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ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN ONGOLE AND PUNGANUR CATTLE BREEDS THROUGH MICROSATELLITE TYPING(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-04) ASHA, UPPUTURI; Sakunthala Devi, K(MAJOR); Rajkumar, U; Harikrishna, ChABSTRACT: Twenty dinucleotide microsatellite markers viz ETHOLO, ILSTSOOS, TGLA122, INRA035, INRA063, HEL001, TGLA 126, INRAOOS, ILSTS006, INRA032, ETH225, CSRM060, BMI 824, TGLA053, INRAO37, ETHO03, TGLA227, MM012, HAUT024 and HAUT027 were used for Assessment of genetic diversity in Ongole and Punganur cattle breeds through Microsatellite typing. The mean quantity of DNA was 2.96 pdml in Ongole and 3.16 pg/ml in Punganur cattle. Mean optical absorbance ratio (2601280nm) was 1.78 in both Ongole and Punganur cattle indicating good quality of genomic DNA. Out of the total 216 alleles detected, 98 alleles were specific to Ongole and 75 alleles were specific to Punganur. Mean number of alleles obtained at each locus varied from 1 to 12 in Ongole and 1 to 13 in Punganur cattle. The overall mean effective number of alleles was found to be 4.09 in Ongole and 3.41 in Punganur cattle. The overall mean expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity were 0.65 and 0.33 in Ongole and 0.55 and 0.3 1 in Punganur breed, respectively. The overall mean PIC values observed were 0.62 and 0.53 in Ongole and Punganur breeds respectively. The mean inbreeding coefficient (Fls) obtained in the present study was 0.456 for Ongole and 0.434 in Punganur breed. F-statistics revealed moderate inbreeding within the breeds and existence of moderate relationship between the Ongole and Punganur cattle. In Ongole population, loci ETHO10, TGLA122, INRA035, INRA063, HEL001, ILSTS006, TGLA126, ETH225, CSRM60, TGLA053, INRA037, ETH003, MM012, HAUT027 and HAUT024 were deviated significantly from the equilibrium frequency (I'c0.01). In Punganur breed, except the locus TGLA126, ETH225 and CSRMO60, all other loci deviated significantly (Ps0.01) from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF EXOTIC AND NATIVE CHICKEN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-12) SREENIVAS, DASARI; GNANA PRAKASH, M(MAJOR); SHARMA, R.P; RUDRANATH CHATTERJEE; RAVINDER REDDY, V; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out for estimation of genetic parameters on certain production, immunocompetence and egg quality traits in IWH, IWI and IWK strains and control population of White Leghorns and microsatellite marker based analysis on IWH and IWK strains and native breeds of Aseel and Kadaknath maintained at the Project Directorate on Poultry, Hyderabad. Significant genetic group differences were observed for all the production traits studied. The age at first egg (AFE) and body weights at 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age ranged from 143.49 * 0.56 to 155.63 * 0.57 days, 1290.74 * 7.21 to 1428.36 8.36, 1377.72 8.43 to 148 1.82 * 9.77 and 1455.73 * 9.49 to 1547.15 * 1 1.18 g, respectively. Egg production up to 40, 64 and 72 weeks of age ranged from 94.08 * 0.50 to 106.15 * 0.49, 178.24 * 1.20 to 202.32 k 1.18 and 190.90 + 1.22 to 215.17 1.20 eggs. respectively while egg weight at 28, 40, 52 and 64 weeks of age ranged from 43.81 * 0.15 to 46.77 * 0.15, 49.89 * 0.18 to 53.13 * 0.17, 53.1.3 k 0.16 to 54.65 * 0.15 and 55.47 * 0.15 to 57.59 * 0.14 g, respectively. The AFE was low to moderately heritable while the body weights were moderate to highly heritable. In general, egg production traits were lowly heritable while the egg weights were low to highly heritable. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of AFE were positive with body weights and egg weights but negative with egg production. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weight at 52 and 64 weeks of age were negative with egg production and positive with egg weight. The correlations among egg production traits and among egg weights were positive and high while the association between egg production and egg weight traits was moderate to high but negative. Significant differences among genetic groups were observed for antibody titre against SRBC and NDV only. Mean anti SRBC titre, anti NDV titre and response to PHA-P (mrn) ranged from 4.729 * 0.142 to 5.803 * 0.11 8, 10.033 .t 0.056 to 1 1.045 * 0.049 and 0.133 * 0.075 to 0.527 * 0.164, respectively. Heritability estimates of antibody titre against SRBC, NDV and response to PHA-P were low to medium. The anti SRBC titre had positive genetic correlation and negative phenotypic and environmental correlations with AFE. Genetic and phenotypic correlations with body weights and egg production traits were mostly positive. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of antibody titre against NDV with AFE and annual egg production were mostly positive. The correlations of response to PHA-P with other traits varied both in magnitude and direction. Significant genetic group differences were observed for various egg quality traits studied. The egg weight, haugh unit, yolk index, albumen index, yolk weight, albumen weight, shell weight and shell thickness ranged from 53.89 0.43 to 50.01 0.48 g, 65.38 * 0.92 to 80.98 * 1.01, 0.341 * 0.003 to 0.353 * 0.003, 0.056 * 0.002 to 0.087 * 0.002, 14.16 i 0.13 to 15.58k 0.12 g, 30.92 * 0.39 to 33.18k 0.39 g, 4.32 * 0.05 to 5.12 * 0.05 g and 0.336 k 0.003 to 0.376 * 0.003 mrn, respectively. The heritability estimates based on sire, dam and sire + dam components of variance for egg weight, yolk index, albumen index and albumen weight ranged from low to medium while those of haugh unit, yolk weight, shell weight and shell thickness ranged from low to high. The genetic and phenotypic correlations of egg weight with other egg quality traits except shell quality traits were mostly positive and moderate to high. High positive genetic and phenotypic correlations between haugh unit and other traits were observed. Genetic correlation of yolk weight with albumen weight was positive while that with shell quality traits was mostly negative. Shell weight was positively correlated with shell thickness. All the 15 microsatellite loci were polymorphic. The mean number of alleles (Na) varied from 2.0 to 5.0 among the loci and 3.13 * 0.13 to 3.80 k 0.13 among the populations. The effective number of alleles varied from 1.041 to 4.755 across the loci and between 2.33 0.09 and 3.21 k 0.1 1 among the populations. The allele frequency ranged from 0.012 to 0.980 across the loci. The overall mean PIC values ranged from 0.038 to 0.756 across the loci and 0.434 to 0.579 among the populations. The expected and observed heterozygosity estimates (0.634 * 0.020 and 0.723 * 0.031) were highest in Aseel, while lowest in IWH strain (0.500 i 0.022 and 0.471 * 0.034). Overall mean inbreeding coefficients for IWH, IWK, Kadaknath and Aseel were 0.205, 0.1 16, -0.052 and -0.130, respectively. The mean values of Fls, FST and FIT values over all the loci were -0.050 & 0.065,0.05 1 & 0.308 and 0.003 k 0.064, respectively. The genetic distance was least between Kadaknath and Aseel (0.023) and highest between IWH and Aseel (0.160). Kadaknath and Aseel were closer with maximum genetic identity index (0.977) while IWH and Aseel were more wide apart with least identity index (0.852). Phylogenetic analysis grouped IWH and IWK strains in to one cluster and Kadaknath and Aseel breeds in to another cluster. All the loci except MCW 048 deviated significantly from equilibrium frequency in at least one of the populations, while all the loci except MCW 007 and MCW 048 departed from the equilibrium frequency on overall basis.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN CROSSBRED PIGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-07) PANDU RANGA REDDY, P; PUNYA KUMARI, B(MAJOR); GNANA PRAKASH, M; SURESH, JABSTRACT: Data on 1662 pigs belonging to 50 and 75% Large White Yorkshire (LWY)-desi crossbreds maintained at All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs, Tirupati born during 2005 to 2010 were utilizd to study the influenct of genetic and non-gcnctic factors on reproductive traits, litter traits, body weights, body measurements and avcrage daily gains. Prediction equations were developed to cstirnatc body weights based on body meanmments. Genetic parameters were estimated for various traits. The overall least squares means for AFS, AFF, FL GP and SP were 329.05 * 2.90, 440.42 * 2.80, 171.15 ~t 2.97, 111.28 zt 0.26 and 283.87 * 3.00 days respectively. The effects of pcriod and stason only were significant on reproductive baits. The overall kast quarts mean LSB, LSW and LWB and LWW were 7.59 * 0.17, 6.94 0.16 piglets and 8.40 + 0.18 and 66.92 * 1.42 kg, respectively. The effects of pcriod and parity were significant (Pg.O1) on majority of the litter traits. The overall least squares mcan body weights were 1.13 * 0.02, 2.13 It 0.01, 3.19 * 0.02, 4.29 * 0.02, 5.41 It 0.03, 6.48 0.03, 7.55 * 0.04, 8.72 * 0.05 and 9.97 * 0.06 kg at birth, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 wks of age, respectively. Genetic group, period, parity and litter size pup affected all pre weaning body weights highly significantly except for the non-significant effect of stason on body weight at birth. Scxual dimorphism in favour of males was evident from 1 to 6 weeks of age. Body weights of piglets born in rainy and winter seasons and those from smaller litters recorded significantly higher body weights. The overall least squares means for BL, HW. HG and PG varied from 22.68 to 50.58, 16.91 to 36.65, 23.27 to 47.43, 19.03 to 42.19 cm from bid to 8 weeks of age. The effect of litter size group was significant on all the biomctrical measurements at various ages. Season also influenced body measurements at birth, 2 and 8 weeks of age significantly where as at other ages it influmced one (or) more traits but not all. Parity e f f i was significant on all the body measurements at 4 and 6 weeks of age. Sexual dimorphism was evident on all the body measurements at birth only. Significant effect of genetic group was observed only on heart girth and paunch girth at birth and 2 woeks of age, respectively. The overall least squares mean ADG during 0 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 6, 6 to 8 and birth to 8 weeks wm 0.150 + 0.001, 0.160 f 0.001, 0.150 * 0.002, 0.170 * 0.002 and 0.160 * 0.001 kg, respectively. Pigs from smaller litters recorded significantly higher ADGs. Heritability of gestation period in 75% LWY group was 0.08 * 0.38 while that of litter traits ranged hm 0.14 + 0.35 to 0.32 + 0.48 among the genetic groups. Heritability estimates varied from 0.19 + 0.09 to 0.97 * 0.22 for body weights and from 0.13 * 0.08 to 0.80 f 0.17 for ADGs. Heritability estimates among body measurements were medium to high. The genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations among gestation period and litter traits ranged hm -0.76 to 029, -0.24 to 0.01 and -0.22 to 0.35, while those among litter baits wm all positive and high. Genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations among body weights were positive and medium to high. Phenotypic comlations among body weights were all positive. Comlations among ADGs were very low without any consistent trend. Phenotypic correlations among body measurements ranged from - 0.0 1 to 0.9 1 and among body weights and measurements, it ranged from -0.03 to 0.86. Prediction equations were developed to predict body weight at birth 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age based on cOrnSponding measurements on each genetic group. The R~ values varied from 69.1 to 81.7 percent among the genetic groups. Multiple regression equations developed at 2 and 8 weeks of age were found to be most efficient of all.ThesisItem Open Access CYTOGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MAHABUBNAGAR GOATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-07) UMA DEVI, P; Ramesh Gupta, P(MAJOR); Sakunthala Devi, K; Dhana Lakshmi, KABSTRACT : The research was carried out on Mahabubnagar (34) and non-descript goats (13) for cytogenetic characterization by the short term lymphocyte culture technique. A total of 1050 metaphase spreads were examined for the chromosome count and morphology and for Mahabubnagar goats 170 karyotypes and for non-descript animals 75 karyotypes of were prepared. The diploid chromosome number in all the goats was found to be 2n = 60, XY in males and 2n = 60, XX in females. All the autosomes were acrocentric in morphology. The X-chromosome was the longest acrocentric, while the Y-chromosome was smallest and dot-like in appearance in majority of the karyotypes examined. In few metaphase spreads, it was submetacentric in appearance. The data on relative length were converted into angles using arcsin transformation for conducting the least squares analysis. The variation in relative length of the chromosomes was not significant between animals in Mahabubnagar goats, while it was significant for the autosomes 1 to 11 and 19 to 29 in non-descript goats. The effect of genetic group, sex of the animal, coat color and presence or absence of horns, beard and wattles on relative length of the chromosomes was found to be non-significant. The overall least squares mean relative length of autosomes, X- and Y-chromosomes varied from 2.029 to 4.825 percent, 5.164 and 1.961 percent respectively. Among the genetic groups, sexes, coat colours and presence or absence of horns, beard and wattles the least squares means for relative length ranged from 1.975 to 4.937, 1.922 to 4.828, 2.041 to 5.065, 1.982 to 4.856, 1.985 to 4.915 and 1.950 to 5.042 percent, respectively for autosomes and for the X-chromosome ranged from 5.010 to 5.320, 5.147 to 5.181, 4.984 to 5.405, 5.105 to 5.224, 5.104 to 5.224 and 4.944 to 5.388 percent, respectively. The contribution of Y-chromosome to the total genome was 0.457 and 0.509 percent in Mahabubnagar and non-descript goats, respectively. The Y-chromosome overall mean arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological indices were 1.68, 39.22 percent and 214.00, respectively, confirming its submetacentric morphology. In the present investigation with 42 metaphase spreads, a total of 213 NORs were detected in Mahabubnagar goats. The mean number of NORs per metaphase was 5.071, which ranged from 4.72 to 6.17, where as the number of NORs per metaphase ranged from 1 to 13. The highest frequency (P<0.05) of metaphases (21.43%) examined had one NOR, while the lowest frequency (2.38%) had 9 or 11 NORs. The outcome of the present study have revealed that the morphology, number and various morphometric measurements of the chromosomes of the Mahabubnagar goats were analogous to those reported in literature for descript breeds of goats in India like Bengal, Pashmina, Gaddi and local goats like Kanni Adu of Tamil Nadu and local goats of Rohilkhand region. Therefore, the Mahabubnagar goats may be recognized as a distinct breed of Andhra Pradesh State.ThesisItem Open Access CYTOGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PUNGANUR CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-07) BHARATHI, GUTTI; SAKARAM, D(MAJOR); RAMESH GUPTA, B; RAGHUNANDAN, TABSTRACT : The blood samples of total 30 animals consisting each sex of 15 animals of Punganur and 5 ND animals(2M+3F) were cultured through short term lymphocyte method and 1000 metaphases of these animals were analyzed for morphology and different morphometric aspects for characterization. The diploid chromosome number consisting of 60 (2n=60, XY) was found in both the cattle. All the autosomes were acrocentric. X-chromosome was sub-metacentric while the Y- was found smallest acrocentric. The morphometry revealed that mean relative lengths of autosomes varied from 5.34 to 1.87 percent in Punganur and 5.10 to 1.97 percent in ND. The X-chromosome contributed 4.81 and 4.57 percent in Punganur and ND, while the Y-chromosome accounted 1.69 and 1.93 percent in Punganur and ND to Genome. The means for arm ratio, centromeric index and morphological index of the X- chromosome were 1.55± 0.17, 0.40±0.05 and 5.12±0.46 in Punganur and 1.55±0.05, 0.40±0.01 and 5.30±0.29 in ND respectively. Analysis of variance based on the transformed relative lengths revealed significant differences among the genetic groups with respect to the relative lengths of chromosomes 10, 26, 27, 28, 29, and Y-chromosome. The relative lengths of all chromosome except 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 28, 29 and X-chromosome showed differences among sexes in Punganur cattle. The sex wise analysis of variance in ND cattle revealed no significant difference among the sexes for all chromosomes except 29 pair of autosome. The NOR-banding revealed that on average 5 chromosomes in the complement showed the NOR regions most of them present on telomeres and some of them are in ends of the long arms. Even though the location and distribution of these regions varies among breeds of cattle, the NOR pertaining to this breed were located on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 28.ThesisItem Open Access CYTOGENETIC STUDIES ON ONGOLE BREED OF CATTLE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-07) BHARATI, ALOK; GNANA PRAKASH, M(MAJOR); SAKARAM, D; NARASIMHA REDDY, YABSTRACT: A cytogcnctic study was conducted on 38 Ongole cattle maintained at Livestock Research Station, Lam. Ciuntur and nearby villages by utilizing shortterm lymphocyte culture technique. The normal diploid chromoso~nen umber was 60 which consisted of 29 pairs of acrocentric autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. The X-chromoson~e was sub-mctnccntric and Y clirolnosome \vils acrocentric. The ~norphometric measurements of clir.o~nosorncs obtained li.0111 farm bred aninials and those from ficld animals clid not diffr signific:lntly. l'he relative lengths (RL) of chrornoso~ncs I, 5, 6, 15, 16, 17, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and X clwomosome were significantly different anlong the sexes. The RL of autosolnes ranged from 1.92 + 0.01 to 5.24 * 0.02 per cent. The Xchromosome was the longest while Y-chi-ornosome was the shortest and contributed 5.42 + 0.03 and 1.79 + 0.02 per cent to the genome. The decline in the RL of the chromosomes was sha1-p lio~lI ~to 3 and was gradual thercaficr. The arm ratio, ccnt~x~meriicn dex and moi.phological intlcv fbr thc X-chromosome were 1.87 + 0.015, 0.35 * 0.002 ant1 5.75 + 0.075, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC EVALUATION OF ONGOLE CATTLE UNDER PROGENY TESTING PROGRAMME(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-05) SAI REDDY, S; RAMESH GUPTA, B(MAJOR); VINOO, R; SUDHAKAR, K; MAHENDER, MABSTRACT : The data on Ongole cattle maintained under the ICAR Network Project on Genetic improvement of Ongole breed through the Associate Herd Testing Programme at Lam farm, Guntur (1935), Cattle Breeding Farm, Chadalawada, Prakasam district (625), Livestock Research Station Mahanandi, Kurnool district (404) and Composite Livestock Farm, Chintaladevi, Nellore district (201), spread over a period of 22 years from 1987 to 2008, were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was undertaken to estimate the genetic divergence between the sets of the bulls under the progeny testing programme. The morphometric differences of the chromosomes between the cows born by embryo transfer technique and artificial insemination were studied. The overall least squares means for body weight, height at withers, chest girth and body length of Ongole cattle from birth to 24 months of age ranged from 26.49 to 245.40 kg, 71.58 to 133.58 cm, 66.35 to 146.53 cm and 62.91 to 127.64 cm, respectively. The effects of farm and period of birth were significant on the body weight, height at withers, chest girth and body length at all the ages studied. Season of birth significantly affected the body weight at birth, 1 and 3 months of age; height at withers at birth, 1 and 6 months age; chest girth at 3 months and body length at 6 months of age. The sex of the calf and set of the bulls significantly influenced the body weights and biometrical measurements, virtually at all the ages. The overall least squares means for 300-days lactation milk yield, total lactation milk yield, lactation length, peak yield, days to reach peak yield, milk yield per day of lactation and milk yield per day of calving interval were 718.53 kg, 720.90 kg, 233.99 days, 3.90 kg, 35.67 days, 3.08 kg and 1.43 kg, respectively and almost all these traits were affected significantly by the farm, period of calving, set of the bulls and order of lactation. However, peak yield alone was affected (P<0.01) by the season of calving and none of the production traits were influenced by the sex of the calf. The overall least squares means of number of inseminations per conception, age at first conception, age at first calving, gestation period, service period, dry period and calving interval were 2.02, 1358.82 days, 1592.22 days, 287.58 days 232.38 days, 282.94 days and 517.61 days, respectively and almost all these characters were affected by the farm, period, set of the bulls and order of lactation, while none of the reproductive traits were influenced by the season. Sex of the calf had significant influence on gestation period and dry period only. The mean breeding efficiency of the Ongole cows varied from 63.66 to 83.75 per cent and the rank correlations of breeding efficiency estimated by three different formulae were positive and significant. The farm and set of the bulls significantly influenced the breeding efficiency. The overall least squares means for life time milk yield, herd life, productive life, milk yield per day of herd life and productive life; wet days and dry days per herd life; wet days and dry days per productive life and gestation period per herd life and productive life were 3805.88 kg, 3773.84 days, 2287.48 days, 1.00 and 1.67 kg; 32.15 and 67.85%; 53.58 and 46.41% and 39.46 and 66.54%, respectively and all these traits were influenced by one or the other of the non-genetic effects studied. However, none of these characters were influenced by the set of the bulls. The estimates of heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weights and biometrical measurements varied from 0.01 to 0.43, 0.06 to 0.99 and 0.03 0.40 respectively. Similarly, the heritabilities of 300-days lactation milk yield, total lactation milk yield, Lactation length, peak yield, milk yield per day of lactation, milk yield per day of calving interval, gestation period, service period, dry period and calving interval were 0.27, 0.24, 0.21, 0.24, 0.09, 0.22, 0.14, 0.06, 0.06 and 0.06, respectively. The genetic correlations among production and reproduction traits were positive and ranged from 0.04 to 0.99, while the phenotypic correlations among these traits varied from 0.01 to 0.49. The heritability estimates for life time milk yield, herd life, productive life, lactation milk yield per herd life and productive life; wet and dry days per herd life; wet and dry days per productive life and gestation period per herd life and productive life were 0.66, 0.10, 0.17, 0.49 and 0.49; 0.23 and 0.23; 0.30 and 0.30 and 0.08 and 0.08, respectively. The genetic correlations among the various life time production traits ranged between 0.69 and 0.99 whereas the phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.01 to 0.47. The Mahalonobis genetic distances (D2) between all combinations of sets were highly significant. The calving interval, total lactation milk yield and lactation length contributed 40%, 40% and 20% to the total genetic diversity among the sets. Two distinct clusters were formed, the first one consisting of sets 1, 2, 3 and 5, while the second cluster had only 4th set. The diploid chromosome number was found to be 60, XX in both ET born and AI born cows. All autosomes were acrocentric, while the X-chromosome was longest submetacentric. The mean relative length of the autosomes varied from 1.95 to 4.97 and 1.95 to 4.99 per cent in ET and AI born cows respectively. The relative length of chromosome 20 of ET born cows was significantly longer (2.86%) than that of the AI born cows (2.77%). Except this, no other differences either in chromosome number or in chromosome morphology were detected between the ET born and AI born cows, suggesting that ET born cows were as good as the AI born cows with respect to their chromosome profiles. The present study indicated that the overall performance of the animals of Lam farm, with respect to the production, reproduction and life time traits, was the best, followed by Chadalawada, Mahanandi and Chintaladevi farms. The performance of the Ongole cattle during various periods did not exhibit any specific trend while the animals either born or calved during summer exhibited superior performance, when compared to those in rainy and winter seasons. The production and reproduction performance of the cows delivering female calves was better than those giving birth to male calves. The genetic variation among the set of bulls did not show a definite trend although the multivariate analysis revealed two clusters, one consisting of sets 1, 2, 3 and 5 and another set 4, with a considerable inter cluster distance.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GENETIC VARIABILITY IN NELLORE BROWN SHEEP USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2015) SHEELA MANJARI JONNA KUTTI, JONNA KUTTI; PUNYA KUMARI, B(MAJOR)ABSTRACT: Nellore sheep is the tallest mutton breed of India and its home tract is Nellore and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh, but widely distributed throughout the state of Andhra Pradesh and parts of Telangana. Three varieties are distinguished phenotypically based on coat colour as Palla (completely white), Jodipi (white with black patches) and Dora/Brown (completely brown). Nellore Brown sheep are predominantly present in Rayalseema region (Kadapa, Kurnool, Anantapur districts) of Andhra Pradesh. This breed is well known for its disease resistance and thrives well in harsh climatic conditions of Rayalseema. The assessment of genetic variability is important to monitor the gene flow in populations, for conservation of breed and also to determine the level of inbreeding in the population. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the genetic variability present in Nellore Brown sheep population by using twenty four microsatellite markers from the panel of markers recommended by ISAG-FAO for the genetic diversity studies in sheep. A total of fifty blood samples were collected at random from unrelated Nellore Brown animals maintained by farmers in its breeding tract. Phenol-chloroform method was used for isolation of DNA from blood samples. The quality and quantity of isolated DNA was checked using gel electrophoresis and Nanodrop spectrophotometer, respectively. The PCR products were resolved using agarose gel electrophoresis. The allele size for each locus was scored manually from the electrophoresed gels. The allele frequencies, observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, within population inbreeding estimates (FIS) were computed using POPGENE version 1.32 software. A total of 216 alleles were identified across all the twenty four microsatellite loci studied. The number of alleles at each locus varied from a minimum of four (HUJ616) to a maximum of thirteen (OarCP49) with a mean of 9.0 alleles across all loci. Allele size ranged from a minimum of 75 bp (OarCP49) to a maximum of 297 bp (HSC), while allele frequencies ranged from 0.0102 to 0.3980. The most frequent allele number was nine. The number of effective alleles ranged from 3.8757 (HUJ616) to 9.6232 (OarCP49). The mean number of effective alleles with an overall mean of 6.78 ± 1.79 alleles. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.0408 (BM1314) to 0.1429 (OarHH35, OarHH41) with a mean value of 0.0985 ± 0.025, whereas, the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.7420 (HUJ616) to 0.8961(OarCP49) with a mean value of 0.8409 ± 0.046. All the twenty four microsatellite loci (100 percent) were found to be highly polymorphic and the PIC values ranged from 0.6945 (HUJ616) to 0.8961 (OarCP49) with a mean PIC value of 0.8240 ± 0.061. The inbreeding estimates obtained in this study were all positive and varied from 0.8318 (OarHH35) to 0.9534 (BM1314). The mean FIS value of 0.8825 ± 0.03 indicated the deficiency of heterozygotes. The Chi-square test revealed that all the twenty four loci were showing significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF TWO BACKYARD CHICKEN VARIETIES WITH 25% ASEEL INHERITANCE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-11) DIVYA, D; Viroji Rao, S.T(MAJOR); Gnana Prakash, M; Narasimha, JABSTRACT : The present study was aimed at evaluating two backyard chicken varieties (Type I and II) bred at AICRP on Poultry Breeding, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad with regard to their growth, productive and reproductive performances, immunocompetence and morphological traits. Type I genetic group was bred such that it inherited 50% Black Australorp, 25% WLH and 25% Aseel inheritance, while the Type II genetic group was bred to have 50% Black Australorp, 25% Synthetic population and 25% Aseel inheritance. These varieties have completed two generations of inter - se breeding and the third generation chicks obtained in 8 hatches were used for the present study. The genetic groups were not significantly different for body weights at different ages except at 4, 12 and 16 weeks of age. Males were significantly heavier than females at all ages in both the genetic groups except in Type I genetic group at 4 weeks of age. The body weight of males in Type I and Type II genetic groups were 215.43 ± 5.71 and 207.86 ± 4.55 g at 4 weeks; 438.21 ± 6.72 and 446.93 ± 6.29 g at 8 weeks; 794.42 ± 7.85 and 789.11 ± 7.34 g at 12 weeks; 1222.70 ± 10.98 and 1214.60 ± 11.95 g at 16 weeks, 1700.50 ± 14.30 and 1717.20 ± 15.70 g at 20 weeks; 1902.80 ± 16.71 and 1912.70 ± 15.57 g at 24 weeks and 2086.40 ± 16.12 and 2077.80 ± 20.71 g at 40 weeks of age respectively. Similarly, the body weight of females in Type I and Type II genetic groups were 211.78 ± 3.58 and 185.77 ± 3.82 g at 4 weeks; 402.68 ± 5.16 and 408.07 ± 5.40 g at 8 weeks; 742.97 ± 6.27 and 708.66 ± 7.57 g at 12 weeks; 1027.00 ± 8.71 and 1109.00 ± 8.62 g at 16 weeks, 1213.80 ± 7.40 and 1241.50 ± 10.10 g at 20 weeks; 1480.30 ± 11.61 and 1489.10 ± 11.11 g at 24 weeks and 1580.40 ± 14.26 and 1571.60 ± 13.64 g at 40 weeks of age respectively. The two genetic groups did not differ significantly with regard to their reproductive traits Viz., AFE, Part year egg production up to forty weeks of age (EP40), Egg weight at 40 weeks of age (EW40), Fertility and Hatchability. The AFE was 173.20 ± 3.01 and 168.45 ± 0.62 days in Type I and II genetic groups. The mean EP40 was 68.46 ± 0.88 and 69.04 ± 0.96 eggs, while, EW40 was 48.86 ± 0.31 and 49.94 ± 0.36 g in Type I and II genetic groups respectively. The fertility based on five consecutive hatches was 86.39 and 86.10%, while, hatchability on TES and FES basis was 76.41 and 88.44% and 76.04 and 88.31% in Type I and II genetic groups respectively. There was wide variation in egg shell color ranging from brown to white with an array of shades which might be due to inheritance of various breeds involved in breeding strategy. Immunocompetence study was carried out using sRBC and PHA – P and the respective values in Type I and II genetic groups were 8.17 ± 0.50 and 7.60 ± 0.48 (in log2 values) and 1.61 ± 0.09 and 1.60 ± 0.09 mm which did not differ from each other. However, within each genetic group, males recorded higher sRBC and PHA – P values than the females. Wide variation was observed with regard to morphological traits Viz., Color of chick, Plumage pattern, Plumage color and Shank color which might be due to involvement of various breeds in breeding strategy. The mortality in Type I and Type II genetic groups was 8.37 and 3.64% during chick phase, 10.80 and 9.59% during grower phase and 9.39 and 6.98% during layer phase and the difference between the genetic groups was significant only during chick phase