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20195
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Subject: Animal Genetics and Breeding × End date: 2019 × Start date: 2019 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MITOCHONDRIAL DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENETIC STATUS OF PUNGANUR CATTLE
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-11) DEEPTHI, CHANDAKA; MURALIDHAR, M (MAJOR); VINOO, R; SUDHAKAR, K
    Cattle in India played an important role in the rural economy as supplementing family incomes and generating gainful employment in the rural sector, particularly among the landless laborers, small and marginal farmers. Among all the cattle breeds the dwarf breeds are more preferred among farmers as they can be maintained with less fodder, high disease resistant ability, high survivability in adverse environmental conditions and optimum milk production. Punganur is one such dwarf breed present in Andhra Pradesh. According to the available literature, the Punganur cattle were crossed with Mysore cattle and Kerry breed with time. Punganur cow has become a status symbol in recent years as wealthy livestock farmers began buying it, due to its cultural value. However, the present day Punganur cattle description was not in accordance with the available literature. With this in mind the objective of the present research is to study the genetic variation and phylogenetic status of Punganur cattle. using mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. Blood samples were collected from 28 unrelated Punganur animals which were further grouped as 14 Punganur animals and 14 Punganur type animals based on literature available. Unrelated Blood samples were also collected from Ongole, Hallikar, Vechur, Malnad Gidda and Bargur. Genomic DNA was isolated and 1024 bp mitochondrial D-loop region was amplified and sequenced. Sequence of Indian cattle breeds were obtained from NCBI database and total of 212 sequences were aligned and trimmed to have a final length of 912 bp. The measures like polymorphism, divergence, gene flow and genetic differentiation were estimated using DnaSP software. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using Neighbour joining method by MEGA software. The tree topology was tested using 1000 bootstrap replications. The results of polymorphism and divergence analysis disclosed the existence of high within breed polymorphism compared to between breed polymorphism which is in accordance with other cattle breeds of India. The findings of gene flow and genetic differentiation estimates concluded the presence of low differentiation and presence of gene flow between Punganur and Punganur type animals. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that, there is no differentiation between Punganur and Punganur type animals.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MORPHOMETRIC AND MOLECULAR STUDIES IN PUNGANUR AND PUNGANUR TYPE OF CATTLE
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-11) SURENDRA, KORRAPATI; SUDHAKAR, K (MAJOR); VINOO, R; JAGADEESWAR RAO, S
    The present study was conducted on 255 animals belonging to Punganur breed and “Punganur type” cattle in order to establish the morphometric traits and to screen those two populations for known putative dwarf mutations. The coat colour in Punganur cattle was predominantly white (47%) followed by red (19%), combination of colours. Punganur animals were characterized by black muzzle, pigmented eye lids, black coloured hoofs, and flat forehead profile short ears horizontal in orientation with pointed tips. In majority of Punganur cattle horns are curved attaining crescent shape (71.6%) when fully grown, horns usually emerged sideward direction from top of the poll and oriented upwards, slightly forward or backward. Stumpy horns (17.9%), horns upward with sideward orientation (5.2%), and downwards (5.2%) were also observed. Small to medium sized cervico thoracic hump was observed. Udder was small and rounded or bowl in shape and having cylindrical teats. Teat tip was rounded in majority of animals. “Punganur type” animals were predominantly with white coat colors but black and broken colours are not uncommon. The pink and white muzzle and animals with loose horns and horns with irregular pattern are observed in this population. The mean height at withers in adult “Punganur type” animals was 96.75±1.03 cm and is significantly (p<0.05) high compared to Punganur animals (93.93±1.18 cm). The farm bred animals mean height at withers was 94.85±0.80 and in field animals was 95.83±1.44 cm, respectively. Least squares means for chest girth in adult Punganur was 132.28±1.78 and 133.95±1.56 cm in “Punganur type” animals. The corresponding value in farm and field animals were 122.93±1.20 and 143.30±2.17 cm respectively, which differed significantly (p<0.01). The mean tail length with switch in adult Punganur and “Punganur type” animals were 87.35±1.65 and 87.49±1.45 cm respectively. All the animals were screened for mutations in PRKG2, ACAN and EVC2 genes which are responsible for dwarfism in cattle. All the screened animals in both Punganur and “Punganur type” were of wild type without any mutations.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF NELLORE PALLA SHEEP AND ITS' GENETIC DIVERGENCE WITH OTHER VARIETIES OF NELLORE SHEEP
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-11) JAYA MADHURI, BHUMIREDDY; SUDHAKAR, K (MAJOR); MURALIDHAR, M; VENKATA SESHAIAH, Ch.
    The Indian subcontinent is conferred with a rich livestock genetic diversity. Forty three sheep breeds are registered in India representing abundant genetic resources. Of these, Nellore sheep breed is harboured in Andhra Pradesh and is the only recognised breed of the state. Three phenotypically distinct varieties viz. Palla, Brown and Jodipi are present in the Nellore breed based on their coat colour. The present study is carried out to genetically characterize the Nellore Palla sheep and document the genetic divergence among the three varieties of the Nellore sheep breed. Thirty two unrelated individuals from the hometract of Palla, nine each of Brown and Jodipi were sampled for the molecular studies. Fluroscent microsatellite markers were used to genetically characterize Palla population. The analysis revealed a total of 201 alleles across the 26 loci studied. The mean observed and effective number of alleles per locus was 7.73 and 5.82 respectively. The overall observed and expected heterozygosity across 26 loci was 0.52 and 0.69 respectively. The mean FIS value in the sampled population was 0.24 with a range varying between -0.24 (MAF209) to 0.77 (INRA063). The mean PIC value and the Shannon’s index value across the 26 loci was 0.643 and 1.49 respectively. The study concluded a considerable amount of genetic diversity in the Nellore Palla population. The genetic divergence among the three varieties was analyzed using mitochondrial control region. DNA was isolated from the individuals of three varieties and 885 bp region of the mtDNA control region was amplified and sequenced. The analysis for polymorphism and divergence was done with DnaSP software and the results concluded a high polymorphism with in the genetic groups. The genetic differentiation estimates revealed no genetic differentiation among the three varieties of Nellore sheep breed. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the haplotypes of the three varieties of Nellore were clustering with lineage A except for one haplotype of Palla variety which was clustering with lineage B.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    GENETIC POLYMORPHISM AND EXPRESSION PROFILE OF BOVINE TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN 95 GENE (TMEM95)
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-09) SIDDHARTHA, BATCHU; SUDHAKAR, K(MAJOR); MURALIDHAR, M; ANITHA, A
    TMEM95 gene is known to be involved in idiopathic male subfertility in cattle. The present study was aimed at identifying polymorphism of TMEM95 gene in Ongole, Jersey, HF, Jersey crossbred, HF crossbred and Murrah bulls and to study tissue specific expression profile of the gene in buffalo. A total of 270 blood samples were collected from bulls across all the genetic groups maintained at different Frozen Semen Bull Stations maintained in Andhra Pradesh and University Livestock Research Station. The available sequences of Murrah buffalo, Mediterranian buffalo, Ongole cattle, Gir cattle, Herford cattle were used for identification of putative SNP variants. Three SNP loci namely, SNP1100 (rs209226692), SNP1275 and SNP2192 (rs41904693) were identified for genotyping. RFLP was employed to detect the polymorphic patterns to genotype the bulls for each locus. TMEM95/NlaIII digestion of 600 bp amplicon in Jersey crossbred and Ongole bulls resulted in all the three genotypes, whereas in Jersey, HF, and HF crossbred resulted in two genotypes for the C/T polymorphism. In none of the exotic breed cattle bulls studied CC genotype was observed. TMEM95/AvaII polymorphism at rs41904693 in all the cattle genetic groups revealed three genotypes i.e. TT, GG and TG. The frequency of G allele was observed to be more except in HF bulls. The TMEM95/TaqI genotyping revealed that all the cattle genetic groups are monophorphic (TT). The fixation of T allele at rs209226692 and rs41904693 loci in Murrah bulls was observed, but polymorphic at SNP1275. The effective number of alleles (Ne) across the studied genetic groups ranged between 1.069 (Jersey) and 1.471 (HF). In Ongole bulls the same value was much higher 1.957. The PIC values varied from 0.057 (Jersey) to 0.370 (Ongole) for SNP1100 and 0.269 (HF) to 0.374 (Jersey) for SNP2192 among the different cattle populations. The PIC value for SNP1275 estimated in Murrah was 0.360. The FIS values were negative ranging from – 0.0345 to – 0.2875 for SNP1100 in the cattle genetic groups except Jersey crossbred cattle. At SNP2192 the HF crossbred and Ongole were with negative FIS values. The only estimated locus in Murrah bull population was SNP1275 which showed a negative FIS value. Expression of TMEM95 gene was studied in testis and brain to understand the functional role of TMEM95 gene in bovine and bubaline male fertility. Seven primers were designed spanning various intron exon boundaries, that could differentiate the isoform that is being expressed in those tissues. Total RNA was isolated from testis and brain tissues. The successful amplification by all the primer combinations indicated the expression of all the isoforms (X1 to X7) in testis of cattle, but not in brain tissue. In buffalo, the primer combinations were amplified in testis. No amplification is observed in the brain tissue of buffalo with any of the primer combinations. However, the expression profile has not matched with any of the isoforms that are predicted in buffalo using orthologous information from cattle.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF VIZIANAGARAM SHEEP USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS
    (SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-04) PRASANNA, BARATAM; VINOO, R(MAJOR); MURALIDHAR, M; VENKATA SESHAIAH, Ch.
    India is bestowed with 43 recognized sheep breeds and several unrecognized genetic groups exists in different geographic locations which are yet to be documented and registered. So far Nellore is the only sheep breed that is recognized in Andhra Pradesh. Apart from this breed, other locally adopted genetic groups exist and one popular sheep among them is in north coastal region of Andhra Pradesh, called Vizianagaram sheep. The present study was carried out to establish breed characteristics of Vizianagaram sheep and also to assess the genetic diversity at molecular level using thirty microsatellite markers recommended by FAO for genetic diversity studies in sheep. A total of 451 sheep of different age groups were used to study the morphometric characters of Vizianagaram sheep and 56 blood samples from unrelated sheep were used for molecular studies. The predominant color of these animals is white with tan/brown/black color patches on nose line, lateral face, neck/mane, perineum, back and lower extremities. The ears in this genetic group of sheep are observed to be either pendulous or tubular. Few of the animals are with rudimentary ears. Prominent occipital bone, black patches around eyes, hair on thigh, dewlap and neck/mane region are the important features of this genetic group. The overall least squares means of body weights (kg), height at withers (cm), chest girth (cm) and body length (cm) were 22.10±0.76, 64.96±0.48, 68.67±0.64 and 62.30±0.42 at 2 teeth age, 26.03±0.75, 66.86±0.74, 72.33±0.78 and 65.13±0.55 at 4 teeth age, 28.89±1.21, 67.20±0.69, 74.75±1.07 and 65.76±0.81 at 6 teeth age and 28.09±0.62, 67.22±0.40, 76.76±0.51 and 65.89±0.37 at full mouth respectively. DNA isolated from 56 Vizianagaram and 40 Nellore Jodipi blood samples was utilized for microsatellite analysis. A total of 377 and 321 alleles were observed across 30 loci in Vizianagaram and Nellore Jodipi respectively. On an average about 11-12 alleles per locus were observed in both the genetic groups. Effective number of alleles range from 1.999 to 11.314 and 1.838 to 11.220 in Nellore Jodipi and Vizianagaram sheep respectively. The allele sizes ranged from 70bp (OARFCB20) to 293bp (ILSTS11) and 70bp to 283bp (ILSTS11) in Vizianagaram and Nellore Jodipi sheep, respectively. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity value was 0.685 and 0.757 in Vizianagaram population while it was 0.689 and 0.744 in Nellore Jodipi population. PIC of the markers ranged between 0.457 (OARCP38) and 0.861 (OARFCB304) in Vizianagaram sheep while it was 0.345 (MAF214) and 0.866 (ILSTS11) in Nellore Jodipi sheep. The mean FIS estimates among the two populations, were 0.084 for Nellore Jodipi and 0.086 for Vizianagaram sheep. The Pairwise Nei’s genetic distance and identity estimates were 1.6% and 98.5% respectively. The study concluded that Vizianagaram sheep were phenotypically distinct from other breeds with low genetic differentiation at molecular level.