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ThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CYTOGENETIC PROFILE OF CROSSBRED AND INDIGENOUS PIGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-02) HARSHINI, V; SAKUNTHALA DEVI, K(MAJOR); PUNYA KUMARI, B; SURESH, JABSTRACT: The present analysis was carried out on 30 blood samples of LWY crossbred pigs (15 females and 15 males) maintained at All India Coordinated Research Project on pig (AICRP), College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati, Chittor District of Andhra Pradesh and on 30 blood samples of indigenous pigs (15 females and 15 males) maintained by the farmers in and around Tirupati to study the cytogenetic profile of both the breeds and their morphometric measurements using short term leukocyte culture technique. The diploid chromosome number (2n) in both the breeds was 38 with XX and XY complement in females and males respectively and a fundamental number of 64 as in exotic pigs. Among 18 pairs of autosomes, first 5 pairs were sub-metacentric followed by 6th and 7th pair as sub-telocentric, next 5 pairs (8th to 12th pairs) were metacentric and remaining six pairs (13th to 18th) were telocentric. Among these one pair of allosomes i.e. X-chromosome was large metacentric, while Y-chromosome was metacentric and smallest chromosome of the karyotype. The least squares mean relative length of autosomes in LWY crossbred pigs ranged from 2.79±0.02 to 10.83±0.05 in females and 2.81±0.05 to 10.87±0.07 in males. The least squares mean relative length values for non-descript pigs ranged from 2.84±0.03 to 11.01±0.07 in females and 2.86±0.03 to 11.04±0.05 in males. The relative contribution of X-chromosome in LWY crossbred female and male pig was 4.67±0.01 and 4.65±0.04, whereas the values were 4.82±0.03 and 4.80±0.04 in non-descript pigs respectively. The mean relative contribution of Y-chromosome were 2.05±0.10 and 2.19±0.13 in LWY crossbred and non-descript pigs respectively. Genetic group had significant effect on the relative length of all autosomes and allosomes except 17th and 18th chromosomes, whereas sex had no significant effect on relative length of all chromosomes in both the breeds. The overall mean arm ratio of 12 pairs of autosomes ranged from 1.01±0.03 to 2.45±0.03 and 1.02±0.01 to 2.43±0.02 in LWY crossbred females and males respectively, whereas these values varied from 1.03±0.02 to 2.51±0.06 in females and 1.04±0.06 to 2.52±0.03 in males of non-descript pigs. The mean arm ratio values of X-chromosome was 1.15±0.04 in females and 1.13±0.03 in males of LWY crossbred pigs, while the respective mean values in non-descript pigs were 1.14±0.03 and 1.12±0.03 respectively. The arm ratio values of Y-chromosome were 1.17±0.02 and 1.18±0.02 in LWY crossbred and non-descript pigs. The mean centromeric indices of autosomes (1 to 12 pairs) differed from 0.50±0.04 to 0.71±0.02 and 0.52±0.03 to 0.72±0.03 in LWY crossbred female and male pigs, whereas it ranged from 0.51±0.01 to 0.82±0.01 and 0.53±0.05 to 0.83±0.02 respectively in non-descript pigs. The X-chromosome had mean centromeric index values of 0.53±0.03 and 0.52±0.03 in LWY crossbred female and male pigs, while the value for Y-chromosome was 0.56±0.02. The mean centromeric index values of X-chromosome in non-descript pigs were 0.52±0.02 and 0.54±0.02 in females and males, whereas for Y-chromosome, it was recorded as 0.55±0.01 respectively. The average morphological index value of autosomes ranged from 2.43±0.06 to 7.29±0.11 in females and 2.41±0.05 to 7.31±0.12 in males of LWY crossbred pigs, while X-chromosome had 5.85±0.05 and 5.84±0.05 respectively. The mean values for autosomes ranged in non-descript pigs were 2.42±0.02 to 7.96±0.14 and 2.44±0.04 to 7.98±0.13 in females and males, whereas X-chromosome had an index value 6.01±0.02 and 5.99±0.03 respectively. The values for Y-chromosome were 2.01±0.02 and 2.09±0.01 in LWY crossbred and non-descript pigs. In the present investigation with 128 metaphase spreads, a total of 311 NORs were detected in LWY crossbred and non-descript pigs. The mean number of NORs per metaphase was 2.67 and 2.20 in both breeds respectively. The highest frequency of metaphases (47.61% and 81.54%) had 2 number of NORs, whereas lowest frequency of metaphases (7.94% and 3.07%) had 4 number of NORs. The percentage share of silver deposits on 10th pair of chromosome accounts for 96.67 and 68.33 in LWY crossbred and non-descript pigs, whereas on 8th chromosome pair the percentage share of deposits were 44.16 and 51.67 respectively. The outcome of present study have revealed that the morphology, number and various morphometric measurements of the chromosomes in both the breeds were analogous to those reported in literature for various pig breeds like Canadian Lacombe, Landrace, Duroc, Thai wild boar, Nigerian indigenous pig, Niang Megha pig, Korean native pig, Polish Landrace, Hampshire, Large White Yorkshire, Turkish sus scrofa. Therefore, the efforts should be undertaken to recognize the non-descript pigs as a distinct breed of Andhra Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC VARIATION IN NELLORE PALLA SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-01) SAI HARINI, K; Punya kumara, B(MAJOR); Vinoo, R; Suresh Babu, DABSTRACT: The southern peninsular region of India is home to fourteen descriptive mutton breeds, of which Nellore is the country's tallest sheep, predominantly distributed in areas of Nellore and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh. Based on coat colour three varieties were seen: Jodipi, Brown (Dora) and Palla. Nellore Jodipi is predominant in its population followed by Brown and Palla. Nellore palla sheep are confined to only certain areas of Nellore district and very scanty information is available on the performance of the breed. The population of Nellore Palla is under threat (<1500). Hence, genetic and phenotypic evaluation of the breed is important not only from conservation point of view, but also to assess the level of inbreeding in the population. The present study was carried out to figure out productive and reproductive performance in Nellore Palla sheep under field conditions and also to assess the genetic structure of Nellore Palla sheep at molecular level using twenty four microsatellite markers recommended by ISAG/FAO for genetic diversity studies in sheep. A total of 347 sheep of different age groups were used to study the morphometric measurements of Nellore palla sheep and 50 blood samples from unrelated sheep flocks were used for molecular studies. The overall least squares means of body weights (kg), height at withers, chest girth, paunch girth and body length were 35.18 ± 0.27, 78.47 ± 1.55, 80.82 ± 0.66, 80.93 ± 1.37 and 69.90 ± 0.83 at 2- teeth age, 39.65 ± 0.33, 82.45 ± 0.98, 84.57 ± 0.72, 84.11 ± 1.34 and 72.23 ± 1.02 at 4- teeth age, 41.18 ± 0.56, 83.63 ± 0.64, 86.32 ± 0.74, 85.88 ± 1.23 and 74.55 ± 0.81 at 6- teeth age, 45.00 ± 0.46, 85.22 ± 1.97, 87.17 ± 0.58, 86.14 ± 0.52 and 76.17 ± 0.33 at 8- teeth of age respectively. Villages and sex showed a significant (p<0.01) effect at all ages and the parameters studied. The overall least squares means of age at first mating in males, age at first mating in females, age at first lambing, tupping and lambing percentages were 598.03 ± 3.02 days, 361.54 ± 1.09 days, 509.32 ± 1.00 days, 81.06 ± 1.61 and 73.37 ± 1.53 percent, respectively. The coefficient of correlations between body weights with the height at withers, chest girth, paunch girth and body length varied from 0.58(PG) to 1.00(CG) in males and 0.16(PG) to 0.69(HW) in females. A perfect phonotypic correlation (1.00) was observed for body weights and height at withers at in 8- teeth age males and for body weights and chest girth for males at 6- teeth age. All the correlations were positive and highly significant (p<0.01) in majority of the age groups studied. The standard Phenol-Chloroform method was used for isolation of DNA from 50 blood samples. The quality and quantity of DNA was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis and Nanodrop spectrophotometer, respectively. The allele frequencies, observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, within population inbreeding estimates (FIS) were computed using POPGENE32 software. A total of 189 alleles were found across the 24 microsatellite loci studied. The number of alleles at each locus ranged from five (BM6506, CSSM31 and HUJ616) to a maximum of thirteen (BM827 and OARHH64) with a mean of 7.8 alleles across all loci. The allele sizes ranged from a minimum of 81 bp (OarJMP8) to a maximum of 258 bp in MAF214, while, the allele frequencies ranged from a minimum of 0.010 (BM827, INRA63, OarFCB48 and OarHH64) to a maximum of 0.40 (OarFCB128). The mean effective number of alleles was 6.6452 ± 0.3933 which was less than the observed number of alleles and ranged from 3.4916 (CSSM31) to 11.574 (BM827). The observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.00 (BM1314, BM6506, BM8125, HUJ616, OARCP20, OARFCB128, OARJMP8) to 0.16 (OARHH64) and from 0.7208 (CSSM31) to 0.9228 (BM827) with an overall value of 0.0626 ± 0.010 and 0.8361 ± 0.009, respectively. All the twenty four microsatellite loci were found to be highly polymorphic and the PIC values ranged from 0.6616 (CSSM31) to 0.9136 (BM827) with a mean of 0.8171. The FIS values were found positive and ranged from 0.8201 (OARHH64) to 1.000 (BM1314, BM6506, BM8125, HUJ616, OARCP20, OARFCB128, OARJMP8). The mean FIS value across the twenty four loci observed was 0.9257. The χ2 test revealed that all the twenty four loci deviated significantly from Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN ONGOLE AND PUNGANUR CATTLE BREEDS THROUGH MICROSATELLITE TYPING(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-04) ASHA, UPPUTURI; Sakunthala Devi, K(MAJOR); Rajkumar, U; Harikrishna, ChABSTRACT: Twenty dinucleotide microsatellite markers viz ETHOLO, ILSTSOOS, TGLA122, INRA035, INRA063, HEL001, TGLA 126, INRAOOS, ILSTS006, INRA032, ETH225, CSRM060, BMI 824, TGLA053, INRAO37, ETHO03, TGLA227, MM012, HAUT024 and HAUT027 were used for Assessment of genetic diversity in Ongole and Punganur cattle breeds through Microsatellite typing. The mean quantity of DNA was 2.96 pdml in Ongole and 3.16 pg/ml in Punganur cattle. Mean optical absorbance ratio (2601280nm) was 1.78 in both Ongole and Punganur cattle indicating good quality of genomic DNA. Out of the total 216 alleles detected, 98 alleles were specific to Ongole and 75 alleles were specific to Punganur. Mean number of alleles obtained at each locus varied from 1 to 12 in Ongole and 1 to 13 in Punganur cattle. The overall mean effective number of alleles was found to be 4.09 in Ongole and 3.41 in Punganur cattle. The overall mean expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity were 0.65 and 0.33 in Ongole and 0.55 and 0.3 1 in Punganur breed, respectively. The overall mean PIC values observed were 0.62 and 0.53 in Ongole and Punganur breeds respectively. The mean inbreeding coefficient (Fls) obtained in the present study was 0.456 for Ongole and 0.434 in Punganur breed. F-statistics revealed moderate inbreeding within the breeds and existence of moderate relationship between the Ongole and Punganur cattle. In Ongole population, loci ETHO10, TGLA122, INRA035, INRA063, HEL001, ILSTS006, TGLA126, ETH225, CSRM60, TGLA053, INRA037, ETH003, MM012, HAUT027 and HAUT024 were deviated significantly from the equilibrium frequency (I'c0.01). In Punganur breed, except the locus TGLA126, ETH225 and CSRMO60, all other loci deviated significantly (Ps0.01) from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF EXOTIC AND NATIVE CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-12) SREENIVAS, DASARI; GNANA PRAKASH, M(MAJOR); SHARMA, R.P; RUDRANATH CHATTERJEE; RAVINDER REDDY, V; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out for estimation of genetic parameters on certain production, immunocompetence and egg quality traits in IWH, IWI and IWK strains and control population of White Leghorns and microsatellite marker based analysis on IWH and IWK strains and native breeds of Aseel and Kadaknath maintained at the Project Directorate on Poultry, Hyderabad. Significant genetic group differences were observed for all the production traits studied. The age at first egg (AFE) and body weights at 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age ranged from 143.49 * 0.56 to 155.63 * 0.57 days, 1290.74 * 7.21 to 1428.36 8.36, 1377.72 8.43 to 148 1.82 * 9.77 and 1455.73 * 9.49 to 1547.15 * 1 1.18 g, respectively. Egg production up to 40, 64 and 72 weeks of age ranged from 94.08 * 0.50 to 106.15 * 0.49, 178.24 * 1.20 to 202.32 k 1.18 and 190.90 + 1.22 to 215.17 1.20 eggs. respectively while egg weight at 28, 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age ranged from 43.81 * 0.15 to 46.77 * 0.15, 49.89 * 0.18 to 53.13 * 0.17, 53.1.3 k 0.16 to 54.65 * 0.15 and 55.47 * 0.15 to 57.59 * 0.14 g, respectively. The AFE was low to moderately heritable while the body weights were moderate to highly heritable. In general, egg production traits were lowly heritable while the egg weights were low to highly heritable. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of AFE were positive with body weights and egg weights but negative with egg production. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weight at 52 and 64 weeks of age were negative with egg production and positive with egg weight. The correlations among egg production traits and among egg weights were positive and high while the association between egg production and egg weight traits was moderate to high but negative. Significant differences among genetic groups were observed for antibody titre against SRBC and NDV only. Mean anti SRBC titre, anti NDV titre and response to PHA-P (mrn) ranged from 4.729 * 0.142 to 5.803 * 0.11 8, 10.033 .t 0.056 to 1 1.045 * 0.049 and 0.133 * 0.075 to 0.527 * 0.164, respectively. Heritability estimates of antibody titre against SRBC, NDV and response to PHA-P were low to medium. The anti SRBC titre had positive genetic correlation and negative phenotypic and environmental correlations with AFE. Genetic and phenotypic correlations with body weights and egg production traits were mostly positive. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of antibody titre against NDV with AFE and annual egg production were mostly positive. The correlations of response to PHA-P with other traits varied both in magnitude and direction. Significant genetic group differences were observed for various egg quality traits studied. The egg weight, haugh unit, yolk index, albumen index, yolk weight, albumen weight, shell weight and shell thickness ranged from 53.89 0.43 to 50.01 0.48 g, 65.38 * 0.92 to 80.98 * 1.01, 0.341 * 0.003 to 0.353 * 0.003, 0.056 * 0.002 to 0.087 * 0.002, 14.16 i 0.13 to 15.58k 0.12 g, 30.92 * 0.39 to 33.18k 0.39 g, 4.32 * 0.05 to 5.12 * 0.05 g and 0.336 k 0.003 to 0.376 * 0.003 mrn, respectively. The heritability estimates based on sire, dam and sire + dam components of variance for egg weight, yolk index, albumen index and albumen weight ranged from low to medium while those of haugh unit, yolk weight, shell weight and shell thickness ranged from low to high. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of egg weight with other egg quality traits except shell quality traits were mostly positive and moderate to high. High positive genetic and phenotypic correlations between haugh unit and other traits were observed. Genetic correlation of yolk weight with albumen weight was positive while that with shell quality traits was mostly negative. Shell weight was positively correlated with shell thickness. All the 15 microsatellite loci were polymorphic. The mean number of alleles (Na) varied from 2.0 to 5.0 among the loci and 3.13 * 0.13 to 3.80 k 0.13 among the populations. The effective number of alleles varied from 1.041 to 4.755 across the loci and between 2.33 0.09 and 3.21 k 0.1 1 among the populations. The allele frequency ranged from 0.012 to 0.980 across the loci. The overall mean PIC values ranged from 0.038 to 0.756 across the loci and 0.434 to 0.579 among the populations. The expected and observed heterozygosity estimates (0.634 * 0.020 and 0.723 * 0.031) were highest in Aseel, while lowest in IWH strain (0.500 i 0.022 and 0.471 * 0.034). Overall mean inbreeding coefficients for IWH, IWK, Kadaknath and Aseel were 0.205, 0.1 16, -0.052 and -0.130, respectively. The mean values of Fls, FST and FIT values over all the loci were -0.050 & 0.065,0.05 1 & 0.308 and 0.003 k 0.064, respectively. The genetic distance was least between Kadaknath and Aseel (0.023) and highest between IWH and Aseel (0.160). Kadaknath and Aseel were closer with maximum genetic identity index (0.977) while IWH and Aseel were more wide apart with least identity index (0.852). Phylogenetic analysis grouped IWH and IWK strains in to one cluster and Kadaknath and Aseel breeds in to another cluster. All the loci except MCW 048 deviated significantly from equilibrium frequency in at least one of the populations, while all the loci except MCW 007 and MCW 048 departed from the equilibrium frequency on overall basis.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN CROSSBRED PIGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-07) PANDU RANGA REDDY, P; PUNYA KUMARI, B(MAJOR); GNANA PRAKASH, M; SURESH, JABSTRACT: Data on 1662 pigs belonging to 50 and 75% Large White Yorkshire (LWY)-desi crossbreds maintained at All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs, Tirupati born during 2005 to 2010 were utilizd to study the influenct of genetic and non-gcnctic factors on reproductive traits, litter traits, body weights, body measurements and avcrage daily gains. Prediction equations were developed to cstirnatc body weights based on body meanmments. Genetic parameters were estimated for various traits. The overall least squares means for AFS, AFF, FL GP and SP were 329.05 * 2.90, 440.42 * 2.80, 171.15 ~t 2.97, 111.28 zt 0.26 and 283.87 * 3.00 days respectively. The effects of pcriod and stason only were significant on reproductive baits. The overall kast quarts mean LSB, LSW and LWB and LWW were 7.59 * 0.17, 6.94 0.16 piglets and 8.40 + 0.18 and 66.92 * 1.42 kg, respectively. The effects of pcriod and parity were significant (Pg.O1) on majority of the litter traits. The overall least squares mcan body weights were 1.13 * 0.02, 2.13 It 0.01, 3.19 * 0.02, 4.29 * 0.02, 5.41 It 0.03, 6.48 0.03, 7.55 * 0.04, 8.72 * 0.05 and 9.97 * 0.06 kg at birth, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 wks of age, respectively. Genetic group, period, parity and litter size pup affected all pre weaning body weights highly significantly except for the non-significant effect of stason on body weight at birth. Scxual dimorphism in favour of males was evident from 1 to 6 weeks of age. Body weights of piglets born in rainy and winter seasons and those from smaller litters recorded significantly higher body weights. The overall least squares means for BL, HW. HG and PG varied from 22.68 to 50.58, 16.91 to 36.65, 23.27 to 47.43, 19.03 to 42.19 cm from bid to 8 weeks of age. The effect of litter size group was significant on all the biomctrical measurements at various ages. Season also influenced body measurements at birth, 2 and 8 weeks of age significantly where as at other ages it influmced one (or) more traits but not all. Parity e f f i was significant on all the body measurements at 4 and 6 weeks of age. Sexual dimorphism was evident on all the body measurements at birth only. Significant effect of genetic group was observed only on heart girth and paunch girth at birth and 2 woeks of age, respectively. The overall least squares mean ADG during 0 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 6, 6 to 8 and birth to 8 weeks wm 0.150 + 0.001, 0.160 f 0.001, 0.150 * 0.002, 0.170 * 0.002 and 0.160 * 0.001 kg, respectively. Pigs from smaller litters recorded significantly higher ADGs. Heritability of gestation period in 75% LWY group was 0.08 * 0.38 while that of litter traits ranged hm 0.14 + 0.35 to 0.32 + 0.48 among the genetic groups. Heritability estimates varied from 0.19 + 0.09 to 0.97 * 0.22 for body weights and from 0.13 * 0.08 to 0.80 f 0.17 for ADGs. Heritability estimates among body measurements were medium to high. The genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations among gestation period and litter traits ranged hm -0.76 to 029, -0.24 to 0.01 and -0.22 to 0.35, while those among litter baits wm all positive and high. Genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations among body weights were positive and medium to high. Phenotypic comlations among body weights were all positive. Comlations among ADGs were very low without any consistent trend. Phenotypic correlations among body measurements ranged from - 0.0 1 to 0.9 1 and among body weights and measurements, it ranged from -0.03 to 0.86. Prediction equations were developed to predict body weight at birth 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age based on cOrnSponding measurements on each genetic group. The R~ values varied from 69.1 to 81.7 percent among the genetic groups. Multiple regression equations developed at 2 and 8 weeks of age were found to be most efficient of all.ThesisItem Open Access CYTOGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MAHABUBNAGAR GOATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-07) UMA DEVI, P; Ramesh Gupta, P(MAJOR); Sakunthala Devi, K; Dhana Lakshmi, KABSTRACT : The research was carried out on Mahabubnagar (34) and non-descript goats (13) for cytogenetic characterization by the short term lymphocyte culture technique. A total of 1050 metaphase spreads were examined for the chromosome count and morphology and for Mahabubnagar goats 170 karyotypes and for non-descript animals 75 karyotypes of were prepared. The diploid chromosome number in all the goats was found to be 2n = 60, XY in males and 2n = 60, XX in females. All the autosomes were acrocentric in morphology. The X-chromosome was the longest acrocentric, while the Y-chromosome was smallest and dot-like in appearance in majority of the karyotypes examined. In few metaphase spreads, it was submetacentric in appearance. The data on relative length were converted into angles using arcsin transformation for conducting the least squares analysis. The variation in relative length of the chromosomes was not significant between animals in Mahabubnagar goats, while it was significant for the autosomes 1 to 11 and 19 to 29 in non-descript goats. The effect of genetic group, sex of the animal, coat color and presence or absence of horns, beard and wattles on relative length of the chromosomes was found to be non-significant. The overall least squares mean relative length of autosomes, X- and Y-chromosomes varied from 2.029 to 4.825 percent, 5.164 and 1.961 percent respectively. Among the genetic groups, sexes, coat colours and presence or absence of horns, beard and wattles the least squares means for relative length ranged from 1.975 to 4.937, 1.922 to 4.828, 2.041 to 5.065, 1.982 to 4.856, 1.985 to 4.915 and 1.950 to 5.042 percent, respectively for autosomes and for the X-chromosome ranged from 5.010 to 5.320, 5.147 to 5.181, 4.984 to 5.405, 5.105 to 5.224, 5.104 to 5.224 and 4.944 to 5.388 percent, respectively. The contribution of Y-chromosome to the total genome was 0.457 and 0.509 percent in Mahabubnagar and non-descript goats, respectively. The Y-chromosome overall mean arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological indices were 1.68, 39.22 percent and 214.00, respectively, confirming its submetacentric morphology. In the present investigation with 42 metaphase spreads, a total of 213 NORs were detected in Mahabubnagar goats. The mean number of NORs per metaphase was 5.071, which ranged from 4.72 to 6.17, where as the number of NORs per metaphase ranged from 1 to 13. The highest frequency (P<0.05) of metaphases (21.43%) examined had one NOR, while the lowest frequency (2.38%) had 9 or 11 NORs. The outcome of the present study have revealed that the morphology, number and various morphometric measurements of the chromosomes of the Mahabubnagar goats were analogous to those reported in literature for descript breeds of goats in India like Bengal, Pashmina, Gaddi and local goats like Kanni Adu of Tamil Nadu and local goats of Rohilkhand region. Therefore, the Mahabubnagar goats may be recognized as a distinct breed of Andhra Pradesh State.ThesisItem Open Access CYTOGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PUNGANUR CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-07) BHARATHI, GUTTI; SAKARAM, D(MAJOR); RAMESH GUPTA, B; RAGHUNANDAN, TABSTRACT : The blood samples of total 30 animals consisting each sex of 15 animals of Punganur and 5 ND animals(2M+3F) were cultured through short term lymphocyte method and 1000 metaphases of these animals were analyzed for morphology and different morphometric aspects for characterization. The diploid chromosome number consisting of 60 (2n=60, XY) was found in both the cattle. All the autosomes were acrocentric. X-chromosome was sub-metacentric while the Y- was found smallest acrocentric. The morphometry revealed that mean relative lengths of autosomes varied from 5.34 to 1.87 percent in Punganur and 5.10 to 1.97 percent in ND. The X-chromosome contributed 4.81 and 4.57 percent in Punganur and ND, while the Y-chromosome accounted 1.69 and 1.93 percent in Punganur and ND to Genome. The means for arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological index of the X- chromosome were 1.55± 0.17, 0.40±0.05 and 5.12±0.46 in Punganur and 1.55±0.05, 0.40±0.01 and 5.30±0.29 in ND respectively. Analysis of variance based on the transformed relative lengths revealed significant differences among the genetic groups with respect to the relative lengths of chromosomes 10, 26, 27, 28, 29, and Y-chromosome. The relative lengths of all chromosome except 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 28, 29 and X-chromosome showed differences among sexes in Punganur cattle. The sex wise analysis of variance in ND cattle revealed no significant difference among the sexes for all chromosomes except 29 pair of autosome. The NOR-banding revealed that on average 5 chromosomes in the complement showed the NOR regions most of them present on telomeres and some of them are in ends of the long arms. Even though the location and distribution of these regions varies among breeds of cattle, the NOR pertaining to this breed were located on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 28.ThesisItem Open Access CYTOGENETIC STUDIES ON ONGOLE BREED OF CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-07) BHARATI, ALOK; GNANA PRAKASH, M(MAJOR); SAKARAM, D; NARASIMHA REDDY, YABSTRACT: A cytogcnctic study was conducted on 38 Ongole cattle maintained at Livestock Research Station, Lam. Ciuntur and nearby villages by utilizing shortterm lymphocyte culture technique. The normal diploid chromoso~nen umber was 60 which consisted of 29 pairs of acrocentric autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. The X-chromoson~e was sub-mctnccntric and Y clirolnosome \vils acrocentric. The ~norphometric measurements of clir.o~nosorncs obtained li.0111 farm bred aninials and those from ficld animals clid not diffr signific:lntly. l'he relative lengths (RL) of chrornoso~ncs I, 5, 6, 15, 16, 17, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and X clwomosome were significantly different anlong the sexes. The RL of autosolnes ranged from 1.92 + 0.01 to 5.24 * 0.02 per cent. The Xchromosome was the longest while Y-chi-ornosome was the shortest and contributed 5.42 + 0.03 and 1.79 + 0.02 per cent to the genome. The decline in the RL of the chromosomes was sha1-p lio~lI ~to 3 and was gradual thercaficr. The arm ratio, ccnt~x~meriicn dex and moi.phological intlcv fbr thc X-chromosome were 1.87 + 0.015, 0.35 * 0.002 ant1 5.75 + 0.075, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC EVALUATION OF ONGOLE CATTLE UNDER PROGENY TESTING PROGRAMME(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-05) SAI REDDY, S; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); VINOO, R; SUDHAKAR, K; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT : The data on Ongole cattle maintained under the ICAR Network Project on Genetic improvement of Ongole breed through the Associate Herd Testing Programme at Lam farm, Guntur (1935), Cattle Breeding Farm, Chadalawada, Prakasam district (625), Livestock Research Station Mahanandi, Kurnool district (404) and Composite Livestock Farm, Chintaladevi, Nellore district (201), spread over a period of 22 years from 1987 to 2008, were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was undertaken to estimate the genetic divergence between the sets of the bulls under the progeny testing programme. The morphometric differences of the chromosomes between the cows born by embryo transfer technique and artificial insemination were studied. The overall least squares means for body weight, height at withers, chest girth and body length of Ongole cattle from birth to 24 months of age ranged from 26.49 to 245.40 kg, 71.58 to 133.58 cm, 66.35 to 146.53 cm and 62.91 to 127.64 cm, respectively. The effects of farm and period of birth were significant on the body weight, height at withers, chest girth and body length at all the ages studied. Season of birth significantly affected the body weight at birth, 1 and 3 months of age; height at withers at birth, 1 and 6 months age; chest girth at 3 months and body length at 6 months of age. The sex of the calf and set of the bulls significantly influenced the body weights and biometrical measurements, virtually at all the ages. The overall least squares means for 300-days lactation milk yield, total lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield, days to reach peak yield, milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval were 718.53 kg, 720.90 kg, 233.99 days, 3.90 kg, 35.67 days, 3.08 kg and 1.43 kg, respectively and almost all these traits were affected significantly by the farm, period of calving, set of the bulls and order of lactation. However, peak yield alone was affected (P<0.01) by the season of calving and none of the production traits were influenced by the sex of the calf. The overall least squares means of number of inseminations per conception, age at first conception, age at first calving, gestation period, service period, dry period and calving interval were 2.02, 1358.82 days, 1592.22 days, 287.58 days 232.38 days, 282.94 days and 517.61 days, respectively and almost all these characters were affected by the farm, period, set of the bulls and order of lactation, while none of the reproductive traits were influenced by the season. Sex of the calf had significant influence on gestation period and dry period only. The mean breeding efficiency of the Ongole cows varied from 63.66 to 83.75 per cent and the rank correlations of breeding efficiency estimated by three different formulae were positive and significant. The farm and set of the bulls significantly influenced the breeding efficiency. The overall least squares means for life time milk yield, herd life, productive life, milk yield per day of herd life and productive life; wet days and dry days per herd life; wet days and dry days per productive life and gestation period per herd life and productive life were 3805.88 kg, 3773.84 days, 2287.48 days, 1.00 and 1.67 kg; 32.15 and 67.85%; 53.58 and 46.41% and 39.46 and 66.54%, respectively and all these traits were influenced by one or the other of the non-genetic effects studied. However, none of these characters were influenced by the set of the bulls. The estimates of heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weights and biometrical measurements varied from 0.01 to 0.43, 0.06 to 0.99 and 0.03 0.40 respectively. Similarly, the heritabilities of 300-days lactation milk yield, total lactation milk yield, Lactation length, peak yield, milk yield per day of lactation, milk yield per day of calving interval, gestation period, service period, dry period and calving interval were 0.27, 0.24, 0.21, 0.24, 0.09, 0.22, 0.14, 0.06, 0.06 and 0.06, respectively. The genetic correlations among production and reproduction traits were positive and ranged from 0.04 to 0.99, while the phenotypic correlations among these traits varied from 0.01 to 0.49. The heritability estimates for life time milk yield, herd life, productive life, lactation milk yield per herd life and productive life; wet and dry days per herd life; wet and dry days per productive life and gestation period per herd life and productive life were 0.66, 0.10, 0.17, 0.49 and 0.49; 0.23 and 0.23; 0.30 and 0.30 and 0.08 and 0.08, respectively. The genetic correlations among the various life time production traits ranged between 0.69 and 0.99 whereas the phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.01 to 0.47. The Mahalonobis genetic distances (D2) between all combinations of sets were highly significant. The calving interval, total lactation milk yield and lactation length contributed 40%, 40% and 20% to the total genetic diversity among the sets. Two distinct clusters were formed, the first one consisting of sets 1, 2, 3 and 5, while the second cluster had only 4th set. The diploid chromosome number was found to be 60, XX in both ET born and AI born cows. All autosomes were acrocentric, while the X-chromosome was longest submetacentric. The mean relative length of the autosomes varied from 1.95 to 4.97 and 1.95 to 4.99 per cent in ET and AI born cows respectively. The relative length of chromosome 20 of ET born cows was significantly longer (2.86%) than that of the AI born cows (2.77%). Except this, no other differences either in chromosome number or in chromosome morphology were detected between the ET born and AI born cows, suggesting that ET born cows were as good as the AI born cows with respect to their chromosome profiles. The present study indicated that the overall performance of the animals of Lam farm, with respect to the production, reproduction and life time traits, was the best, followed by Chadalawada, Mahanandi and Chintaladevi farms. The performance of the Ongole cattle during various periods did not exhibit any specific trend while the animals either born or calved during summer exhibited superior performance, when compared to those in rainy and winter seasons. The production and reproduction performance of the cows delivering female calves was better than those giving birth to male calves. The genetic variation among the set of bulls did not show a definite trend although the multivariate analysis revealed two clusters, one consisting of sets 1, 2, 3 and 5 and another set 4, with a considerable inter cluster distance.
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