egg quality traits except shell quality traits were mostly positive and moderate to high. High positive genetic and phenotypic correlations between haugh unit and other traits were observed. Genetic correlation of yolk weight with albumen weight was positive while that with shell quality traits was mostly negative. Shell weight was positively correlated with shell thickness. All the 15 microsatellite loci were polymorphic. The mean number of alleles (Na) varied from 2.0 to 5.0 among the loci and 3.13 * 0.13 to 3.80 k 0.13 among the populations. The effective number of alleles varied from 1.041 to 4.755 across the loci and between 2.33 0.09 and 3.21 k 0.1 1 among the populations. The allele frequency ranged from 0.012 to 0.980 across the loci. The overall mean PIC values ranged from 0.038 to 0.756 across the loci and 0.434 to 0.579 among the populations. The expected and observed heterozygosity estimates (0.634 * 0.020 and 0.723 * 0.031) were highest in Aseel, while lowest in IWH strain (0.500 i 0.022 and 0.471 * 0.034). Overall mean inbreeding coefficients for IWH, IWK, Kadaknath and Aseel were 0.205, 0.1 16, -0.052 and -0.130, respectively. The mean values of Fls, FST and FIT values over all the loci were -0.050 & 0.065,0.05 1 & 0.308 and 0.003 k 0.064, respectively. The genetic distance was least between Kadaknath and Aseel (0.023) and highest between IWH and Aseel (0.160). Kadaknath and Aseel were closer with maximum genetic identity index (0.977) while IWH and Aseel were more wide apart with least identity index (0.852). Phylogenetic analysis grouped IWH and IWK strains in to one cluster and Kadaknath and Aseel breeds in to another cluster. All the loci except MCW 048 deviated significantly from equilibrium frequency in at least one of the populations, while all the loci except MCW 007 and MCW 048 departed from the equilibrium frequency on overall basis.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC EVALUATION OF ONGOLE CATTLE UNDER PROGENY TESTING PROGRAMME(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-05) SAI REDDY, S; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); VINOO, R; SUDHAKAR, K; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT : The data on Ongole cattle maintained under the ICAR Network Project on Genetic improvement of Ongole breed through the Associate Herd Testing Programme at Lam farm, Guntur (1935), Cattle Breeding Farm, Chadalawada, Prakasam district (625), Livestock Research Station Mahanandi, Kurnool district (404) and Composite Livestock Farm, Chintaladevi, Nellore district (201), spread over a period of 22 years from 1987 to 2008, were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was undertaken to estimate the genetic divergence between the sets of the bulls under the progeny testing programme. The morphometric differences of the chromosomes between the cows born by embryo transfer technique and artificial insemination were studied. The overall least squares means for body weight, height at withers, chest girth and body length of Ongole cattle from birth to 24 months of age ranged from 26.49 to 245.40 kg, 71.58 to 133.58 cm, 66.35 to 146.53 cm and 62.91 to 127.64 cm, respectively. The effects of farm and period of birth were significant on the body weight, height at withers, chest girth and body length at all the ages studied. Season of birth significantly affected the body weight at birth, 1 and 3 months of age; height at withers at birth, 1 and 6 months age; chest girth at 3 months and body length at 6 months of age. The sex of the calf and set of the bulls significantly influenced the body weights and biometrical measurements, virtually at all the ages. The overall least squares means for 300-days lactation milk yield, total lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield, days to reach peak yield, milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval were 718.53 kg, 720.90 kg, 233.99 days, 3.90 kg, 35.67 days, 3.08 kg and 1.43 kg, respectively and almost all these traits were affected significantly by the farm, period of calving, set of the bulls and order of lactation. However, peak yield alone was affected (P<0.01) by the season of calving and none of the production traits were influenced by the sex of the calf. The overall least squares means of number of inseminations per conception, age at first conception, age at first calving, gestation period, service period, dry period and calving interval were 2.02, 1358.82 days, 1592.22 days, 287.58 days 232.38 days, 282.94 days and 517.61 days, respectively and almost all these characters were affected by the farm, period, set of the bulls and order of lactation, while none of the reproductive traits were influenced by the season. Sex of the calf had significant influence on gestation period and dry period only. The mean breeding efficiency of the Ongole cows varied from 63.66 to 83.75 per cent and the rank correlations of breeding efficiency estimated by three different formulae were positive and significant. The farm and set of the bulls significantly influenced the breeding efficiency. The overall least squares means for life time milk yield, herd life, productive life, milk yield per day of herd life and productive life; wet days and dry days per herd life; wet days and dry days per productive life and gestation period per herd life and productive life were 3805.88 kg, 3773.84 days, 2287.48 days, 1.00 and 1.67 kg; 32.15 and 67.85%; 53.58 and 46.41% and 39.46 and 66.54%, respectively and all these traits were influenced by one or the other of the non-genetic effects studied. However, none of these characters were influenced by the set of the bulls. The estimates of heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weights and biometrical measurements varied from 0.01 to 0.43, 0.06 to 0.99 and 0.03 0.40 respectively. Similarly, the heritabilities of 300-days lactation milk yield, total lactation milk yield, Lactation length, peak yield, milk yield per day of lactation, milk yield per day of calving interval, gestation period, service period, dry period and calving interval were 0.27, 0.24, 0.21, 0.24, 0.09, 0.22, 0.14, 0.06, 0.06 and 0.06, respectively. The genetic correlations among production and reproduction traits were positive and ranged from 0.04 to 0.99, while the phenotypic correlations among these traits varied from 0.01 to 0.49. The heritability estimates for life time milk yield, herd life, productive life, lactation milk yield per herd life and productive life; wet and dry days per herd life; wet and dry days per productive life and gestation period per herd life and productive life were 0.66, 0.10, 0.17, 0.49 and 0.49; 0.23 and 0.23; 0.30 and 0.30 and 0.08 and 0.08, respectively. The genetic correlations among the various life time production traits ranged between 0.69 and 0.99 whereas the phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.01 to 0.47. The Mahalonobis genetic distances (D2) between all combinations of sets were highly significant. The calving interval, total lactation milk yield and lactation length contributed 40%, 40% and 20% to the total genetic diversity among the sets. Two distinct clusters were formed, the first one consisting of sets 1, 2, 3 and 5, while the second cluster had only 4th set. The diploid chromosome number was found to be 60, XX in both ET born and AI born cows. All autosomes were acrocentric, while the X-chromosome was longest submetacentric. The mean relative length of the autosomes varied from 1.95 to 4.97 and 1.95 to 4.99 per cent in ET and AI born cows respectively. The relative length of chromosome 20 of ET born cows was significantly longer (2.86%) than that of the AI born cows (2.77%). Except this, no other differences either in chromosome number or in chromosome morphology were detected between the ET born and AI born cows, suggesting that ET born cows were as good as the AI born cows with respect to their chromosome profiles. The present study indicated that the overall performance of the animals of Lam farm, with respect to the production, reproduction and life time traits, was the best, followed by Chadalawada, Mahanandi and Chintaladevi farms. The performance of the Ongole cattle during various periods did not exhibit any specific trend while the animals either born or calved during summer exhibited superior performance, when compared to those in rainy and winter seasons. The production and reproduction performance of the cows delivering female calves was better than those giving birth to male calves. The genetic variation among the set of bulls did not show a definite trend although the multivariate analysis revealed two clusters, one consisting of sets 1, 2, 3 and 5 and another set 4, with a considerable inter cluster distance.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES ON GROWTH, PRODUCTION AND IMMUNOCOMPETENCE OF JAPANESE QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix japonica) UNDER SELECTION(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009) SAKUNTHALA DEVI, K; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR)ABSTRACT : An investigation was made on the Black (3,438) and Brown (3,710) Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) under selection in generations 8, 9 and 10 for high 4-week body weight, maintained at the Poultry Experimental Station (PES), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, to estimate the genetic and phenotypic variation in the growth, production and reproduction performance and to estimate the genetic progress in various economic traits. The immunocompetence levels, genetic parameters and genetic progress in various traits were estimated. Selection indices based on body weights, Age at first egg, Egg production, Egg weight and Egg mass were developed. The overall least squares means for body weights at day-old to 4 weeks of age were 9.41+0.01, 33.23+0.08, 71.61+0.16, 121.96+0.24 and 173.66+0.07 g respectively. The strains had significant influence on body weights from day-old to 4 and 8 to 20 weeks of age, whereas the influence of generations was significant from day-old to 16 weeks of age. Sex effect was significant on 2, 3 and 4 weeks body weights, while hatch had significant influence from day-old to 20 weeks of age. The body weights of Black strain were superior to Brown from 1 to 20 weeks of age. The overall least squares mean Age at first egg was 56.26+0.51 days, which was significantly influenced by generation and hatch. Strain and generations influenced the egg production upto 16 and 30 weeks, whereas hatch effect was significant on egg production upto 30 weeks only. The overall least squares means for egg production was 30.85 and 73.02 upto16 and 30 weeks of age, respectively. The Black strain matured earlier and produced more number of eggs than Brown strain. The generation and hatch had significant influence on egg weight. The overall least squares mean egg weight was 14.22 g. The overall least squares means for Average daily gain during 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age and cumulative growth rate from 1 to 4 weeks age were 3.10, 5.47, 7.16, 7.35 and 23.46 g respectively. The Average daily gain of Black Japanese quails was significantly higher than those of Browns at all the ages. The females had significantly higher average daily gains than males. The overall least squares means for feed conversion ratio upto 6 weeks age, feed intake per dozen eggs and kg egg mass upto 7-30 weeks age were 1.70, 2.49, 2.95, 3.52, 4.67, 6.30, 750.93 and 4,070.05 g respectively. The influence of sex was significant on Feed conversion ratio. The overall least squares means for HA titers at 5th and 10th day of post inoculation and Foot pad index were 4.48, 2.00 and 0.16 in Black and 5.44, 2.14 and 0.26 mm in Brown strain respectively. The heritability estimates of body weights varied from low to high, while they were low for age at first egg in Black (0.04 to 0.13) and Brown (0.07 to 0.15). The estimates for egg production upto 30 weeks of age varied 0.02 to 0.08 in Black and from 0.02 to 0.07 in Browns. The heritability of egg weight was found to be low. The heritability estimates for feed conversion ratio were low to medium in Black (0.03 to 0.32) and low to high (0.02 to 0.59) in Browns. The Haemagglutination titer has low to medium (0.18 to 0.35) heritabilities in both the strains, whereas Foot pad index was low heritable (0.02 to 0.04). Genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations for body weight at various ages varied from low to high in magnitude. Age at first egg was correlated negatively (-0.11 to -0.16) with egg production and positively with egg weight at genetic level, while the estimates among different ages of egg production were high. The association between egg production and egg weight was negative at genetic and phenotypic level. The genetic correlations among average daily gains were in general positive at all ages. The genetic correlation between body weights and Feed conversion ratio were positive, while the weight gain was phenotypically negatively correlated with feed conversion ratio. The genetic correlations of body weights at early age with Haemagglutination titers and FPI were positive but low. The Foot pad index had positive genetic correlation with Haemagglutination titers in two strains. The genetic progress in body weight at 4-weeks age varied from 6.25 to 6.74 g in Black and from 7.24 to 8.46 g in Brown strains. The linear regression equations were fitted for predicting the Haemagglutination titers and Foot pad index based on the body weights which had lower R2 - values. A total of 112 selection indices were computed based on the body weights at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age and dams AFE, dams EP16, dams EW16 and dams EM16. At 4-weeks of age of selection the selection indices consisting of BW4, dams EP and dams EM (I52) and BW4, dams AFE and dams EM (I49) in Black strain and those with BW4, dams EP16 and dams EM16 (I52) and BW4, dams AFE, dams EP16 and dams EM16 in Brown strain were found to be ideal ones. These indices are expected to reduce the AFE, increase the EM (which takes care of EP and EW) and keep the body weight either constant, reduce marginally or increaseThesisItem Open Access GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MAHABUBNAGAR GOATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) EKAMBARAM, B; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); Gnana Prakash, M; Sudhakar, K; Ravinder Reddy, VABSTRACT : The present study was conducted for genetic and phenotypic characterization of Mahabubnagar goats by utilizing data on 1590 goats reared in the field conditions, spread over Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy districts and goats maintained at Livestock Research Station, Mahabubnagar during the year 2006-07. The mean family size, literacy rate, land holding, flock size and annual income of the farmers surveyed were 5.57, 62.67, 3.91 ± 0.64 acres, 43.49 ± 1.70 and Rs. 17,840, respectively. Goat farmers adopted stationary type of rearing (94.67%) with 7 to 8 hours of grazing on community and waste lands (36%) and forest and waste lands (20%). The survey revealed that 94.67 % of farmers provided housing during night time with 60% and 40% of farmers providing closed and open type of houses, respectively. Majority of the shelters provided had kutcha type of floor (81.76%) and thatched roof (52.70%). The nature of house varied from separate house (63.51%) to part of residence (34.49%). The common practice of feeding was grazing as observed in 72% of farmers surveyed, while only 27.33% farmers supplemented their animals during lean seasons. Most farmers maintained a sex ratio of 1:21-30 and followed flock mating without any heat detection practice and buck rotation. Majority of the farmers practiced deworming (70.67%) but not de-ticking (93.33%) and vaccination (81.33%). Disposal of sick animals was made through sales (87.33%), self consumption (5.33%) or other ways (7.33%). Dead animals were mostly disposed off in open places (32.67%) or buried (29.33%). Goat farmers realized income mainly through sale of live animals (52%), rather than from milk and manure. Majority of the farmers marketed their animals at 4 to 6 months age (71.33%) in the village itself (52.67%) based mostly on butcher’s discretion (65.33%). Most farmers (89.33%) felt that goat rearing was remunerative but opined that marketing was exploited by the middlemen. The predominant coat colour was an admixture of two colours (63.5%) consisting of black and white, brown and white and black and brown. Pendulous ears, beard and wattles were noticed in 91.57, 85.97 and 34.34 per cent of goats. Horned condition was observed in 96.04% of goats having medium sized horns (63.46%) with straight (56.91%) and curved (43.09%) orientation. The least-squares analysis revealed significant effects of division, age and sex on body weights and measurements at one or the other ages studied. The least-squares means were higher in males than in females and increased with age. The overall least-square means for the body weight, height at withers, chest girth, paunch girth, hip width, body length, face length, ear length and tail length were 32.22 ± 0.02 kg, 75.8±0.56, 73.8±40.57, 74.60±0.75, 13.16±0.24, 63.66±0.70, 21.95±0.34, 15.29± 0.17 and 16.90±0.30 cm respectively in 2-teeth males; 27.51±0.27 kg, 71.48±0.30, 70.68±0.34, 72.17±0.42, 13.34±0.13, 61.04±0.31, 20.61±0.14, 15.02±011 and 16.82±0.16 cm respectively in 2-teeth females. While the means in the same order were 47.71±0.63 kg, 83.27±0.58, 84.78±059, 86.24±0.67, 15.51±0.21, 72.43±0.69, 24.10±0.26, 16.44±0.23 and 17.92±0.31 cm respectively in 8-teeth males and 38.16±0.23 kg, 77.289±0.18, 79.02±0.19, 80.88±0.28, 14.78±0.09, 67.51±0.22, 22.16±0.10, 15.60±0.09 and 17.47±0.11 cm respectively in 8-teeth females. Phenotypic correlations between biometrical measurements and body weights were positive and significant and were moderate to high in magnitude. The step-down multiple linear regression equations developed to predict the body weights indicated that height, chest girth and paunch girth contributed significantly with R2 values ranging from 39 to 86 percent. The effect of division was highly significant on age at first mating, age at first kidding, kidding interval and litter size with the overall least-squares means of 304.87±0.19, 455.65±0.19, 254.92±0.25 days and 1.89±0.02, respectively. The overall incidence of multiple births was 69.92 percent. Out of multiple births, twins (51.45%), triplets (15.95%), quadruplets (2.29%) and hexaplets (0.23%) were noticed. The overall means for pre-slaughter weight, empty body weight and hot carcass were 24.36±1.01, 18.29±1.09 and 10.1±0.60 kg respectively, while dressing percentages on pre-slaughter weight and empty body weight were 44.60±0.95 and 59.74±1.08 respectively. The overall means of whole sale cuts of the hot carcass were 3.75±0.28 (leg), 1.06±0.04 (loin), 0.97±0.04 (rack), 2.89±0.28 (neck and shoulder) and 2.2±0.12 (breast and fore shank) kg respectively. The preslaughter weight and dressing percentage were correlated positively and significantly with the all wholesale cuts. The coefficients of correlations of preslaughter weight with the other carcass traits were high, ranging from 0.66 to 0.94. The period of birth had significant effect on the body weights at all the ages studied, whereas the season of birth had no effect at any of these ages. Sex of kids had significant influence on body weights at almost all the ages studied with males out weighing the females. The mean body weights ranged from 8.37 to 9.03 kg at weaning and from 16.97 to 18.81 kg at 12 months age. The type of birth had significant effect on body weights of Mahabubnagar goats at all ages studied. The heritability estimates of body weights at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months age were 0.08±0.07, 0.06±0.09, 0.10±0.10, 0.21±0.13 and 0.20±0.12, respectively. The genetic correlations among the body weights were highly positive and ranged from 0.88 to 0.98 while the phenotypic correlations were positive, significant and varied between 0.11 to 0.46. Cytogenetic characterization revealed diploid chromosome number to be 60, XY with 29 pairs of acrocentric autosomes and an acrocentric X-chromosome. The relative length of chromosomes ranged from 1.68±0.04 to 5.22±0.07 percent for the autosomes. The X-chromosome was the longest with a relative length of 5.86 percent. Sex of the goat had a significant influence on the relative length of some of autosomes. In the present study it was observed that majority of the phenotypic characteristics, and production and reproduction performance of the Mahabubnagar goats was closer to those of some of the established Indian breeds of goats such as Sangamneri, Kanni Adu, Osmanabadi, Marwari, Zalawadi etc. The chromosome profiles of Mahabubnagar goats were also similar to those of some of the Indian goat breeds. Therefore, the Mahabubnagar goats may be recognized as a distinct breed in the name of Mahabunagari goats of Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PRODUCTIVE AND IMMUNOCOMPETENCE TRAITS IN WHITE LEGHORNS UNDER LONG TERM SELECTION(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) Jaya Laxmi, P; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); SHARMA, R.P; Chatterjee, R.N; Ravinder Reddy, VABSTRACT: A study was conducted on three strains of White Leghorns viz., IWH, IWI and IWK and a control population. Significant strain differences were observed for all the traits studied viz., age at first egg, body weights at 4, 6, 10, 16, 20, 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age, egg production up to 40, 64 and 72 weeks of age. Egg production up to 64 and 72 weeks of age was highest in IWI (207.388+1.244 and 235.23+4.08 respectively). Egg production up to 40, 64 and 72 weeks of age was lowest in the control population. Egg weight was found to be highest (49.07+0.15, 54.23+0.17, 55.56+0.18 and 58.36+0.18 g respectively) in IWK strain at 28, 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age. The heritability value estimated from sire+dam component of variance indicated that the age at first egg and egg production were low to moderately heritable while body weights and egg weights at various ages were moderate to highly heritable. The genetic and phenotypic correlation of age at first egg with early body weights up to 20 weeks was mostly negative. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between part periods and annual egg production were mostly positive and high. Egg production up to 40 weeks and egg weight at 28 and 40 weeks has a consistently negative genetic and phenotypic association in all the populations studied. The genetic and phenotypic correlation of egg weight at 28 weeks of age with egg weight at 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age was mostly positive with varying magnitudes. Diallel analysis of the purebred and strain cross data revealed that the GCA, SCA and reciprocal effects were all significant for age at first egg and body weight at 20 weeks while only the GCA and SCA effects were significant for body weight at 40 weeks. The variances due to GCA and reciprocal effects were significant for egg production up to 40 weeks while, for egg production up to 64 weeks of age SCA and reciprocal variances were significant. The combining ability analysis on egg weight revealed that the variances due to both GCA and SCA were significant for egg weight at all the ages studied. Estimation of heterosis revealed significantly favorable heterosis for body weight at 20 weeks, egg production up to 64 weeks and egg weight at 64 weeks in most of the crosses. Significant differences in antibody titer against SRBC and NDV were observed among the three strains and control population. The heritabilities of antibody titers against SRBC, NDV and cell mediated immunity to PHA-P injection varied from 0.227+0.084 to 0.716+0.115, 0.003+ 0.676 to 0.982+ 0.394 and 0.084+0.513 to 0.672+0.588 respectively. The phenotypic correlation of antibody titers against SRBC with egg production up to 64 and 72 weeks of age was negative in three of the four populations studied. The phenotypic correlation with antibody titer against NDV was mostly positive. The phenotypic correlation of antibody titer against NDV and cell mediated response to PHA-P with age at first egg was positive in all the strains. The correlation of antibody titer against NDV and cell mediated response to PHA-P with egg production was mostly positive.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAILS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-09) PUNYA KUMARI, B; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); GNANA PRAKASH, M; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A; SUDHAKAR REDDY, KABSTRACT : The present investigation was carried out on the Black (3237) and Brown (3376) Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) maintained at the Poultry Experimental Station (PES), Department of Poultry Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad under the selection for high 4-week body weight in generations 5, 6, 7 and 8 to study the influence of various genetic and non-genetic factors on body weights, average daily gains (ADG), age at first egg (AFE), egg production (EP), carcass traits and egg quality traits. The genetic parameters and response to selection were estimated for various traits. Selection indices were developed utilizing the genetic parameters estimated. The overall least squares means for body weights at day-old, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age were 9.75, 37.09, 77.55, 126.41 and 170.95 g, respectively. The effect of strains and generations was significant on body weights at all the ages, while the influence of sex was evident from 2 to 20 weeks of age. Hatch effect was significant on body weights upto 4-weeks age, but not beyond. The birds belonging to 7th generation were consistently weighed heaviest. Sexual dimorphism in favour of the females was evident by their higher body weights ranging from 1.29 to 45.14 g over the males, from 2 to 20 weeks of age, respectively. The overall least squares mean ADGs during 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 to 8, 9 to 12, 13 to 16 and 17 to 20 weeks of age were 3.91, 5.78, 6.98, 6.36, 2.73, 0.55, 0.34 and 0.30 g, respectively. Strain and hatch effect was significant on ADGs at all ages with an exception to that of 9 to 12 weeks of age, whereas generations exhibited significant influence on ADGs during the entire period of study. Sex of the chick affected this trait during 2 to 8 and 13 to 20 weeks of age. The highest ADGs of 6.86 and 7.10 g were obtained in males and females, respectively, during 3 weeks of age. . The overall least squares means for age at first egg and cumulative egg production up to 12, 16 and 20 weeks of age were 55.18 days, 19.80, 38.52 and 57.53 eggs, respectively. The effect of strains, generations and hatch were significant on AFE and egg production. The overall least squares means for pre-slaughter weight and weights of dressed, carcass, wings, neck, legs, thighs, drumsticks, breast and back were 221.61, 137.75 g 12.38, 5.91, 33.15, 19.63, 13.61, 55.08 and 29.84 g, respectively. Significant influence of strains, generations, sex and hatches was found on majority of the carcass traits studied. The Black Japanese quails exhibited higher means for almost all carcass traits than those of Browns. The chicks of 7th generation recorded highest means, while a majority of the carcass characters studied was higher in females than in males. The overall least squares mean dressing percentage was 62.22 and the wings, neck, legs, thighs, drumsticks, breast and back formed 9.01, 4.29, 24.21, 14.30, 9.94, 40.70 and 21.76 percent of dressed carcass respectively. The overall least squares means for egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, albumen weight, yolk weight, shape index, albumen index, yolk index and Haugh unit score were 13.71 g, 1.17 g, 0.21 mm, 7.80 g, 4.74 g, 79.23, 0.13, 0.45 and 58.27, respectively. The albumen, yolk and shell weights constituted 56.83, 34.61 and 8.56 percent of the egg weight, respectively. Almost all the egg quality traits were significantly influenced either by strains or generations. Medium to high heritability estimates within the normal range were obtained for the body weights from 1 to 4 weeks of age in Black and Brown Japanese quails by half-sib as well as full sib methods. The estimates based on sire component were higher than those based on dam component body weights at majority of the ages. . The heritabilities of ADGs estimated by half-sib method ranged from low to high, but, majority of estimates from 1 to 4 weeks of age were moderate, in magnitude, while the estimates based on full sib analysis varied from low to medium. The heritabilities of age at first egg (AFE) by half-sib method varied from moderate (0.27) to high (0.79) and by full sib method (sire + dam component) ranged from low (0.16) to high (0.39). The heritabilities of egg production by half-sib method varied from 0.46 to 0.68 in Black and 0.55 to 0.97 in Brown strains, while these estimates based on sire + dam component ranged from 0.32 to 0.39 and 0.21 to 0.34 in Black and Brown strains, respectively. Heritability estimates for various external and internal egg quality traits and quality indices in Black and Brown Japanese quails were mostly medium but ranged from low to moderate, respectively. The estimates of genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations for body weights in Black and Brown Japanese quails in all four generations varied from moderate to high in magnitude, but positive in direction. The genetic and phenotypic correlations for ADGs were moderate to high and low to medium in magnitude, respectively. The genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations among BW4, AFE, and EP varied from -0.59 to 1.00, -0.35 to 0.89 and -0.58 to 0.81 in Black Japanese quails and the correlations in the same order for Brown Japanese quails were -0.84 to 0.96, -0.51 to 0.81 and -0.37 to 0.50. The correlations on genetic, phenotypic and environmental scale among the various carcass traits and external, internal egg quality traits and quality indices exhibited considerable variation in magnitude and direction. The response to selection in body weight at 4-weeks age among the four generations 5 to 7 varied from 6.03 to 30.93 g in Black males; 6.84 to 14.24 g in Black females; 2.67 to 6.90 g in Brown males and 2.20 to 6.41 g in females. The cumulative response to selection in generations 5 to 8 was 53.31, 40.21, 18.85 and 15.05g in Black males, Black females, Brown males and Brown females. Out of seven selection indices constructed based on the genetic parameters obtained in the present study, the index I2 consisting of body weight at 4-weeks (BW4), age at first egg (AFE) and egg production upto 16 weeks of age (EP16) was found to be the best with RIH value of 35.50% in Black Japanese quails. This index was expected to fetch a desirable increase of 0.7399 g in BW4, decrease the AFE by 0.0056 days and increase 0.2656 eggs upto 16 weeks age per 1% increase in RIH value. In Brown Japanese quails, the index I3, with a moderate RIH value (25.11%) was expected to improve BW4 by 0.5153 g, EP20 by 0.5302 eggs and reduce AFE by 0.0455 days and considered to be satisfactory.