PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad
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ThesisItem Open Access 1 INVESTIGATION OF STOVERS OF DUAL PURPOSE SORGHUM CULTIVARS AS FEED RESOURCE FOR SMALL RUMINANTS(PVNR TVU, 2018-01-23) JAKKULA, RAJU; Dr. J. NARASIMHAA comprehensive study was conducted to screen the stovers of dual purpose sorghum cultivars in terms of chemical composition and in vitro gas production parameters and to determine the optimum stover to concentrate ratio for the best three sorghum cultivars. A growth trial of 120 days duration was conducted in 24 sheep (14.39±0.24 kg b.wt.) in order to evaluate three promising sorghum stover (SS) cultivars based complete diets with the best stover to concentrate ratio arrived from in vitro studies and compared with local SS, based on the growth performance, nutrient utilization and meat characteristics. Another growth trial of 120 days was also conducted in 24 sheep (14.50±0.41 kg b.wt.) to assess the comparative effect of different processing methods (chaffing, mash, pelleting and block making) of best sorghum stover cultivar based complete diets on the nutrient utilization and performance. The chemical composition of stovers of 11 dual purpose sorghum cultivars (IS 12015, IS 21549, IS 23143, IS 23253, IS 23765, IS 23787, IS 23789, ICSV 700, ICSR 93036, Phule chitra and Phule moule) in the present study differed significantly (P<0.05), except for phosphorus content. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD, %), gas volume (ml/200 mg DM), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD, mg), microbial bio mass production (MBP, mg) and efficiency of microbial bio mass production (EMBP, %) values varied significantly (P<0.05) among the cultivars. Of all the cultivars, highest IVOMD value was observed in IS 23765 and lowest in ICSR 12015. Both MBP and EMBP values were higher in Phule chitra, IS 23143 and IS 12015 cultivars. Based on the chemical composition and in vitro gas production parameters, IS 12015, IS 23143 and Phule chitra cultivars were selected for further evaluation. In vitro gas production (IVGP) technique was used to evaluate the complete diets utilizing IS 12015, IS 23143 and Phule chitra sorghum stover cultivars, with different ratios of roughage to concentrates from 100:0 to 30:70. There was a gradual increase in gas volume, IVDMD, IVOMD, ME, and truly digested organic matter (TDOM) values as the concentrate proportion increased in the rations for all the three cultivars. The rations which contained 50, 40 and 30 per cent SS, have similar partition factor (PF) and EMBP 19 and these four diets were significantly (P<0.01) higher in ME, PF and EMBP compared to other rations. Among the three rations, ration with 50 per cent SS had similar TDOM, MBP and EMBP and contained higher roughage portion. Based on the results, rations containing 50 per cent SS was selected as optimum level of inclusion along with concentrates in complete diets for growth trials. Feeding of different cultivar based complete rations did not significantly influence the fortnightly body weight changes of lambs during 120 days of trial. Dry matter intake (DMI) of lambs fed dual purpose sorghum stover based rations (Phule chitra, CR-II; IS 12015, CR-III and IS 23143, CR-IV) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the local sorghum stover based ration (CR-I). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not significantly different among the experimental rations. The cost per kg gain was significantly (P<0.01) higher for CR-I ration and comparable among the other three rations (CR-II, CR-III and CR-IV). The digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and total carbohydrates (TCHO) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the rations prepared from the stovers of improved sorghum cultivars compared to the local sorghum stover. The crude protein (CP) digestibility was significantly higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed Phule chitra based ration (CR -II) than the other three rations. The lambs on all the diets were in positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance. The nitrogen balance expressed as g/d was significantly higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed CR-II (Phule chitra) than the other three rations. All the four experimental diets were significantly (P<0.05) differed in digestible crude protein (DCP) content in which, the CR-II ration contained higher DCP value when compared to other three rations. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolizable energy (ME) values were comparable among the experimental rations. The daily DCP intake (g/d) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in lambs fed CR-II ration compared to the other three rations, which were similar. The daily intakes of TDN and ME did not differ among the lambs on various diets. Feeding of different dual purpose sorghum stover cultivars based complete diets in the study, could not influence the carcass weight, dressing percentage, proportions of whole sale cuts, edible and inedible portions, yield of visceral organs, and per cent yield of bone, meat and fat and bone meat ratio in different wholesale cuts as well as carcass and meat quality. Based on the phase-II experiment, Phule chitra cultivar was selected for preparation of complete rations and these rations were processed into mash form (SSM), expander extruded pellets (SSP), feed block (SSB) and compared with chop form mixed with concentrate (SSC) through growth-cum-metabolism trial in Nellore x Deccani cross ram lambs. Processing of complete rations into different physical forms did not influence the fortnightly body weight changes of lambs. The weight gain of ram lambs fed SSP was significantly (P<0.01) higher than SSC, SSM and SSB rations. Feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg gain) of Nellore x Deccani cross ram lambs fed SSC, SSM, SSP, and SSB rations was 12.70, 12.73, 10.87 and 12.11, respectively. The SSP fed lambs efficiently (P<0.05) utilized the feed to gain 1 kg of body weight when compared to SSC, SSM and SSB rations. Feeding SSP was more (P<0.05) economical to gain one kg of body weight than the other three rations. The lambs on extruded pellets SSP could digest more (P<0.05) OM, CP and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than the other three processed complete rations (SSC, SSM and SSB). The lambs on all the rations were in positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance. The nitrogen balance (g/d) was significantly higher in SSP ration compared to the SSC ration. However, the nitrogen balance (g/d) was comparable among SSC, SSM 20 and SSB rations. The average DCP, TDN and ME intake (per day or per kg w0.75) of lambs fed SS based expander extruded ration (SSP) were significantly (P<0.01) higher than those fed the other three rations. The lambs consumed more DM in all groups than requirements stipulated by ICAR (2013). The average daily DCP, TDN and ME intakes of lambs in the experiment were higher than the nutrient requirements at 20 kg body weight, growing @ 75 g of average daily gain (ICAR, 2013). Processing could not influence the carcass characteristics and meat quality. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that among the stovers of 11 evaluated dual purpose sorghum cultivars, IS 12015, IS 23143 and Phule chitra were better in terms of the chemical composition and in vitro gas production parameters. The roughage to concentrate ration of 50:50 was optimum for the preparation of complete feeds for the three selected sorghum cultivars (IS 12015, IS 23143 and Phule chitra). The results of the growth cum metabolism trial indicated that, among the three sorghum stover cultivars, Phule chitra cultivar performed better in terms of growth, nutrient utilization and carcass studies. The Phule chitra stover based complete diet with 50:50 roughage to concentrate ratio is better utilized, if it is processed into expander extruder pellets by the growing ram lambs.ThesisItem Open Access 5-FLUROURACIL INDUCED CARDIO-PULMONARY TOXICITY STUDIES IN WISTAR RATS AND IT’S AMELIORATION WITH NARINGENIN(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2022-01-13) VEMULA SRAVATHI; M. JEEVANALATHAThe present study was aimed to evaluate protective effect of NARENGENIN (NG) on 5-FLUROURACIL (5-FU) induced cardio-pulmonary toxicity studies in Wistar rats. A total of forty eight (48) adult male abino Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups each. The group 1 (control), group 2 treated with 5-FU (@ 20 mg/kg body weight for 5 days, groups 3 administered with NG (@ 100 mg/kg b.wt) for 28 days and group 4 rats provided with 5-FU (@ 20 mg/kg b. wt +NG (@ 100 mg/kg b. wt). The experiment was carried out for duration of 28 days and each group were sacrificed on 14th and 28th day of experiment. Average b.wts, haematological, biochemical parameters, tissue biochemical or antioxidant profiles, organ morphometry, cytokine profile, gross lesions and ultrastructure (SEM) were assessed. Heart, Lung, liver and kidney samples were collected at the end of the 14th and 28th day of experiment for histopathological and antioxidant profile examination. The 5-FU treated group rats revealed significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights in comparison to control rats. In group 2 rats, all the haematological parameters were significantly (P<0.05) reduced except TLC. The parameters of organ morphometry in group 2 revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the absolute heart and lung weights and significantly (P<0.05) decreased in liver and kidney weights. The thickness of left ventricular wall significantly (P<0.05) increased in group 2 rats. The serum biochemical assays revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in cardiac biomarkers (LDH, CK-MB, cTn-I and CRP), a significant (P<0.05) increase in lipid profile assay (TG, TC and LDL-c) except HDL-c, significantly (P<0.05) increased (ALT, AST, ALP, BUN and serum creatinine) in all parameters except total protein (TP) and albumin. The tissue biochemical profiles showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in GSH, SOD concentration and significantly (P<0.05) increased TBARS levels in selective tissues heart, lungs, liver and kidneys of group 2 on 14th and 28th day of experiment. The cytokine activity showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and significant (P<0.05) decrease in IL-10 group 2 rats. Grossly, heart of group 2 rats showed congestion and hypertrophy and lungs showed diffuse haemorrhages and emphysema. Liver and kidney also showed mild to moderate congestion. Microscopically, group 2 rats of heart showed disruption and degeneration of cardiomyocytes, severe interfibrillar haemmorhages oedema and infiltration of MNCs. Lungs shows thickened interstitium, emphysema, focal areas of congestion, red and grey hepatization. Hepato-renal degeneration was also observed in group 2 rats. Ultrastructurally (SEM), group 2 rats showed dilatation and disruption of cardiac muscle fibres with fibrous tissue proliferation with changed morphology of erthrocytes. The cut surface of group 2 rats lung section showed emphysematous alveoli with thin alveolar septa and thickened septa with fibrous tissue proliferation. The changes was mild improved in group 4 rats. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the 5-FU intoxication causes severe cardiac and pulmonary injury, moderate to severe damage in liver and kidneys. Administration of NG moderately reduced the toxic changes induced by 5-FU due to high antioxidant properties.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN SHEEP AND GOATS(PVNRTVU (SVVU), HYD, 2012-05-05) MORA VIJAY KUMAR; Dr. K.B.P.RAGHAVENDERThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY OF THE SURGICAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE THORACOLUMBAR SPINE IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2014-09-23) C. LATHA; Dr.K.B.P.RAGHAVENDERThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON PLATE-ROD CONSTRUCT FOR THE REPAIR OF FEMORAL FRACTURES USING TITANIUM LCP IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2021-08-30) BASIRI DINESH; Dr. T. MADHAVA RAOThe present clinical study was conducted on nine dogs with femoral fractures presented to Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology at College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The age of nine dogs ranged from 5-84months. Out of nine dogs, six were males and three were females. Among the nine dogs, five dogs belonged to non-descriptive and the remaining four dogs belonged to Pug, Boxer, Labrador and Beagle breeds of one each. The body weight of the dogs ranged from 9kg to 28kg. Routine clinical, orthopaedic and radiographic examinations were conducted to diagnose the type of femoral fractures in 9 dogs. The symptoms observed in the dogs presented for femoral fracture treatment were abnormal angulation of limb, pain on manipulation, lameness immediately after injury, non-weight bearing, dangling of limb, swelling and crepitation at fracture site. Pre-operative radiographic examination in two orthogonal views, i.e., medio-lateral and cranio-caudal radiographs revealed proximal diaphyseal fractures in two dogs, mid-diaphyseal fractures in six dogs and proximal metaphyseal fracture in one dog. Type of femoral fractures noticed from pre-operative radiographs were comminuted fractures in six dogs, oblique fractures in two dogs, transverse fracture in four dogs and spiral fracture in one dog. All the nine dogs had closed fractures. All these femoral fractures were repaired by plate-rod construct (PRC) using 2.7mm and 3.5mm titanium locking compression plates (LCP) resulted in good immobilization and fracture fixation. The diameter of intramedullary rod (IMR) filled the 40% intramedullary cavity at the isthmus region of the femur. The length of the plate, diameter of pin and lengths of screws to be used were determined by measurements from the pre-operative two orthogonal radiographs. Craniolateral approach used provided good exposure of the fracture site and enabled good fracture fixation. Post-operative radiographic evaluation confirmed proper placement of the plate, intramedullary rod and screws with good apposition and alignment of the fracture fragments in all the nine dogs. Follow-up radiographs taken on 7th, 15th, 45th and 60th post-operative days revealed primary bone healing in two cases and secondary bone healing with periosteal callus formation in seven cases. On 60th post-operative day, radiographs showed completely mineralized and ossified callus at fracture site indication of faster healing. On 90th post-operative day, radiographic study revealed complete bone healing and achieved corticomedullary continuity in all the dogs. All the dogs which were diagnosed with femoral fractures showed grade V lameness on pre-operative day. Eight dogs achieved complete weight bearing by 15th post-operative day, one dog by 30th postoperative day. The functional outcome was graded excellent in seven dogs to good in two dogs. Haematological evaluation revealed that the progressive increase of haemoglobin level, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count on post- operative days indicated erythropoiesis. The total leukocyte count significantly decreased on post-operative days indicated leucocytopenia which was suggestive of gradual decrease in inflammatory reaction. The neutrophil count decreased on 60th post-operative day when compared to the day before surgery in all the dogs. Contrary to this, the lymphocyte count increased on 60th post-operative day. This indicated gradual decrease of inflammatory reaction. Based on results of this clinical study, it was concluded that plate-rod technique using titanium LCP in repair of femoral fractures offered good recompense and remarkable early limb ambulance with excellent fracture stability till the completion of the bone healing in all the dogs. The titanium locking compression plate was found efficient in plate-rod constructs because it had superior corrosion resistance, lighter in weight, improved biocompatibility, lower young‟s modulus and provided numerous principles of fixation in one implant.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON REPAIR OF TIBIAL FRACTURES USING INTRAMEDULLARY INTERLOCKING NAIL IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2022-03-31) BELDHARI ABHISHEK; Dr. E.L.CHANDRASEKHARThe present clinical study was conducted on seven dogs presented with tibia fractures to Department of Surgery and Radiology at College of Veterinary Science Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The age of the seven dogs ranged from 9-42 months. Out of these seven dogs, six were male and one was female. Among the seven dogs, one dog was a Labrador retriever, one was a German shepherd, one was a Great dane, one was a Mongrel, one was a Doberman and two were Golden retriever. The body weight of the dogs ranged from 12 to 40 kg. The seven cases of tibia fractures were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography. The clinical signs observed in the dogs presented for treatment were lameness immediately after traumatic injury, pain on manipulation, abnormal angulation, swelling, non-weight bearing, dangling of the limb and crepitation at the fracture site. Pre-operative radiographic examination in two orthogonal views, i.e., medio-lateral and cranio-caudal radiographs revealed proximal diaphyseal fracture in two dogs, mid diaphyseal fractures in four dogs and distal diaphyseal fractures in one dog. Pre-operative radiographs also showed the type of fractures as transverse fracture in three dogs, oblique fracture in two dogs, communited fracture in one dog and spiral fracture in one dog. All the seven dogs in the study had closed fractures. These fractures were stabilized with 5.0mm, 6.0mm, 7.0mm and 8.0 mm intramedullary interlocking nails resulted in good fracture fixation and immobilization. The length of the bone and diameter of the medullary cavity at the isthmus region, as measured from the medio-lateral radiographs, were used to determine the length and thickness of the nail to be used respectively. The screw lengths were determined by measuring the transcortical diameter of the bone at different regions from the cranio-caudal radiographs obtained pre-operatively. Cranio-medial parapatellar approach used provided good exposure of the fracture site and enabled good fracture fixation in dogs with tibia fracture to perform intramedullary interlocking nail. Immediate post-operative radiographic evaluation confirmed proper placement of the nail and screws, apposition and alignment of the fracture fragments in all the seven dogs. Immobilization was considered satisfactory in all the cases. The nail length, diameter and position were appropriate in all cases. Screw length, size and position were considered appropriate in all cases. Follow-up radiographs taken on 15th, 30th, 60th and 90th post-operative days revealed secondary bone healing with periosteal callus formation. Good implant stability throughout the period of study without any complications could be achieved in six dogs. In one dog, nail bending was observed above the fracture site by 15th post-operative day due to overuse of stabilized fractured limb and hyperactivity and heavyweight of the dog. All the dogs which were diagnosed for tibia fractures showed grade V lameness before surgical treatment. Post-operatively, four dogs progressed to grade I lameness by 30th post-operative day, two dogs progressed to grade I lameness by 60th post-operative day and one dogs progressed to grade II lameness by the end of 60th post- operative day. The haemato-biochemical parameters were of little value in assessing the fracture healing. Based on present study, it was concluded that intramedullary interlocking nail (IILN) was successful in the treatment of tibial fractures and offered remarkable improvement and good recompense in limb function in six out of seven dogs. The application of interlocking nail was found to be effective with features like being light in weight and it is advantageous because it provides resistance against axial, torsional and bending forces. The implant used in this technique is economical, making it amenable to use in veterinary practice. In the opinion of the author, intramedullary interlocking nail has potential for application for repair of tibia fracture in dogs weighing less than 40kg.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON SURGICAL TREATMENT OF FEMORAL AND TlBlAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2008-03-12) N.MADHAVI; Dr. V. GIREESH KUMARThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HUMERAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2023-12-08) S.VENKATAIAH; Dr. E.L. CHANDRASEKHARThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE DISEASES OF ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ENDOSCOPY IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2010-07-03) SURYAWANSHI RAVIRAJ VINAYAK; Dr.K.B.P.RAGHAVENDERThesisItem Open Access A clinical study on the effects of Yohimbine, Doxapram and Nikethamide on Xylazine sedated Dogs(PVNRTVU (SVVU), HYDERABAD, 2010-03-12) Muppalla Syam Sundar; Dr.K B P RaghavenderThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE INCIDENCE OF DENTAL DISEASES AND THEIR SURGICAL MANAGEMENT IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2013-12-30) A.RAKESH; Dr.K.B.P.RAGHAVENDERThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF THIRD EYELID GLAND PROLAPSE IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2022-05-07) DARAPUNENI SRI SOWMYA; Dr. C. LATHAThe present clinical study was conducted in eleven dogs (14 eyes) presented with the third eyelid gland prolapse to Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology at College of Veterinary Science Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Out of eleven dogs, three dogs had bilateral prolapse of the third eyelid gland. The age of the eleven dogs ranged from 3-7 months. Out of these eleven dogs, seven were female and four were male. Among the eleven dogs, three were Shih Tzus, two were Golden Retrievers, one each of French Bulldog, Lhasa Apso, mixed breed, Rottweiler and Spitz. The body weight of the dogs ranged from 4.5 to 20 kg. Out of eight unilateral cases, right eye was affected in four dogs and left in four dogs. Out of the eleven, six were brachycephalic and five were mesocephalic. The cases were diagnosed by clinical examination, neuro-ophthalmic examination and special diagnostic tests (Schirmer tear test and fluorescein dye test). The symptoms observed in the dogs presented for treatment were presence of cherry-like hypertrophied mass from medial canthi of affected eyes, conjunctivitis, epiphora and ocular discharge. Animals were randomly divided into two groups. In group I (7 dogs- 1 bilateral, 6 unilateral- 8 eyes), the dogs were treated using the modified Morgan’s pocket technique and in group II (4 dogs- 2 bilateral, 2 unilateral- 6 eyes), using the modified orbital rim anchorage technique. Intra-operative observations like technical feasibility, bleeding (conjunctival and cutaneous) and post-operative observations like Schirmer tear test, fluorescein dye test, third eyelid mobility and time taken to regain normal contour were recorded at time intervals on 1st,7th, 14th, 30th days. The post-operative Schirmer tear test values increased in both the groups and almost reached normal by 30th post-operative day. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the two groups but found within the groups. Third eyelid mobility was not affected in any of the dogs of group I but it was restricted in the dogs of group II. In group I, three cases returned to normal by 10th day after surgery whereas five cases by 14th day. In group II, three cases returned to normal by 12th post-operative day and three cases by 14th post-operative day. One case in group I developed a corneal ulcer by 7th post-operative day which later resolved by the end of the observation period. One dog showed recurrence in group I after 45 days of repositioning and one dog in group II after 30 days. Based on present study, it was concluded that both modified Morgan’s pocket technique and modified orbital rim anchorage technique were effective in the treatment of third eyelid gland prolapse in dogs in repositioning the prolapsed gland and in enhancing the tear production. However, the modified Morgan's pocket technique was considered to be superior because of its technical feasibility and unaffected third eyelid mobility.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE USE OF STRING OF PEARLS PLATE SYSTEM IN STABILIZATION OF LONG BONE FRACTURES IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2022-03-11) MANCHALA BHOOMAIAH; Dr. E. L. CHANDRASEKHARThe present clinical study was conducted on eight dogs presented with long bone fractures to Department of Surgery and Radiology at College of Veterinary Science Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The age of the seven dogs ranged from 4 -18 months. Out of these eight dogs, five were male and three were female. Among the eight dogs, four dogs belonged to non-descript breed, two dogs belonged to Labrador breed and Two dogs belonged to Pomerarian breed. The body weight of the dogs ranged from 4.5 to 12 kg. The eight cases of long bone fractures were diagnosed by clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and survey radiography. The symptoms observed in the dogs presented for treatment were pain on manipulation, abnormal angulation, and lameness immediately after traumatic injury, swelling, non-weight bearing, dangling of the limb and crepitation at the fracture site. Pre-operative radiographic examination in two orthogonal views, i.e., anteroposterior and mediolateral radiographs revealed proximaldiaphyseal fracture in one dog, mid diaphyseal fractures in four dogs and distal diaphyseal fractures in three dogs. Pre-operative radiographs also showed the type of fractures as transverse fracture in five dogs and oblique fracture in three dogs. All the eight dogs had closed fractures. These fractures stabilized with 2.7 mm and 3.5 mm String of Pearls Locking Plates (SOP) resulted in good fracture fixation and immobilization. The length of the plates to be used was determined by the length of the bone as measured from the radiographs. The lengths of screws were determined by measuring the transcortical diameter of the bone at different regions from the Antero-posterior and Medio-lateral radiographs obtained pre-operatively. Cranio-medial approach used provided good exposure of the fracture site and enabled good fracture fixation in dogs with radial fracture, Cranio-lateral approach provided satisfactory exposure of fractured diaphyseal region of humerus and craniomedial approach provided satisfactory exposure of fractured distal diaphyseal and mid diaphyseal region of tibia to perform bone plating using String of Pearls Locking plates. Post-operative radiographic evaluation confirmed proper placement of the plates and screws, apposition and alignment of the fracture fragments in all the eight dogs. Immobilization was considered satisfactory in all the cases. The plate length, size and position were appropriate in all cases. Screw length, size and position were considered appropriate in all cases. Follow-up radiographs taken on 15th, 30th, 60th and 90th post-operative days revealed secondary bone healing with periosteal callus formation. Good implant stability throughout the treatment period without any complications could be achieved in six dogs. In one dog, plate breakage was observed at the fracture site by 15th post-operative day and plate bending was observed in at the fracture site by 30th postoperative day in another dog. However, intermittent weight bearing was noticed by 45th post- operative day in both the dogs. All the dogs which were diagnosed for long bone fractures showed grade V lameness before surgical treatment. Post-operatively, six dogs progressed to grade I lameness and two dogs progressed to grade II lameness by the end of 45th post- operative day. Haematological evaluation revealed that the progressive increase of haemoglobin level, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count on post-operative days indicated erythropoiesis. The total leukocyte count was significantly decreased on post-operative days indicated leucocytopenia which is suggestive of gradual decrease in inflammatory reaction. The differential leucocyte count like neutrophil was significantly decreased on post-operative days indicated neutropenia. Contrary to this, the lymphocyte count was statistically increased on 30th and 60th post-operative days indicated gradual decrease of inflammatory reaction. Serum biochemical evaluation revealed that the serum alkaline phosphatase values significantly increased from pre-operative day to 30th day and there after the levels decreased to normal by 60th day and serum calcium values significantly increased from day 0 to 15th day and thereafter reached to normal values by 30th postoperative day. The increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels during the first two weeks indicated increased chondroblastic proliferation to cause bone formation during fracture repair. The serum phosphorous values showed no significant variation and the values were within the normal range. Based on present study, it was concluded that String of Pearls Locking plates (SOP) was successful in the treatment of femoral fractures and offered good recompense and remarkable improvement in limb function in six out of eight dogs. The application of SOP plates was found to be effective with features like being light in weight, versatile owing to its ability to contouring to any shape of bone, high bending strength and maintaining limited contact with bone. The implant used in this technique is economical, making it amenable to use in veterinary practice. In the opinion of the author, SOP locking plate has potential for application in radius ulna and tibia .ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE USE OF SUPRACONDYLAR PLATE IN THE TREATMENT OF DISTAL FEMORAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2021-10-18) E. PRAVALIKA; Dr. C. LATHAThe present clinical study was conducted on six dogs presented with distal femur fractures to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology at the College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The age of the six dogs ranged from 6 - 30 months. Out of these six dogs, two were males and four were females. Among them three were Mongrels, one each belonged to Beagle, Lhasa Apso, Siberian Husky breeds. The body weight of the dogs ranged from 6-14 kg. The six cases of distal femur fractures were diagnosed by clinical signs, or- thopaedic examination and survey radiography. The symptoms observed in the dogs presented for treatment were pain on manipulation, abnormal angulation and lameness immediately after trauma, swelling, non-weight bearing, dangling of the limb and crep- itation at the fracture site. Pre-operative radiographic examination in two plain orthogonal views, i.e., cranio-caudal and medio-lateral radiographs revealed distal femur fractures. Pre-oper- ative radiographs also showed the type of fractures as transverse fractures in all six dogs. All the six dogs had closed fractures. These fractures were stabilized with 2.7 mm supracondylar plate in three dogs and 3.5 mm supracondylar plate in three dogs and resulted in good fracture fixation and immobilization. The length of the plates to be used was determined by the length of the bone as measured from the medio-lateral radiographs obtained pre-operatively. The length of the screws was determined by measuring the trans-cortical diameter of the bone at different regions from the cranio-caudal radiographs obtained pre-operatively. Immediate post-operative radiographic evaluation confirmed proper place- ment of the plates and screws, apposition and alignment of the fracture fragments in all the six dogs. Immobilization was considered satisfactory in all the cases. The plate length, size and position were appropriate in all the cases. Screw length, size and posi- tion were found to be appropriate in all the cases. Follow-up radiographs taken on 15th, 30th, 60th and 90th post-operative days revealed either secondary bone healing with per- iosteal bridging callus or primary bone healing with minimal callus formation. Good implant stability throughout the treatment period without any complications was achieved in five dogs. In one dog, complete weight bearing was noticed after the plate removal on 120th day. However, intermittent weight bearing was noticed by 30th post- operative day. All the dogs which were diagnosed with distal femur fractures showed grade V lameness before surgical treatment. Post-operatively, five dogs progressed to grade I lameness by the end of 60th post-operative day and one dog progressed to grade III lameness by the end of 60th post-operative day and progressed to grade Ⅰ after plate removal on 120th day. The haemato-biochemical parameters were of little value in assessing the fracture healing. Based on the present clinical study, it was concluded that Supracondylar plate was used successfully in the treatment of distal femur fractures and offered good rec- ompense and remarkable improvement in limb function in five out of six dogs. The application of supracondylar plates was found to be effective with features like pre- contoured to the complex shape of the lateral surface of the canine distal femur, facili- tates placement of a greater number of screws in the distal fragment. The implant used in this technique was economical, making it amenable for use in canine orthopaedic surgery.ThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE USE OF THIOPENTONE AND PROPOFOL AS INDUCTION AGENTS FOR ISOFLURANE ANAESTHESIA IN DOGS(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 2010-02-08) GALETI VENKAIAH; Dr. E.L.CHANDRASEKHARThesisItem Open Access A CLINICAL STUDY ON TREATMENT OF LONG BONE FRACTURES USING EXTERNAL SKELETAL FIXATION IN DOGS(PVNRTVU (SVVU), HYDERABAD, 2012-02-21) VARGHESE SAMUEL MATHAI; Dr.K.B.P.RAGHAVENDERThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL AFLATOXICOSIS IN BUFFALO CALVES AND WHITE CALVES(PVNRTVU, HYDERABAD, 1983-09-16) A. SURYANARAYANA MOORTHY; Dr.P. RAMA RAOThesisItem Open Access A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF OILMEAL PROTEINS, ANIMAL PROTEINS AND THE MIXTURE OE OILMEAL AND ANIMAL PROTEINS ON THE GROWTH RATE, DIGESTIBILITY OE THE NUTRIENTS AND SERUM PROTEIN LEVELS IN WEANED PIGS(PVNRTVU (APAU), HYDERABAD., 1970-09-18) V. PANDURANGA RAO; V.D.SADEKAR